論《魯濱遜漂流記》殖民主義三稿(3)

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1、JIANGXI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY本本 科科 畢畢 業(yè)業(yè) 論論 文（設(shè)文（設(shè) 計(jì)）計(jì)）題 目： 論論魯濱遜漂流記魯濱遜漂流記 中的殖民主義中的殖民主義 英文標(biāo)題： On Colonialism in Robinson Crusoe 學(xué)學(xué) 院：院： 經(jīng)管學(xué)院經(jīng)管學(xué)院 姓姓 名：名： 陳紅梅陳紅梅 學(xué)學(xué) 號(hào)：號(hào)： 20092632 專專 業(yè)：業(yè)： 國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易 年年 級(jí)：級(jí)： 國(guó)貿(mào)國(guó)貿(mào) 092 班班 指導(dǎo)教師：指導(dǎo)教師： 章睿君章睿君 職職 稱：稱： 助教助教 二二 0 0 一二一二 年年 五五 月月CONTENTS摘要摘要.IAbstract.IIIn

2、troduction.11 1 Robinsons Colonial Premise.21.1 Robinsons Colonial Conditions.41.2 Robinsons Colonial motivations.41.3 Robinsons Colonial Thoughts.42 2 Robinsons Colonial Activities.52.1 Changing Their Primitive Life Style into an Easier Life.62.1.1 Getting Rid of the Habit of Man-eating.62.1.2 Maki

3、ng Clothes for “Friday” .62.1.3 Instructing “Friday” to Use Tools and Arms.72.2 Banishing Fridays Language and Instructing English to Him.72.3 Mocking Fridays God and Instructing the Real God to Him.73 3 RobinsonS Colonial Products.83.1 The Material Products.83.2 The Culture Products .84 4 Other Emb

4、odiments of Colonialism In the Novel.94.1 The Superior Race and the Inferior Race.104.2 The Just and Kind Whites.104.3 The Ugly Black along the African Coast.104.4 The Cruel Cannibal and The American Indians.11Conclusion .11Bibliography.12致謝致謝.13I摘要本文我對(duì)魯濱遜漂流記內(nèi)容進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)介，并從魯濱遜殖民主義前提，魯濱遜殖民主義動(dòng)機(jī)，魯濱遜殖民主義主成果以及

5、本文其它體現(xiàn)殖民方面進(jìn)行分析。主要分析作者丹尼爾.笛福以及寫作背景，主人公“魯濱遜和“星期五” ，奴隸主和奴隸，白種人和有色人，中心文化和邊緣文化，文明和野蠻等來描述一十八世紀(jì)的殖民主義。關(guān)鍵字：資本主義；文化殖民；十八世紀(jì) IIAbstractIn the paper, I give a brief introduction of the novel Robinson Crusoe. I try to analysis Robinsons colonial premises, Robinsons colonial activities, Robinsons colonial products

6、 and other embodiments of colonialism in the novel. I try to analysis the character of the writer Daniel Defoe, the writing background of the novel, the hero Robinson and Friday, the colonial country and the colony, master and slave, the white and the colored, central culture and marginal culture, c

7、ivilization and savageness, and all that to show the colonialism of the 18th century.Key words: colonialism; cultural; colonization; 18th century1IntroductionColonialism is the practice by which a powerful country directly controls less powerful countries and uses their resources to increase its own

8、 power and wealth. Oxford Dictionary Online says it is the policy or practice of acquiring full of partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers and exploiting it economically. All in all, colonialism is about powerful country plundering weak nation. The colonialism bega

9、n in 14th and 15th, at that time the Spanish and the Portuguese were well on their way to establishing colonies and Christopher Columbus voyage to the New World in 1492. They earned large quantity of money from opening the new voyage for the sea trade to exporting their material and commodity. In Br

10、itish, Queen Elizabeth I allowed Sir Francis Drake to go out to search suitable colony for the British Navy in 1577. In 1578, Queen Elizabeth had granted Humphrey Gilbert who embarked upon a journey to the West Indies the first English patent for the exploration and discovery of foreign lands. Durin

11、g the period, European countries earn handsome profits. However, what brings to the colonized people is the lost of their land, the ruin their languages, the mock of their gods, the death and the slavery system. During this time, slaves, particularly black slaves were treated as commodities that cou

12、ld be easily bought and sold in slave markets. The slave trade became a cruel business that did not consider the misery suffering and humiliation of these poor human beings. English, Portuguese and French started slave trade in the middle of the 16th century. In English, John Hawkins one of Queen El

