（鄂爾多斯專版）2019中考英語高分復(fù)習(xí) 第二篇 語法突破篇 語法專題07 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)課件.ppt

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1、鄂爾多斯專版 PART TWO第二篇 語法突破篇語法專題（七）動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài) 【中考考點(diǎn)】(1)動(dòng)詞的第三人稱單數(shù)形式、過去式、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成。(2)動(dòng)詞的八種時(shí)態(tài)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及用法。(3)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及用法。(4)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義的用法。 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成及用法1.構(gòu)成:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用動(dòng)詞原形或動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)形式來表示。注意 當(dāng)主語是第三人稱單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。2.動(dòng)詞的第三人稱單數(shù)形式變化規(guī)則如下:(1)直接加-s。如:workworks。(2)以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的詞, 先變y為i, 再加-es。如:carryc

2、arries; crycries; trytries; studystudies。(3)以s, x, o, ch, sh結(jié)尾的詞加 es。如:washwashes; teachteaches; gogoes; pass passes; fixfixes。(4)特殊:havehas; areis。考點(diǎn)一一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 3.用法:(1)表示事實(shí)、現(xiàn)狀、性質(zhì)或經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。常與seldom, often, usually, always, sometimes, today, every day, once a week, every five minutes, on Sundays等連用。I g

3、o to school at seven every day. 我每天七點(diǎn)去上學(xué)。(2)表示普遍真理和客觀事實(shí)。The earth goes around the sun.地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。(3)表示在現(xiàn)在時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的一個(gè)動(dòng)作。Here comes the bus.公交車來了。 (4)在時(shí)間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中, 主句為一般將來時(shí),從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)。Ill go shopping with my mother if she is free tomorrow.如果明天媽媽有空的話, 我將和她一起去購物。 考點(diǎn)二一般過去時(shí)一般過去時(shí)的構(gòu)成及用法1.構(gòu)成:一般過去時(shí)用動(dòng)詞的過去式表

4、示。2.動(dòng)詞過去式的變化規(guī)則:(1)一般情況下, 在動(dòng)詞原形后加-ed。如:watchwatched。(2)以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾的加-d。如:livelived。(3)以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的, 變y為i加-ed。如:studystudied; carrycarried; crycried。(4)以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾, 末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的, 先雙寫該輔音字母, 再加-ed。如:stopstopped; planplanned; preferpreferred。(5)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式需特殊記憶。 3.用法:一般過去時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。常與yesterday, last week,

5、 two days ago, in 1988等表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。 一般將來時(shí)的構(gòu)成及用法1.構(gòu)成:“助動(dòng)詞will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形”或“be going to+動(dòng)詞原形”。2.用法:(1)表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài), 常用的時(shí)間狀語有:later (on), soon, in a month, next time, from now on, tomorrow等。I shall be eighteen years old next year.明年我就18歲了。(2)表示某種必然的趨勢。Fish will die without water.沒有水, 魚就會(huì)死。 考點(diǎn)三一般將來時(shí)

6、注意 will引導(dǎo)的將來時(shí)表示事情沒有經(jīng)過事先計(jì)劃而即將發(fā)生,be going to引導(dǎo)的將來時(shí)表示事情經(jīng)過事先計(jì)劃、考慮或打算而即將發(fā)生。They will arrive here tomorrow morning.明天早晨他們將抵達(dá)這里。Im going to see a film this afternoon.今天下午我打算去看電影。 過去將來時(shí)的構(gòu)成及用法1.構(gòu)成: “would+動(dòng)詞原形”或“was/were+going to+動(dòng)詞原形”。2.用法:表示從過去的某一時(shí)刻看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。His uncle said that there would be a good h

7、arvest the next year.他叔叔說第二年會(huì)有個(gè)好收成?？键c(diǎn)四過去將來時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成及用法1.構(gòu)成: am/is/are+動(dòng)詞的-ing形式2.現(xiàn)在分詞的變化規(guī)則:(1)一般直接在動(dòng)詞后加-ing。如:playplaying。(2)以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾的, 去e加-ing。如:comecoming; makemaking; liveliving。(3)以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾, 末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的, 先雙寫該輔音字母, 再加 ing。如:runrunning; sitsitting; beginbeginning。(4)特殊:diedying; lielying; tietyi

8、ng?？键c(diǎn)五現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 3.用法:(1)表示目前正在發(fā)生(進(jìn)行)的動(dòng)作(不指狀態(tài)), 常用的時(shí)間狀語有 now, at the moment 等。當(dāng)有l(wèi)ook, listen等起提示作用的詞時(shí), 后面的句子常用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。Are you writing a letter to your friend now?你現(xiàn)在正在給你朋友寫信嗎?Listen! She is singing in the next room.聽!她正在隔壁唱歌。(2)表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行, 而此刻不一定在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。We are planting trees these days.這些天我們一直在植樹。(3)表示位移的動(dòng)詞用

9、進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。此類詞有come, go, leave, arrive, fly等, 常與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用。They are leaving for England tomorrow afternoon.他們明天下午將動(dòng)身去英格蘭。 考點(diǎn)六過去進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成及用法1.構(gòu)成: was/were+動(dòng)詞的-ing形式2.用法:過去進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示過去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)或某一時(shí)間段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作以及過去某階段一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。His father fell down and hurt himself while he was riding his bicycle.他爸爸騎自行車時(shí)摔倒了,

