2019年中考英語總復(fù)習(xí)優(yōu)化設(shè)計 第四部分 測試卷 題型專題訓(xùn)練四 補全對話、詞匯運用、句子運用和書面表達(dá) 人教新目標(biāo)版

《2019年中考英語總復(fù)習(xí)優(yōu)化設(shè)計 第四部分 測試卷 題型專題訓(xùn)練四 補全對話、詞匯運用、句子運用和書面表達(dá) 人教新目標(biāo)版》由會員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)《2019年中考英語總復(fù)習(xí)優(yōu)化設(shè)計 第四部分 測試卷 題型專題訓(xùn)練四 補全對話、詞匯運用、句子運用和書面表達(dá) 人教新目標(biāo)版（16頁珍藏版）》請在裝配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。

1、題型專題訓(xùn)練四　補全對話、詞匯運用、句子運用和書面表達(dá) 補全對話 【1】根據(jù)對話內(nèi)容, 從方框中的七個選項中選出五項能填入空白處的最佳選項。 A.Hi, where are you from? B.Hello, who’s calling? C.You should learn from them. D.Dear listeners, who can give him some suggestions? E.Why not have a good talk with her? F.You shouldn’t argue with your mom. G.What’s

2、your problem? Becky: Welcome back to “The Problem Line”. Okay, it’s time for another call.　1　? David: Hello! This is David. Becky: Hi, David. Welcome to “The Problem Line”.　2　? David: Well, I’m having problems with my mom. When we talk about something, we always argue. Becky: 　3　 It’s impolite

3、.? David: I know, but she plans everything for me. I can’t even decide what to wear on weekends. Becky: That’s too bad.　4　? David: I tried, but she never listened. She thinks I should listen to her because I’m her child. Becky: Well, that’s a difficult problem.　5　? Linda: Hello, I’m Linda. I th

4、ink David should ask his teacher for help. Perhaps his mother will listen to his teacher. 1.　　　　2.　　　　3.　　　　4.　　　　5.　　　? 答案:1~5 BGFED 【2】(2018·甘肅白銀中考)閱讀下面的對話, 根據(jù)上下文, 從方框內(nèi)選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)倪x項補全對話, 使句意完整、符合邏輯。(其中有兩項為多余選項) (LiHuametaforeigneronhiswayhome.LisforLiHua; Fisfortheforeigner.) F: Excuse me. I’m afra

5、id I am lost.　1　? L: Sure! Let me see ... You’re now here near the bus station, the heart of the city. F: Oh ... yes.　2　? L: Go straight down, and then turn left, go straight, and at the third crossing you’ll see it on your right. F: 　3　? L: About thirty minutes’ walk. And you can also take the

6、 No. 1 Bus from this bus station and go 5 stops. You need to get off at People’s Park, Renmin Gongyuan in Chinese.　4　? F: Okay ... Thank you! L: No problem ... And, you can also ride a shared bike. Do you have AliPay on your phone? 　5　? F: Thanks a lot. L: You’re welcome. A.Well, how can I get

7、 to the nearest bookstore from here? B.If you do, you can go there on the bike. C.That’s all right. D.Could you tell me where I am on this map? E.Ten minutes is enough, if the traffic is good. F.It’s my first day in the city. G.How long will it take to walk there? 1.　　　　2.　　　　3.　　　　4.　　　　5

8、.　　　? 答案:1~5 DAGEB 【3】通讀下面的對話, 根據(jù)上下文補全對話內(nèi)容。 A: Hey, Frank! 　1　? ? B: Pretty good. A: Did you have fun last weekend? B: 　2　. I went to the old people’s house with my friends and had a good time.? A: Wow! What did you do there? B: We helped the old clean their houses and chatted with them. H

9、ow about you? A: I just read a science magazine. B: Oh, really? 　3　? ? A: Hmm ... it is about the main causes of smog (霧霾)and ways to beat it. B: Great! But 　4　? ? A: We can have a greener life by using cleaner energy to solve the problem, I think. B: You do? A: Yes, natural gas is a good c

10、hoice. By the way, 　5　? ? B: It’s 7: 45 now. A: Oh, God. Hurry up or we’ll be late. B: OK. 1.? 2.? 3.? 4.? 5.? 答案:1.How is it going 2.Yes, I did 3.What is the magazine talking about 4.how to do it 5.what time is it 【4】(2017·西寧中考)根據(jù)對話內(nèi)容, 在空白處填入一個適當(dāng)?shù)脑~, 補全對話。 Bill: Hello, Lily. What are

11、you going to do this weekend? Lily: I’m going to have a 　1　 at home. It’s my 14th birthday.? Bill: Oh, that’s 　2　! Happy birthday! ? Lily: Thank you. Would you like to come? I’ll be very happy if you can come. Bill: Sure. And I’ll bring some cakes made by my mom. She’s good at 　3　, you know.?