13、izabeths privateer was the first man to make slave trade. From the 1500s to the 1800s, about 12 million Africans were shipped across the Atlantic Ocean. They were captured by the slave trader to trade for cloth, cheap iron goods and guns. Nearly two million did not survive the ordeal and died during

14、 the journey. Those who survived were sold to the tobacco and sugar plantation owners to work unbelievable long hours in a very harsh climate. The slaves living conditions were appalling. These suffering were the so called civilization person brought to the colonist local person. In the colonial lit

15、erature, the individual venturing novel became popular which tell people who are not satisfied with their current life and want to earn more money and property. They always have a strong will to know more about the outside world and to 2prove the individual power. They desire to pursue their golden

16、dream and spread their religious spirit by setting up colonies overseas. What is more, they widely spread the minds that the whites are spreading the “civilization” to the non-westerners, because they are under the call of God to “save” the “inferior races” and “civilize” the “savages”. The Robinson

17、 Corson is a famous adventure novel in British wrote by Daniel Defoe. In Robinson Crusoe, colonialism exists from the beginning to the end. Robinson was on the island alone, “Friday” is a capture of the savage and saved by Robinson, but was treated as a servant. We can see that from Robinson taught

18、Friday to speak English like “Yes, No, Master”. However, the cruel of the colonialism was erased in the novel. 1 1 Robinsons Colonial PremiseDaniel Defoe was born in a middle class family in London, England, in 1660. He had travelled the country of Spain, Italy, France and Germany as a merchant from

19、 1678 to 1683. In 1685, He joined the Duke of Monmouths rebellion. After failure in his business, he became bankrupt, then he published The Shortest Way with the Dissenters, which, however, was ruined by his imprisonment and he was arrested to put in prison. During 1704 to 1713 for nearly ten years

20、he wrote and produced the periodical Almost Single-Handedly. Robinson Crusoe was published in 1719, and then he also published Captain Singleton, Moll Flanders, Colonel Jack and Roxana. He died on April 24, 1731. As a member of the middle class, Defoe spoke for the members of his class; his novels e

21、njoyed a great popularity among the less cultivated readers. In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working middle class and showed his sympathy for the poor. Defoe is considered the first great realistic novelist in English. He based his stories on current events and materials, such a

22、s the maps of actual sea voyages, personal memories.Robinson Crusoe was based partly on a true story of a man Alexander Selkirk who once stayed alone on a deserted island for five years. After coming back to England, he told his experience to the local people. After hearing the story of Alexander Se

23、lkirk, Defoe wrote the novel Robinson Crusoe with his imagination. The story started from Robinson Crusoe running away from home. He was an inexperienced teenager and full of fancies about the future. He naturally chose going to sea, because it meant a chance to live a different life, to see the out

24、side world and to make a fortune. However, his ship was crashed and his 3companions were all died. He succeeded to breed goats, grow corn and wheat. He survived in the island. After a few years he discovered that cannibals occasionally land on the island and that he had been incredibly lucky to avoi

25、d meeting them so far. To begin with, he was filled with rage at their lifestyle and planed to kill them but then realized that they had done nothing to him so he didnt have the right to. He made this decision by his trust in God. Several years later the savages landed again and that time he did kil

26、l two of them to get himself a servant who he called Friday. He civilized Friday. When another band of cannibals landed, the pair killed them and saved two of their prisoners, one was a Spaniard and the other being Fridays father. They informed Crusoe that there were more Spaniards on land nearby an

27、d asked him to fetch them. However, before they return, an English ship arrived with three prisoners, including the captain and the rest of the crew. Crusoe again saved the prisoners and they sailed back to the mainland. A sugar plantation that Crusoe bought before had earned him a fortune; he paid

28、back everyone who had helped him over the years. The story ended with Crusoe and Friday crossing French mountains in order to return to England without going by sea.Robinson Crusoe was a very complicated man. He was a man of determination, individualism, kindness and diligence. He decided to be a sa

29、ilor and run away from home without his fathers will; he never changed his mind to seek after the sea; he looked for a free life and valued individuality; he had earned other peoples concern, respect and best wishes. We can find this in the book, for example, when he found that the savage went to th

30、e island to hold a human-eating party, he was serious and angry. He never hesitated to save that person. From then on, he always wanted to destroy some of these monsters in their cruel bloody entertainment. Finally he saved one of the victims, called Friday. He was hard-working and he spend months m

