新世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ) 綜合教程4 課文翻譯

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1、word Nature nurtures mankind unselfishly with its rich resources. Yet, man is so carried away in his transformation of nature that he is unaware that it also has limitations and needs constant care. Now worn by the excessive demands of mankind, nature is unable to maintain the ecological balance ne

2、eded. Humanity is faced with the problem of how to stop, or at least to moderate, the destruction of Mother Nature. T Man in the Realm of Nature Alexander Spirkin The text is downloaded from the website: close 1RT Human beings live in the realm of nature. They are constantly surrounded by it

3、 and interact with it. Man is constantly aware of the influence of nature in the form of the air he breathes, the water he drinks, and the food he eats. We are connected with nature by "blood" ties and we cannot live outside nature. 人在自然界 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

4、?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????亞歷山大·斯伯金 人類生活在大自然的王國(guó)里。他們時(shí)刻被大自然所包圍并與之相互影響。人類呼吸的空氣、喝下的水和攝入的食物，無(wú)一不令人類時(shí)刻感知到大自然的影響。我們與大自然血肉相連，離開大自然，我們將無(wú)法生存。close 2RT Man is not only a dweller in nature, he

5、also transforms it. Humanity converts nature's wealth into the means of the cultural, historical life of society. Man has subdued and disciplined electricity and pelled it to serve the interests of society. Not only has man transferred various species of plants and animals to different climatic cond

6、itions, he has also changed the shape and climate of his environment and transformed plants and animals. 人類不僅生活在大自然之中，同時(shí)也在改變著大自然。人類把自然資源轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楦鞣N文化，社會(huì)歷史的財(cái)富。人類降服并控制了電，迫使它為人類社會(huì)的利益服務(wù)。人類不僅把各種各樣的動(dòng)植物轉(zhuǎn)移到不同的氣候環(huán)境，也改變了他生活環(huán)境的地貌和氣候并使動(dòng)植物因之而發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變。close 3RT As society develops, man tends to bee less dependent on natu

7、re directly, while indirectly his dependence grows. Our distant ancestors lived in fear of nature's destructive forces. Very often they were unable to obtain the merest daily necessities. However, despite their imperfect tools, they worked together stubbornly, collectively, and were able to attain r

8、esults. Nature was also changed through interaction with man. Forests were destroyed and the area of farmland increased. Nature with its elemental forces was regarded as something hostile to man. The forest, for example, was something wild and frightening and people tried to force it to retreat. Thi

9、s was all done in the name of civilisation, which meant the places where man had made his home, where the earth was cultivated, where the forest had been cut down.隨著社會(huì)的開展，人類對(duì)大自然的直接依賴越來(lái)越少，而間接的依賴卻越來(lái)越多。我們遠(yuǎn)古的祖先生活在大自然的威脅與破壞力的恐懼之中，他們常常連根本的生活物資都無(wú)法獲取。然而，盡管工具不甚完備，他們卻能同心協(xié)力，頑強(qiáng)工作，并總是有所收獲。在與人類的相互作用中，大自然也發(fā)生了改變。森林

10、被破壞了，耕地面積增加了。大自然與其威力被看成是和人類敵對(duì)的東西。譬如，森林被認(rèn)為是野性的和令人恐懼的，因此人類便想方設(shè)法使其面積縮小。這一切都是打著“文明〞的旗號(hào)進(jìn)展的，所謂“文明〞，就是人類在哪里建立家園，耕耘土地，哪里的森林就被砍伐。 隨著社會(huì)的開展，人類對(duì)大自然的直接依賴越來(lái)越少，而間接的依賴卻越來(lái)越多。我們遠(yuǎn)古的祖先生活在大自然的威脅與破壞力的恐懼之中，他們常常連根本的生活物資都無(wú)法獲取。然而，盡管工具不甚完備，他們卻能同心協(xié)力，頑強(qiáng)工作，并總是有所收獲。在與人類的相互作用中，大自然也發(fā)生了改變。森林被破壞了，耕地面積增加了。大自然與其威力被看成是和人類敵對(duì)的東西。譬如，森林被認(rèn)

11、為是野性的和令人恐懼的，因此人類便想方設(shè)法使其面積縮小。這一切都是打著“文明〞的旗號(hào)進(jìn)展的，所謂“文明〞，就是人類在哪里建立家園，耕耘土地，哪里的森林就被砍伐。close 4RT But as time goes on mankind bees increasingly concerned with the question of where and how to obtain irreplaceable natural resources for the needs of production. Science and man's practical transforming activi

