2015年高考英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作 第16課時(shí) 寫(xiě)作如何謀篇布局

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1、 2015年高考英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作 第16課時(shí) 寫(xiě)作如何謀篇布局 寫(xiě)作結(jié)構(gòu)種類千千萬(wàn)，那么，我們到底要選用何種結(jié)構(gòu)才不混亂呢？ 英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作一般包括一個(gè)開(kāi)頭段、一至兩個(gè)擴(kuò)展段和一個(gè)結(jié)尾段。開(kāi)頭段和結(jié)尾段一般比擴(kuò)展段短。 一、開(kāi)頭段 1. 開(kāi)頭段的作用：概括陳述主題，提出觀點(diǎn)或論點(diǎn)，表明寫(xiě)作意圖。 開(kāi)頭段一定要語(yǔ)言精練，并且直接切入主題。開(kāi)頭段一般不對(duì)主題進(jìn)行深入的探討，具體的論證或敘述應(yīng)該在擴(kuò)展段進(jìn)行。 2. 開(kāi)頭段的方法： 1.主題句法：開(kāi)篇點(diǎn)明主題，用主題句，然后圍繞主題內(nèi)容進(jìn)行發(fā)展。例如： I insist that teenagers’ secrets, i

2、f not at all, should be shared by their parents. 2.提問(wèn)法：提出有爭(zhēng)議或探討性的具體問(wèn)題，然后加以簡(jiǎn)要回答或展開(kāi)引導(dǎo)性簡(jiǎn)短討論。例如： What do you want from your work? Money? Promotions? Interesting challenges? Continual learning? Work based friendships? The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all individual

3、s and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provides more than material things. 3.引語(yǔ)法：使用引語(yǔ)(use a quotation)：使用一段名人名言，或人們常用的諺語(yǔ)、習(xí)語(yǔ)，以確定文章的寫(xiě)作范圍和方向。例如： “Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.” Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a prof

4、ound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success. 4.數(shù)據(jù)法：使用具體詳實(shí)的數(shù)字或數(shù)據(jù)，然后作出概括性分析，指明問(wèn)題的癥結(jié)所在。例如： The survey does draw my attention to the rapidly increasing prices in my daily life．Take food as an example．The price

5、s of pork，beef, fish，chicken，as well as various vegetables，have risen by at least 20％．It seems that money is flowing out of our pockets more quickly, but silently． 5.背景法：給出背景，描述具體事件的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和發(fā)生背景等，例如： Once in a newspaper I read of a crowd of people who remained appallingly indifferent to the plea of

6、a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son, the woman at last watched her son sink to death. The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV, and the casualness and detachment our people now have developed has aroused nationwide concern. 6.定義法：針對(duì)討

7、論的主題或問(wèn)題加以定義，然后進(jìn)行深入探討。例如： In my opinion, mercy is a kind attitude towards others. When you understand that somebody who has hurt you or has done something wrong to you is sorry, you accept his apology, and forgive him — that’s mercy. 二、中間段 1. 中間段是文章的正文，其作用是從不同的層面對(duì)文章主題進(jìn)行具體和詳實(shí)的解釋和論證。中間段的篇幅一般比開(kāi)頭段和結(jié)

8、尾段長(zhǎng)，每段有相應(yīng)的主題句，說(shuō)明主題思想的擴(kuò)展句可以采用實(shí)例、數(shù)據(jù)或個(gè)人經(jīng)歷等寫(xiě)作手段。不同種類的段落采用不同的擴(kuò)展手段。 2.段落展開(kāi)的基本方法很多，這里簡(jiǎn)要介紹三種中間段中常用的展開(kāi)方法：列舉法、因果法、例證法。 1.列舉法：用來(lái)列舉一系列的原因、方法等等，使文章層次分明，眉清目秀，閱卷老師在疲憊不堪的狀態(tài)下，看到這樣的文章,手一抬，分就高。下面這篇例文寫(xiě)的是“健身的幾種方法”，脈絡(luò)一目了然。例文如下： There are a number of ways for us to keep fit. First, no matter how busy we are, we shoul

9、d have exercise every day to strengthen our muscles. Second, it is important to keep good hours. For example, if we are in the habit of going to bed early and getting up early, we can avoid overworking ourselves and get enough sleep. Finally, entertainment is also necessary so that we may have some