31、aking a canoe, what is more, his resourcefulness in building a home, growing crop excise was very remarkable. However, he also had lots of disadvantages. He seemed incapable of deep feeling, we can see it when Crusoe told us that he had gotten married and that his wife had died, his indifference to

32、her seemed cruel. What is more, he had a sense of vanity and weakness. After the failure of the first sea voyage, he had the thought of going home but feeling shame to meet others, “it occurred to me how I should be laughed at among the neighbors, and should be ashamed to see, not my father and moth

33、er only, but even everybody else.” Additionally, sometimes he was dull and lack 4prediction of the results. Once he had an ideal to make himself a canoe which was big enough to carry him and all his cargo. He thought it was possible and easy; he was interested in possessions, power and prestige, but

34、 it turned out to be a mad plan and unlikely to be performed. He simply couldnt think he was “very rich in subjects”, and he thought himself just like a king. He thought the whole country was his own. He was a colonist and owned all the characteristics of a colonist.1.11.1 Robinsons Colonial Conditi

35、onsRobinsons colonization conditions laid firm foundation for his colonial activities. Without those conditions, Robinson couldnt become a true colonist. Firstly, Robinson have some necessary knowledge and skills, he had the necessary shipping knowledge, basic living abilities and communicative skil

36、ls. If Robinson did not have such knowledge and skills, he could not live on the island for 28 years. He used his intelligence to build house, make ship, and mend clothes and so on. A good colonist should have some necessary knowledge and skills. Secondly, Robinson is enterprising and adventurous. R

37、obinson had gone through much adventurous ship, from York to Yarmouth, from Guinea to Sallie, from Brazils to the isolated island. He acquired much knowledge about shipping and broadened his vision at the same time. What is more, from finding foods in the ship to produce grain by himself, from passi

38、ng the night on the tree to building his own house, Robinson made many miracles. A good colonist should be enterprising and adventurous.1.21.2 Robinsons Colonial motivationsRobinson became a colonizer which was by no means an accident. His colonization motivation includes the primitive motivations,

39、colonial expansion and trade development. We could see the behavior of expansion in this book, he regarded himself as the governor of the island and then let people explore it and occupy the island. British need to market its products and gain cheap materials to develop the economic. In a word, colo

40、nial expansion and trade development became two important external factors of colonization.1.31.3 Robinsons Colonial ThoughtsEuropeans believed that they were superior to “the other and they thought that God was on their side and called them to deliver the savages and civilize them. In this book, he

41、 met four captains and an English widow, all of whom represented the civilized and just 5westerners; however the colored, especially the black, were on the opposite. Robinson belonged to the civilized society although once became a slave of the Moor. But later when he was a free man, he sold a littl

42、e boy and bought a slave for his plantation, and he treated “Friday” as a saver rather than a companion. All those show Robinsons colonial thoughts. 2 2 Robinsons Colonial ActivitiesRobinsons Colonial activities mainly had two types: economic colonization and cultural colonization. Firstly, there we

43、re already some aborigines living around the island when Robinson arrived at the isolated island. But Robinson declared that he was the owner of the island. He captured animals, built house, picked grapes and plant grains on the island. He felt he was the king of the island. We knew that if the pers

44、on who first landed on the land acquires the ownership of the island, there was no doubt that the aborigines were the owners. Finally, Robinson became the owner of the island. Land occupation Allows colonists to have the rights to get cheap materials and labors, quicken capitalists capital accumulat

45、ion. Therefore, land occupation was a key step in economic colonization. The colonial trade can also be reflected in Robinson. He was born in a middle class family; He did not follow his fathers advice to go into law, but went to sea out of his longing wealth. What Robinson hoped to gain the adventu

46、re was wealth and the best way to make profit, which was colonial trade at that time. Bury had saved his life and was very loyal to him, but he had no sympathy with him. He threatened to kill him if he did not agree to be his servant, then he sold Bury at the price of 60 pounds and used the money to

47、 go to Brazil to set up plantation. He missed Bury once only when he needed servants in the process of developing the plantation. Later, Robinson decided to go to sea again in order to pursuit benefits and to go to Africa to buy black slaves for his plantations in Brazil. Secondly, cultural coloniza

48、tion what? Cultural colonization has more profound impact on slaves than other forms of colonial activities. Cultural colonization makes slaves lose their national identities. Their thoughts are totally controlled by colonist. In Robinson Crusoe, Robinsons cultural colonization can be seen mainly fr

49、om his relation with Friday. For one thing, Robinson was willing to reform Friday. We could see how Robinson reform Friday.2.12.1 Changing Their Primitive Life Style into an Easier Life6The first stage of Robinson to reform Friday was changing his primitive life style: eating mens flesh, being naked