12、ties have made humanity aware of the enormous geological role played by the industrial transformation of the earth. 然而，隨著歲月的流逝，人類越來(lái)越關(guān)注的是在何處得到和如何得到生產(chǎn)所需的不可替代的自然資源的問(wèn)題?？茖W(xué)與人類改變大自然的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)已經(jīng)使人類意識(shí)到了工業(yè)在改變地球的進(jìn)程中對(duì)地質(zhì)產(chǎn)生的重大影響。close 5RTAt present the previous dynamic balance between man and nature and between natu

13、re and society as a whole, has shown ominous signs of breaking down. The problem of the so-calledreplaceable resources of the biosphere has bee particularly acute. It is getting more and more difficult to satisfy the needs of human beings and society even for such a substance, for example, as fresh

14、water. The problem of eliminating industrial waste is also being increasingly plex. 目前，人與自然以與自然與社會(huì)整體之間過(guò)去存在的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡，已呈現(xiàn)崩潰的跡象。生物圈中所謂可替代資源的問(wèn)題變得極為鋒利。人類和社會(huì)的需求，即便是簡(jiǎn)單得像淡水一樣的物質(zhì)，也變得越來(lái)越難以滿足。去除工業(yè)廢物的問(wèn)題也變得日益復(fù)雜。close 6RTModern technology is distinguished by an ever increasing abundance of produced and used synthet

15、ic goods. Hundreds of thousands of synthetic materials are being made. People increasingly cover their bodies from head to foot in nylon and other synthetic, glittering fabrics that are obviously not good for them. Young people may hardly feel this, and they pay more attention to appearance than to

16、health. But they bee more aware of this harmful influence as they grow older. 現(xiàn)代技術(shù)的特征是生產(chǎn)和使用日益豐富的人工合成產(chǎn)品。人們生產(chǎn)成千上萬(wàn)的人工合成材料。人們?cè)絹?lái)越多地用尼龍和其他人造纖維把自己從頭到腳地包裹起來(lái)，這些絢麗的織物顯然對(duì)他們無(wú)益。年輕人或許很少注意到這一點(diǎn)，他們更關(guān)注的是外表，而不是健康。但是上了年歲之后，他們就會(huì)感受到這種有害的影響。close 7RT As time goes on the synthetic output of production turns into waste, a

17、nd then substances that in their original form were not very toxic are transformed in the cycle of natural processes into aggressive agents. Today both natural scientists and philosophers are asking themselves the question: Is man's destruction of the biosphere inevitable? 久而久之，這些合成物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)變成廢棄物，那些原本毒性不

18、大的物質(zhì)在自然循環(huán)中變?yōu)闃O其有害的物質(zhì)。自然科學(xué)家和哲學(xué)家如今都在問(wèn)自己這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題：人類對(duì)生物圈的破壞難道是無(wú)法防止的嗎？close 8RT The man-nature relation — the crisis of the ecological situation — is a global problem. Its solution lies in rational and wise organization of both production itself and care for Mother Nature, not just by individuals, enterpri

19、ses or countries, but by all humanity. One of the ways to deal with the crisis situation in the "man-nature" system is to use such resources as solar energy, the power of winds, the riches of the seas and oceans and other, as yet unknown natural forces of the universe. 人與大自然的關(guān)系 —— 生態(tài)環(huán)境的危機(jī) —— 已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)

20、全球性問(wèn)題。這一問(wèn)題的解決之道在于理性而明智地協(xié)調(diào)生產(chǎn)和對(duì)大自然的關(guān)愛(ài)之間的關(guān)系，這不僅要依靠個(gè)人、企業(yè)或者某些國(guó)家的力量，而且要依靠全人類的力量。解決人與大自然關(guān)系危機(jī)的方法之一，就是使用太陽(yáng)能、風(fēng)能、海洋能等資源，以與其他尚不為人所知的宇宙中的自然能。close 9RT But to return to our theme, the bitter truth is that those human actions which violate the laws of nature, the harmony of the biosphere, threaten to bring disast