10、moments of relaxation. If we follow those instructions, we will certainly be in good health. 2.因果法：說(shuō)明原因，論述事理。下面這篇作文講的是“漢堡受歡迎的原因”，第一段提出問(wèn)題“為什么受歡迎呢？”接下來(lái)在說(shuō)原因時(shí)，用到了上面的列舉法，只不過(guò)不是“first, second, finally”而是“first, then, besides that”，讓人感覺(jué)不落俗套。例文如下： The hamburger is the most popular food item in the United S

11、tates. Every year Americans consume billions of them. They are sold in expensive restaurants and in humble diners. They are cooked at home on the kitchen stove or over a barbecue grill in the backyard. Why are they so popular? First, a hamburger is extremely easy to prepare. It is nothing more than

12、 a piece of ground beef, cooked for a few minutes. Then it is placed in a sliced bun. Nothing could be simpler. Even an unskilled cook can turn out hundreds of them in an hour. Besides that, the simple hamburger can be varied in many ways. You can melt some cheese on top of the beef to create a chee

13、seburger. 3.例證法：舉具體的事例來(lái)證明觀點(diǎn)，這是議論文最常用的方法，盡量找最能體現(xiàn)觀點(diǎn)的例子，具體點(diǎn)，微觀點(diǎn)，給人說(shuō)服力。請(qǐng)看下面作者論證“不勞無(wú)獲”的觀點(diǎn)，用的是拳擊運(yùn)動(dòng)的例子。例文如下： The saying “No pains, no gains” is universally accepted because of the plain yet philosophical moral teaches: if one wants to achieve something, he has to work and tolerate more than others. The s

14、aying is true of any pursuit man seeks. A case in point is boxing. While we heap cheers on the winner, few happen to imagine that his gold belt is won at the cost of his sweat, tears, blood, even life over years before the arrival of that exciting moment. 二、結(jié)尾段 1. 結(jié)尾段的特點(diǎn)：干脆利落，深化主題。 2. 結(jié)尾段的方法：

15、 1.總結(jié)歸納：簡(jiǎn)要總結(jié)歸納文章要點(diǎn)，以便深化主題印象。 2.重申主題：再次強(qiáng)調(diào)和確定文章開(kāi)頭闡述的中心思想。 All in all，saving money is a great Chinese virtue and it is especially needed in this period． 3.預(yù)測(cè)展望：立足當(dāng)前，放眼未來(lái)。例如： It is time that the government should speak out against corruption and take strong action to punish whoever takes bribes o

16、r embezzles fund. For present official corruption, if permitted to continue, will not only tarnish the government’s popularity, but lead to its ultimate downfall. 4.提出建議：提出解決問(wèn)題的途徑、方法或呼吁人們采取相應(yīng)的行動(dòng)。 四、概括要點(diǎn) 廣東高考寫(xiě)作比較特殊，第二題是“讀寫(xiě)任務(wù)”。題目中給出一篇文章，要先用30個(gè)左右的詞概括要點(diǎn)，再根據(jù)要求進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作，下面就來(lái)講講如何概括要點(diǎn)。 1. 閱讀所給材料，找出文章的要點(diǎn) 記

17、敘文的要點(diǎn)：when, where, who, what, how→五要素 議論文的要點(diǎn)：論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、結(jié)論 2. 概括、轉(zhuǎn)述要點(diǎn) 記敘文摘要----用自己的話將記敘文的五 要素串聯(lián)起來(lái) 議論文摘要---用自己的話表達(dá)論點(diǎn)，論據(jù)和結(jié)論句 轉(zhuǎn)述法---找出主題句和結(jié)論句,然后用自己的話來(lái)表達(dá). 移花接木法---在閱讀材料中找一些可以利用的論點(diǎn),論據(jù)等,再用自己的話語(yǔ)進(jìn)行闡釋,用以充實(shí)文章內(nèi)容,達(dá)到移花接木的效果 閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫(xiě)一篇150左右的英語(yǔ)短文。 Honesty is one of t

18、he most treasured traditional values in China. The children are taught to be honest when they are very young. At schools the students are also instructed to be honest. However, with the development of society, we often hear complaints about dishonesty. Reports with the theme of dishonesty often app