50、, using wooden tools and arms. Robinson already experienced the Renaissance with the core of Humanism, and advanced science and technology. So, such behavior of Friday was unaccepted by the so-called civilized people, so was Robinson.2.1.12.1.1 Getting Rid of the Habit of Man-eating As we all know,

51、from the novel that Friday had the habit of Man-eating. In order to help Friday get rid of the habit of Man-eating, Robinson gave other flesh to Friday and made him aware that it was cruel to eat Man. This seemed apparently good to the local civilization, but it was unfair to the people. In fact, th

52、ey only ate Man when it was in war. What is more, they made great contribution to the development of the crops, such as the corn. However, in this novel, their cultures were removed.2.1.22.1.2 Making Clothes for “Friday”Fridays native together with the black people inhabited along the African coast

53、was naked, which was obviously against the modern civilization and needed to be change .It was the second step that Robinson spread his colonial culture. He praised Friday as handsome and decent when Friday worn clothes, it put as the following,“He was a comely, handsome fellow, perfectly well made,

54、 with straight strong limbs, not too large; tall and well-shaped, and, as I reckon, about twenty-six years of age. He had a very good countenance, not a fierce and surly aspect. But seemed to have something very manly in his face, and yet he had all the sweetness and softness of a European in his co

55、untenance too, especially when he smiled. His hair was long and black, not curled like wool; his forehead very high, and large, and a great vivacity and sparkling sharpness in his eyes. The color of his skin was not quite black, but very tawny; and yet not of an ugly, yellow, nauseous tawny, as the

56、Brazilians and Virginians, and other natives of America are; but of a bright kind of a dun olive color that had in it something very agreeable; though not very easy to describe. His face was round and plump; his nose small, not flat like the Negroes; a very good mouth, thin lips, and his line teeth

57、well set, and white as ivory.”(Defoe, 165)In fact, the Indians were not stark naked as described in the colonial literature. They 7wore feather and skin of animals as their cloth. However, their dress was completely replaced by the western cloth after the invasion of the Europeans. It meant their cu

58、lture was replaced too.2.1.32.1.3 Instructing “Friday” to Use Tools and ArmsThe third step was to introduce advanced tools and weapons to local people. Robinson taught Friday to use and make tools and under the instruction of Robinson, he learned very well. The first time Friday to see gun, he treat

59、ed it as normal tools and even had a conversation with it. But, nobody was born to know everything. We found that Friday had the gift to learn new things. He could make tools and bread as splendidly as his master. While, the writer made the achievements contribute to Robinson in order show his respe

60、ct to the civilized and kind Whiter.2.22.2 Banishing Fridays Language and Instructing English to HimIn the age of colonization, the people in the colony were forced to learn the colonist language and forbidden to speak their native language. In Robinson Crusoe, it was written that Robinson taught Fr

61、iday to speak English for the convenience of communication with him. While Robinson taught Friday to call him master and Friday was meant to be his lasting servant. Thus, the way to teach Friday language was an excuse to make him serve him better.2.32.3 Mocking Fridays God and Instructing the Real G

62、od to HimIn order to divert Friday into a Christian, Robinson spent much time and efforts on Friday. Robinson purposely instructed Fridays faith was not real faith but a superstition and told him what real faith, the God and Devil was. In fact, he just proved that the savages religion was superstiti

63、on, while the God was the real might to be deserved to be trusted. Ring Robinson instructed Friday the God, there was an interaction between them. Friday seemed no to be the passive one to absorb the preach superstition, and he asked a surprising question which even troubled the preacher. But finall

64、y, it was Friday who solved the problem. It was dramatic that the savages earnest and persistence toward Christianity opened his eyes. By contrast, when he couldnt answer Fridays question, he excused that “though I was now an old man, yet I was but a young doctor, and ill enough qualified for casuis

65、t, or a solver of difficulties. And at first I could not tell what to say, so I pretended not to hear him, and asked 8him what he said.” (Defoe, 176) .We could know that Robinson himself is not a faithful Christian. In fact, India and Egypt had ever been known as the forerunner of civilization. They

66、 had an old history. Indias religion spread to the west and drove the society forward. Its spice made food tasteful. The ancient Egyptians had advanced civilization. Egyptians with their wisdoms and hard work created the world wonder pyramid. The usage of mummy to preserve the dead body was creative to the world. Its advanced method inspired people to apply it to the storage of materials and food mostly in modern industry and daily life. African countries seemed much more backward than other con