21、er and this disaster may turn out to be universal. How apt then are the words of ancient Oriental wisdom: live closer to nature, my friends, and its eternal laws will protect you! 但是，回到我們?cè)鹊闹黝}上，令人難以承受的事實(shí)是那些違背了自然規(guī)律、破壞了生物圈和諧的人類行為將會(huì)帶來(lái)災(zāi)難，而這種災(zāi)難也許是全球性的。古代東方智者的話講得真是恰如其分：朋友們，你要是親近大自然，大自然就會(huì)用那永恒不變的規(guī)律永遠(yuǎn)呵護(hù)你！cl

22、ose Technology and Happiness 技術(shù)與幸福 In the 20th century, Americans, Europeans, and East Asians enjoyed material and technological advances that were unimaginable in previous eras. =20世紀(jì)的美國(guó)人、歐洲人和東亞人都享受到了過(guò)去歷代人都無(wú)法想象的物質(zhì)和技術(shù)進(jìn)步所帶來(lái)的樂(lè)趣。 2. In the United States, for instance, gross domestic prod

23、uct per capita tripled from 1950 to 2000. =譬如，在美國(guó)，從1950年到2000年，人均國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值翻了3倍。 3. Life expectancy soared. =人的壽命大幅度提高。 4. The boom in productivity after World War II made goods better and cheaper at the same time. =二戰(zhàn)后生產(chǎn)力的迅速開展使商品物美價(jià)廉。 5. Things that were once luxuries, such as jet travel and long

24、-distance phone calls, became necessities. =諸如乘飛機(jī)旅行和打長(zhǎng)途 等曾經(jīng)是奢侈的事情成了生活中不可或缺的一局部。 6. And even though Americans seemed to work extraordinarily hard, their pursuit of entertainment turned media and leisure into multibillion-dollar industries. =即使美國(guó)人工作時(shí)似乎是格外勤奮努力的，可他們對(duì)娛樂(lè)的追求卻使得他們將媒體和閑暇轉(zhuǎn)變成了盈利數(shù)十億美元的產(chǎn)業(yè)。

25、 Para. 2 1. By most standards, then, you would have to say that Americans are better off now than they were in the middle of the last century. =那么，根據(jù)大多數(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)衡量，你會(huì)說(shuō)，現(xiàn)在的美國(guó)人比上個(gè)世紀(jì)中葉富裕得多。 2. Oddly, though, if you ask Americans how happy they are, you find that they are no happier than they were in 1946

26、 (which is when formal surveys of happiness started). =然而，奇怪的是，如果你問(wèn)美國(guó)人有多幸福，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們并不比1946年時(shí)幸福〔1946年正式開始對(duì)幸福狀況進(jìn)展調(diào)查〕。 3. In fact, the percentage of people who say they are “very happy〞 has fallen slightly since the early 1970s ----- even though the ine of people born in 1940 has, on average, increase

27、d by 116 percent over the course of their working lives. =事實(shí)上，那些說(shuō)自己“非常幸福〞的人所占的比例自20世紀(jì)70年代早期以來(lái)一直穩(wěn)中有降——盡管20世紀(jì)40年代出生的人的收入在他們的工作生涯中平均增長(zhǎng)了116%。 4.You can find similar data for most developed countries. =你可以在大多數(shù)興旺國(guó)家找到相似的數(shù)據(jù)。 Para. 3 1. The relationship between happiness and technology has been an ete

28、rnal subject for social critics and philosophers since the advent of the Industrial Revolution. =自工業(yè)革命出現(xiàn)以來(lái)，幸福與技術(shù)之間的關(guān)系一直是社會(huì)批評(píng)家和哲學(xué)家們長(zhǎng)期研究的課題。 2. But it’s been left largely unexamined by economists and social scientists. =然而，這個(gè)課題根本上還沒(méi)有受到經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家和社會(huì)科學(xué)家們的關(guān)注。 3. The truly groundbreaking work on the relatio

29、nship between prosperity and well-being was done by the economist Richard Easterlin, who in 1974 wrote a famous paper entitled “Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot?〞 =經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家理查德?伊斯特林在經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮和幸福的關(guān)系方面進(jìn)展了具有開拓性的研究，并于1974年發(fā)表了一篇題為“經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)改變?nèi)祟惷\(yùn)嗎？〞的著名論文。 4. Easterlin showed that when it came to developed c