10、 傷了自己。They were building a large house last week.上周他們一直在建造一所大房子。3.常用的時(shí)間狀語: the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten, yesterday evening, when, while等。What were you doing at ten oclock last night? 你昨晚十點(diǎn)鐘在做什么? 1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成及用法(1)構(gòu)成: have/has+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞(2)過去分詞變化規(guī)則與過去式變化規(guī)則基本相同。有些特殊變化的動(dòng)詞需單獨(dú)記憶。(3)用

11、法:表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果, 常與just, already, yet, ever, never, twice, three times等狀語連用。I the book already. 我已經(jīng)讀過這本書了。(現(xiàn)在我知道書的內(nèi)容了)考點(diǎn)七現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have read 表示從過去某一時(shí)刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài), 常與“since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)”, “since+從句(一般過去時(shí))”, “for+時(shí)間段”及how long, ever since, ever, so far, in the last/past few years, up to now, till now等時(shí)間狀

12、語連用。We have planted thousands of trees in the past few years.在過去幾年中, 我們種了成千上萬棵樹。So far there no bad news. 到現(xiàn)在為止還沒有什么壞消息。has been 2.一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別 一般過去時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)在過去發(fā)生過某事或關(guān)注的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式等。而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則強(qiáng)調(diào)過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響。因此, 若不強(qiáng)調(diào)某事對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響就不用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。I saw the movie yesterday.昨天我看了這部電影。(強(qiáng)調(diào)電影是昨天看的)I have already seen t

13、he film. 我已經(jīng)看過這部電影了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)到現(xiàn)在為止已看過這部電影了) 3.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中,如果有持續(xù)的時(shí)間狀語,則要把非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞變?yōu)檠永m(xù)性動(dòng)詞。I have had the book for two days.這本書我已經(jīng)買了兩天了。(用had而不用bought)I have been in Tokyo for two weeks.我已經(jīng)來東京兩周了。(用been in而不用come to)常見的非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞變延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞:(1)have arrived at/in sp., have got to/reached sp., have come/gone/moved to sp

14、.have been in sp.(2)have becomehave been (3)have got uphave been up (4)have died have been dead (5)have left sp. (6)have fallen asleep/gone to sleephave been asleep(7)have finished/ended/completed _(8)have marriedhave been married (9)have begun (10)have borrowed (11)have boughthave had(12)have caugh

15、t/got a coldhave had a cold (13)have got to knowhave known (14)have joined the League/the Party/the armyhave been a member of the League/the Party/the army或have been in the League/the Party/the armyhave been away from sp.have been overhave been onhave kept 4.have been to, have gone to和have been in的區(qū)

16、別have been to表示“過去曾去過某地”, 說話時(shí)已從該地回來, 現(xiàn)在已不在該地;have gone to表示“已去了某地”, 說話時(shí)已到達(dá)某地或在去某地的途中, 現(xiàn)在還未回來;have been in表示“已在某地待了一段時(shí)間”, 后面跟副詞時(shí)均不用介詞。Where is Mrs. Smith? 史密斯夫人在哪兒?She isnt here. She has gone to England.她不在這兒,她去英格蘭了。 過去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成及用法1.構(gòu)成:had+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞2.用法:表示過去的某一時(shí)刻以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài), 即“過去的過去”。常以by, before短語或wh

17、en, before, after, until等引導(dǎo)的從句作為前提。My teacher said she had never been to London.我的老師說她從來沒去過倫敦。When the police arrived, the thieves . 當(dāng)警察到達(dá)時(shí), 小偷們已經(jīng)逃跑了。考點(diǎn)八過去完成時(shí) had run away 動(dòng)詞的語態(tài) 構(gòu)成:助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞。各時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式如下:1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí): 主語+am/is/are+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞2.一般過去時(shí): 主語+was/were+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞3.一般將來時(shí): 主語+will/shall/be going t

18、o+be+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞4.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí): 主語+am/is/are+being+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞5.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí): 主語+have/has+been+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞6.過去進(jìn)行時(shí): 主語+was/were+being+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞7.過去完成時(shí): 主語+had+been+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 8.過去將來時(shí): 主語+would/should/be(was,were) going to+be+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞9.含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài): 主語+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞考點(diǎn)一被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成 10.在使役動(dòng)詞have, make, let以及感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, notice, hear, f

19、eel等后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式, 在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式符號(hào)to常省略, 但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí), 要還原to。Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu):A stranger was seen into the building.to walk 1.英語中有很多動(dòng)詞,如 break, catch, clean, drive, lock, open, sell, read, write, wash等,當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動(dòng)詞來描述主語特征時(shí),常用其主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義,主語通常是物。This kind of cloth . 這種布料很好洗。注意

20、主動(dòng)語態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語的特征,而被動(dòng)語態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。試比較:The door wont lock.(指門本身有毛病)The door wont be locked.(指不會(huì)有人來鎖門,表示“門沒有鎖”是人的原因)考點(diǎn)二某些動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義washes well 2.不及物動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語,如happen, last, take place, come out, come true, run out 等,常以主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。How do the newspapers come out? 這些報(bào)紙是如何出版的呢?3.系動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)形式。Your reason sounds reasonable.你的理由聽起來合理。 4.下列結(jié)構(gòu)中的v.-ing是主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。(1)need, require作“需要”講時(shí),其后常跟動(dòng)名詞形式。但當(dāng)這些動(dòng)詞后接不定式時(shí),則必須用被動(dòng)形式。The bike needs mending.這輛自行車需要修理。Our classroom needs to be cleaned.我們的教室需要打掃。(2)be worth doing sth.值得做某事The book is well worth reading.這本書很值得一讀。