19、ear in the media. For example, some people try to get rich and live a comfortable life. But they do not work hard honestly, instead they cheat others. They sell something quite ordinary at a very high price. Some people's delaying paying back the loan can serve as another example. Some people, inclu

20、ding some college students, get loan from the bank, and promise to pay within, say, 3 years. However, they don't do that. The dishonest people sometimes can get benefit from their behaviors. So some people assert that dishonesty can bring people benefit, while honesty only makes people suffer. Is t

21、hat so? Definitely not. It is always true that honesty is the best policy. It pays to be honest. The cheater selling "the treasure" mentioned above will surely be disclosed and punished some day. On the contrary, if he had been honest, neither the buyer nor he himself would have suffered. The peopl

22、e who do not return money in time will sooner or later become infamous, and will not get the money from others again. If he had acted differently, he would have earned respect and trust, meanwhile, the bank would not have suffered from loss. [寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容] 1. 以約30個(gè)詞概括短文的要點(diǎn)。 2. 然后以約120個(gè)詞就“誠(chéng)實(shí)”的主題發(fā)表看法，并包括以下

23、要點(diǎn)： （1）你對(duì)不誠(chéng)實(shí)現(xiàn)象的看法； （2）誠(chéng)實(shí)的重要性是什么； （3）作為中學(xué)生，該如何做一個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的人。 _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________

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28、____________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ The passage mainly tells us that nowadays many people are dishonest for their own benefit. Because not only they neglect our traditional values, but also they want to escape being punished. Dish

29、onesty does great harm to our society. It can destroy our good relationship with others, bringing lots of unstable factors to the society. Sometimes, it may even affect people’s health. Why should we be honest? Firstly, being honest is one of Chinese traditional virtues which we should carry forwar

30、d. Secondly, friendship is based on honesty. Seeing that the honest person is reliable, most of people are willing to make friends with them. Thirdly, honesty is very important for us to build a harmonious society and realize our spiritual civilization. As students, we should act honestly every day

31、 and never cheat others, including cheat in exams. Besides, we should help those who are dishonest correct their mistakes. Only in this way can we win respect from others. 回顧一下，我們今天學(xué)習(xí)了如何對(duì)文章構(gòu)思布局。 閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫(xiě)一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。 Dear Editor, I am a student in Grade Three now. I’m full

32、of pain every day. I have too much to learn and too much homework to do every day. In Grade One and Grade Two, I didn’t study hard and spent a lot of time playing computer games. At that time, I played computer games all day and night without going to school. My parents scolded me and even beat me m

33、any times. I didn’t listen to them but quarreled with them. Sometimes I didn’t to even go back home to sleep. Later I became addicted to playing basketball and watching NBA games. I forced my parents to buy me basketballs and expensive basketball shoes. The most expensive basketball shoes they bough

34、t me cost about one thousand and five hundred yuan. I wonder whether I can make progress and succeed in the coming National College Entrance Examination and whether there’s a short cut. Sometimes I stay alone, silent and dreaming of nothing. I’m looking forward to your reply! Best wishes! Your

35、s truly, Li Hua 【寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容】 假設(shè)你就是信中的editor名叫Qiu Ye，你準(zhǔn)備給這位學(xué)生寫(xiě)一封回信。以下是信的內(nèi)容（信的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾已經(jīng)為你寫(xiě)好）： 1. 以約30個(gè)詞概括Li Hua在學(xué)習(xí)上存在的問(wèn)題； 2. 以約120個(gè)詞針對(duì)Li Hua的問(wèn)題發(fā)表你的看法，并包括如下要點(diǎn)： （1） 指出成功要靠勤奮，沒(méi)有捷徑可走； （2） 珍惜時(shí)間，要做到 “今日事，今日畢”； （3） 樹(shù)立信心，永不放棄。 【寫(xiě)作要求】 1. 信中可使用自己的親身經(jīng)歷或虛構(gòu)的故事，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容，但不得直接用用原文中的句子； 2. 信中不能出現(xiàn)真實(shí)姓名和學(xué)校名稱。

36、 Dear Li Hua, _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________

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39、__ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Best wishes! Your friend, Qiu Ye 9