30、ountries, there was no real correlation between a nation’s ine level and its citizens’ happiness. =伊斯特林明確，就興旺國(guó)家而言，一個(gè)國(guó)家的收入和國(guó)民的幸福之間并沒(méi)有真正的相互關(guān)系。 5. Money, Easterlin argued, could not buy happiness ----- at least not after a certain point. =伊斯特林認(rèn)為，金錢買不到幸福——至少 金錢達(dá)到了一定程度以后是如此。 6. Easterlin showed that

31、 though poverty was strongly correlated with misery, once a country was solidly middle-class, getting wealthier did not seem to make its citizens any happier. =伊斯特林明確，盡管貧窮與苦難密不可分，但是，一個(gè)國(guó)家一旦達(dá)到穩(wěn)定的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)水平，更富有一些似乎就不會(huì)使其國(guó)民感到更多的幸福了。 Para. 4 1. This seems to be close to a universal phenomenon. =這近乎是一種普遍

32、現(xiàn)象。 2. In fact, one of happiness scholars’ most important insights is that people adapt very quickly to good news. =事實(shí)上，研究幸福的學(xué)者們最重要的觀點(diǎn)之一是：人們對(duì)好消息很快便習(xí)以為常。 3. Take lottery winners for example. One famous study showed that although winners were very, very happy when they won, their extreme excitement

33、 quickly evaporated, and after a while their moods and sense of well-being were indistinguishable from what they had been before the victory. =拿彩票中獎(jiǎng)?wù)邽槔?。一?xiàng)重要的研究明確，盡管彩票中獎(jiǎng)?wù)咧歇?jiǎng)時(shí)會(huì)感到非常非常幸福，可這類興奮很快就消逝了。一段時(shí)間之后，他們的心情和幸福感與中獎(jiǎng)之前并沒(méi)什么區(qū)別。 Para. 5 1. So, too, with technology: no matter how dramatic a new innov

34、ation is, no matter how much easier it makes our lives, it is very easy to take it for granted. =人們對(duì)待技術(shù)的態(tài)度也是一樣的：無(wú)論一種新事物多么引人注目，也無(wú)論它使我們的生活變得多么舒適，人們很快就會(huì)認(rèn)為這是理所當(dāng)然的事情。 2. You can see this principle at work in the world of technology every day, as things that once seemed miraculous soon bee mon and, wors

35、e, frustrating when they don’t work perfectly. =在技術(shù)世界里，你每天都會(huì)看到這一原如此在發(fā)揮作用。曾經(jīng)一度被視為非常神奇的東西很快就變的習(xí)以為常，更糟的是，當(dāng)這些東西運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)不正常時(shí)，還會(huì)令人沮喪。 3. It’s hard, it turns out, to keep in mind what things were like before the new technology came along. =事實(shí)明確，要把新技術(shù)問(wèn)世之前的情形牢記在心原來(lái)是如此困難！ Para. 6 1. Does our fast assimilati

36、on of technological progress mean, then, that technology makes no difference? =那么，我們對(duì)新技術(shù)的快速吸收是否意味著技術(shù)沒(méi)有發(fā)揮什么作用呢？ 2. No. It just makes the question of technology’s impact, for good or ill, more plicated. =不，決非如此。不論好壞，這只是把技術(shù)對(duì)人類的影響的問(wèn)題變得更復(fù)雜而已。 3. Let’s start with the downside. =讓我們先從負(fù)面影響談起吧。 4. Ther

37、e are certain ways in which technology makes life obviously worse. =在某些方面，技術(shù)顯然使得生活更加糟糕了。 5. Telemarketing, traffic jams, and identity theft all e to mind. =譬如，我們馬上會(huì)想到 推銷、交通阻塞以與身份資料失竊等情況。 6. These are all phenomena that make people consciously unhappy. =這些都是讓人們明顯意識(shí)到不幸福的現(xiàn)象。 7. But for the most

38、 part, modern critiques of technology have focused not so much on specific, bad technologies as the impact of technology on our human relationships. =可是，現(xiàn)代的技術(shù)評(píng)論文章多半都沒(méi)有把焦點(diǎn)集中在具體的、有害的技術(shù)本身上，而是集中在技術(shù)對(duì)人際關(guān)系的影響上。 Para. 7 1. Privacy has bee increasingly fragile in a world of linked databases. =在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)聯(lián)網(wǎng)的世界

39、里，隱私變得越來(lái)越脆弱。 2. In many workplaces, technologies like keystroke monitoring and full recordings of phone calls make it easier to watch workers. =在許多工作場(chǎng)所，諸如按鍵監(jiān)控和 全程錄音之類的技術(shù)使得對(duì)員工的監(jiān)視變得更加容易了。 3. The notion that technology disrupts relationships and fractures munity gained mainstream prominence as an

40、attack on television. =技術(shù)擾亂了人際關(guān)系，破壞了社區(qū)交往——這樣的觀念成為人們攻擊電視時(shí)的主要焦點(diǎn)。 4. Some even say that TV is chiefly responsible for the gradual isolation of Americans from each other. =有些人甚至說(shuō)，電視是美國(guó)人逐漸相互疏遠(yuǎn)的罪魁禍?zhǔn)住? 5. Similarly, the harmful effects of the Internet, which supposedly further isolates people from what

41、is often called “the real world〞. =同樣也有人認(rèn)為，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的負(fù)面影響進(jìn)一步使人們遠(yuǎn)離了我們常說(shuō)的“真實(shí)世界〞。 Para. 8 1. This broad criticism of technology’s impact on relationships is an interesting one and is especially relevant to the question of happiness, because one of the few things we can say for certain is that the more f

42、riends and the closer relationships people have, the happier they tend to be. =這種廣義上關(guān)于技術(shù)影響人際關(guān)系的批評(píng)頗有趣味，尤其與幸福的問(wèn)題密切相關(guān)，因?yàn)槲覀冋嬲邪盐照f(shuō)清楚的事情沒(méi)有幾件，但其中之一是：人們的朋友越多，關(guān)系越密切，就越幸福。 Para. 9 1. Today, technological change is so rappid that when you buy something, you do so knowing that in a few months there’s going

43、 to be a better, faster version of the product, and that you’re going to be stuck with the old one. =今天的技術(shù)變化異常神速，購(gòu)置某種產(chǎn)品時(shí)你就知道，在過(guò)幾個(gè)月，比這個(gè)產(chǎn)品性能更好、運(yùn)作更快捷的款式就會(huì)問(wèn)世，而你卻不得不繼續(xù)使用舊款式的產(chǎn)品。 2. Someone else, in other words, has it better. =換句話說(shuō)，別人買到的產(chǎn)品要比你的好。 3. It’s as if disappointment were built into acquisition

44、 from the very beginning. =這種失望感仿佛從你開始購(gòu)置這件產(chǎn)品時(shí)就已經(jīng)深深植入你的認(rèn)知系統(tǒng)中了。 Para. 10 1. Daily stress, an annoying sense of disappointment, fear that the government knows a lot more about you than you would like it to ----- these are obviously some of the ways in which technology reduces people’s sense of wel

45、l-being. =日常生活的壓力、一種令人煩惱的失望感、對(duì)政府知曉你的情況超出你所希望的程度而造成的恐懼感——這些顯然都是技術(shù)降低了人們幸福感的幾個(gè)方面。 2. But the most important impact of technology on people’s sense of well-being is in the field of health care. =然而，技術(shù)對(duì)人們的幸福感的最重要的影響表現(xiàn)在醫(yī)療保健方面。 3. Before the Industrial Revolution, two out of every three Europeans died

46、before the age of 30. =工業(yè)革命以前，每三個(gè)歐洲人中就有兩個(gè)的壽命不足30歲。 4. Today, life expectancy for women in Western Europe is almost 80 years, and it continues to increase. =而今天，西歐婦女的壽命差不多是80歲，而且還會(huì)繼續(xù)提高。 5. The point is obvious: the vast majority of people are happy to be alive, and the more time they get on earth

47、, the better off they feel they’ll be. =道理很明了：絕大多數(shù)人很樂(lè)意活下去，他們?cè)诘厍蛏仙畹臅r(shí)間越長(zhǎng)感覺(jué)就越好。 6. But until very recently, life for the vast majority of people was nasty, rough, and short. =但是，就在不久前，絕大多數(shù)人還過(guò)著齷齪不堪、牲口不如的生活，而且壽命非常短暫。 7. Technology has changed that, at least for people in the rich world. =技術(shù)改變了這一狀況，

48、至少對(duì)于富裕國(guó)家的人們來(lái)說(shuō)情況是如此。 8. As much as we should worry about the rising cost of health care and the problem of the uninsured, it’s also worth remembering how valuable for our spirits as well as our bodies are the benefits that medical technology has brought us. =我們?cè)跒獒t(yī)療保健費(fèi)用的提高和沒(méi)有參加保險(xiǎn)的人們的問(wèn)題擔(dān)憂的同時(shí)，同樣也應(yīng)該記住，

49、醫(yī)療技術(shù)所帶給我們的身體和精神上的好處是多么有價(jià)值。 Para. 11 1. On a deeper level, what the technological improvement of our health and our longevity emphasizes is a paradox of any discussion of happiness on a national or a global level: even though people may not be happier, even though they are wealthier and possess m

50、ore technology, they’re still as hungry as ever for more time. =從更深層次上來(lái)說(shuō)，我們?cè)诮】岛烷L(zhǎng)壽方面所取得的進(jìn)步卻強(qiáng)調(diào)了在國(guó)家和全球?qū)用嬗懻撔腋?wèn)題的一個(gè)自相矛盾的說(shuō)法：即使人們不會(huì)更幸福，即使他們更加富裕并擁有更多技術(shù)，他們還會(huì)像以前那樣渴望長(zhǎng)壽。 2. It’s like that old joke: the food may not be so great, but we want the portions to be as big as possible. =這就像那個(gè)古老的笑話一樣：食品也許并不好，可我們都想讓自

51、己得到的那一份盡量大一些。 Fame Fame is very much like an animal chasing its own tail who, when he captures it, does not know what else to do but to continue chasing it. Fame and the exhilarating celebrity that acpanies it, force the famous person to participate in his or her own destruction. Ironic isn’t it

52、? 聲譽(yù)就像一直不斷追逐自己尾巴的動(dòng)物,當(dāng)抓住自己的尾巴時(shí),它也不知道除了繼續(xù)追逐之外他還能做什么. 聲譽(yù)和令人興奮的名望相伴,促使著名人們走向消滅.很諷刺,不是么? Those who gain fame most often gain it as a result of possessing a single talent or skill: singing, dancing, painting, or writing, etc. The successful performer develops a style that is marketed aggressively and ga

53、ins some popularity, and it is this popularity that usually convinces the performer to continue performing in the same style, since that is what the public seems to want and to enjoy. But in time, the performer bees bored singing the same songs in the same way year after year, or the painter bees bo

54、red painting similar scenes or portraits, or the actor is tired of playing the same character repeatedly. The demand of the public holds the artist hostage to his or her own success, fame. If the artist attempts to change his or her style of writing or dancing or singing, etc., the audience may turn

55、 away and look to confer fleeting fickle fame on another and then, in time, on another, and so on and so on. 那些聲名鵲起的人通常是因?yàn)樗麄兙哂心稠?xiàng)天賦或者掌握了某樣技能:唱歌,跳舞,繪畫或者寫作等.一個(gè)成功的表演者因?yàn)殚_展了一種激進(jìn)的市場(chǎng)表演風(fēng)格而倍受歡迎.也正是這種名氣促使他保持著這種表演藝術(shù).因?yàn)檫@是觀眾想要的和喜歡的.但是到最后,歌手會(huì)因?yàn)槟陱?fù)一年的唱著同樣的歌而感到厭煩.畫家會(huì)因?yàn)橐恢碑嬛瑯拥娘L(fēng)景和肖像而感到無(wú)趣.演員會(huì)因?yàn)殚L(zhǎng)期表演同樣的角色而感到厭倦.公眾的需求掌握著藝術(shù)

56、家們的獲得聲譽(yù)與否的關(guān)鍵.如果藝術(shù)家們想要去改變他們書法風(fēng)格,唱腔或者舞步等的時(shí)候,觀眾們就有可能離開,把那些轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的名譽(yù)授予他人.然后接著,給另一個(gè)再另一個(gè)再另一個(gè)……. Who cannot recognize a Tennessee Williams play or a novel by John Updike or Ernest Hemingway or a poem by Robert Frost or W.H. Auden or T.S. Eliot? The same is true of painters like Monet, Renoir, Dali or Picass

57、o and it is true of movie makers like Hitchcock, Fellini, Spielberg, Chen Kai-ge or Zhang Yimou. Their distinctive styles marked a significant change in the tradition forms and granted them fame and fortune, but they were not free to develop other styles or forms because their audience demanded of e

58、ach of them what they originally presented. Hemingway cannot even now be confused with Henry James or anyone else, nor can Frost be confused with Yeats, etc. The unique forms each of them created, created them. No artist or performer can entirely escape the lure of fame and its promise of endless ad

59、miration and respect, but there is a heavy price one must pay for it. ?厄普代克和歐納斯特.海明威的小說(shuō)/羅伯特.弗羅斯特/W.H.奧登和托.史.艾略特的詩(shī)歌?同樣的還有畫家莫奈,雷諾阿,達(dá)利或者畢加索,還有電影制作節(jié)家希契科克, 費(fèi)里尼,斯皮爾伯格,陳凱歌或者X藝謀.他們與眾不同的風(fēng)格標(biāo)志著傳統(tǒng)形式的重大變革,從而授予他們聲望和財(cái)富.但是他們沒(méi)有開展其他風(fēng)格或模式的自由,因?yàn)樗麄兊挠^眾需要的是他們最先呈現(xiàn)的形式.即使現(xiàn)在,海明威還被混淆為亨利?詹姆斯或者其他的什么人;弗洛斯特也沒(méi)有被混淆為耶茨.他們創(chuàng)造的獨(dú)一無(wú)二的風(fēng)格成

60、就了他們.沒(méi)有任何一個(gè)藝術(shù)家或表演者能夠完全逃脫聲譽(yù)的誘惑,因?yàn)槁曌u(yù)能給他們帶來(lái)無(wú)止境的贊美和尊重.但是想要獲得聲譽(yù)就一定要付出沉重的代價(jià). Fame brings celebrity and high regard from adoring and loyal fans in each field of endeavor and it is heady stuff. A performer can easily e to believe that he or she is as good as his or her press. But most people, most artist

61、s do not fain fame and fortune. What about those performers who fail, or anyone who fails? Curiously enough, failure often severs as its own reward for many people! It brings sympathy from others who are delighted not to be you, and it allows family and friends to lower their expectations of you so

62、that you need not pete with those who have more talent and who succeed. And they find excused and explanations for your inability to succeed and bee famous: you are too sensitive, you are not interested in money, you are not interested in the power that fame brings and you are not interested in the

63、loss of privacy it demands, etc.—all excused, but forting to those who fail and those who pretend not to notice the failure. 在每個(gè)領(lǐng)域里, 聲望都能夠帶來(lái)名氣, 能夠在那些滿懷崇敬之心的忠實(shí)的粉絲里受到高度關(guān)注.但是它是是個(gè)容易使人沉醉的東西. 一個(gè)表演者很容易相信自己的成就與輿論者稱贊一樣.但是很多人,很多藝術(shù)家并沒(méi)有獲得聲譽(yù)和財(cái)富.那些失敗者的表演者,或者其他失敗了的人呢?說(shuō)來(lái)也奇怪,對(duì)于很多人來(lái)說(shuō),失敗卻常常是對(duì)他們的失敗的補(bǔ)償.它招來(lái)那些慶幸自己不是你的人的

64、憐憫; 它使得你的家人,朋友降低對(duì)你的期望,從而你不必再與那些比你有天賦,比你成功的人攀比.他們?yōu)槟悴荒艹晒Τ擅臒o(wú)能尋找各種各樣的借口和解釋: 你太容易受傷,你對(duì)金錢不感興趣,你不屑于那些伴隨名譽(yù)而來(lái)的權(quán)利,你也不喜歡因?yàn)橹闺[私受到侵犯,等等. 所有的借口,只是為了安慰是那些失敗了的人,或者那些假裝不在意失敗的人罷了. History has amply proven that some failure for some people at certain times in their lives does indeed motivate them to strive even

65、 harder to succeed and to continue believing in themselves. Thomas Wolfe, the American novelist, had his first novel Look Homeward, Angel rejected 39 times before it was finally published and launched his career and created his fame. Beethoven overcame his tyrannical father and grudging acceptance a

66、s a musician to bee the greatest, most famous musician in the world, and Pestalozzi, the famous Italian educator in the 19th century, failed at every job he ever had until he came upon the idea if teaching children and developing the fundamental theories to produce a new form of education. Thomas Edison was thrown out of school in fourth grade, at about age 10, because he seemed to the teacher to be quite dull and unruly. Many other cases may be found of people who failed and used the failure to