12、Lily: Thanks. The party will start at 10 o’clock. After that, how about having a 　4　 in the park? ? Bill: Good idea! We can eat the cakes there. Lily: All right. See you 　5　.? 1.? 2.? 3.? 4.? 5.? 答案:1.party　2.great/good/wonderful/nice　3.cooking　4.picnic　5.then 詞匯運用 【1】根據(jù)句意及首字母提示完成單詞。 1.So

13、me of the children p　　　　　　　 cartoons to documentaries.? 答案:prefer 2.Eating more green v　　　　　　　　 is good for our health.? 答案:vegetables 3.Now many people in big cities like to travel to the c　　　　　　　　　 to enjoy the nature.? 答案:countryside 4.—What’s the matter with you? —I have a f　　　　　.? 答案:f

14、ever 5.(2018·烏魯木齊中考)Your fascinating speech is f　　　　　 with positive energy.? 答案:filled 6.We had a very good time during the j　　　　　　 to Mount Tai last month.? 答案:journey 7.There is too much n　　　　　 in the streets in Beijing.? 答案:noise 8.This kind of fruit t　　　　　 sweet and sour.? 答案:tastes 9.—

15、Who is the o　　　　　 of the store? ? —Mr. Smith. 答案:owner 10.That computer b　　　　　　 to Mike; it’s not mine.? 答案:belongs 11.China is also a great country with a long h　　　　　　.? 答案:history 12.Mother w　　　　　 me up at 6 o’clock yesterday morning and told me it was time to get up.? 答案:woke 13.What wil

16、l the world be like in the f　　　　　? ? 答案:future 14.—What’s wrong with you? —Nothing s　　　　　. I have a running nose.? 答案:serious 15.London is the c　　　　　 of England.? 答案:capital 16.Don’t t　　　　　 the rubbish here and there.? 答案:throw 17.There are many old books on my grandfather’s s　　　　　.? 答案:s

17、helf/shelves 18.The hotel o　　　　　 hot water 24 hours.? 答案:offers 19.Thomas Edison was a great i　　　　　　　.? 答案:inventor 20.The young like the band that has lots of e　　　　　.? 答案:energy 【2】根據(jù)漢語提示完成單詞。 1.The more we stay 　　　　　　　　(一起), the happier we will be.? 答案:together 2.As a student, to go to a

18、 famous 　　　　　　　　(大學(xué)) is my biggest dream.? 答案:university 3.You have to believe in yourself. That’s the 　　　　　(秘密) of success.? 答案:secret 4.Look, there are some girls dancing on the 　　　　　　　　(操場).? 答案:playground 5.My mother is making 　　　　　　　(味美的) soup.? 答案:delicious 6.(2017·安徽中考)For a w　　　　　　(明

19、智的) man, a mistake is a lesson.? 答案:wise 7.Let’s go out after the rain and enjoy the 　　　　　(新鮮的) air.? 答案:fresh 8.We all respect Mr. Li because he is very 　　　　　　　　(知識淵博的).? 答案:knowledgeable 9.As a 　　　　　　　　(傳統(tǒng)的) festival, Dragon Boat Festival is becoming more and more popular.? 答案:traditional

20、10.My next-door 　　　　　　　　(鄰居) is a college student from Russia.? 答案:neighbor 11.Will you please tell me your 　　　　　　　(地址)? ? 答案:address 12.True 　　　　　　　　(友誼) is felt, not said.? 答案:friendship 13.When he was in Beijing University, Mr Ren majored in 　　　　　(物理學(xué)).? 答案:physics 14.(2017·四川南充中考)I read

21、English aloud every morning to improve my 　　　　　　(發(fā)音).? 答案:pronunciation 15.It’s very hard to find a place to 　　　　　(泊車).? 答案:park 16.Collecting stamps is one of my 　　　　　　(愛好).? 答案:hobbies 17.It is p　　　　　(禮貌的) to offer seats to the old on the bus.? 答案:polite 18.I think the telephone was 　　　　　　

22、(發(fā)明)in 1876.? 答案:invented 19.China is getting richer and stronger in the new 　　　　　(世紀(jì)).? 答案:century 20.(2018·江蘇鹽城中考)You should be 　　　　　　(勇敢的) enough to face your life.? 答案:brave 【3】用括號內(nèi)所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。 1.We 　　　　　(real) believe that you can get rid of your bad habits.? 答案:really 2.(2018·江蘇宿遷中考)D

23、eep in his heart, Nelson Mandela wanted to help the black people to live 　　　　　　(free).? 答案:freely 3.It’s very comfortable 　　　　　　　　(hang) out with your friends after dinner.? 答案:to hang 4.(2018·內(nèi)蒙古包頭中考)Good luck is when a chance comes and you’re 　　　　　　(prepare) for it.? 答案:prepared 5.ChinaDaily

24、 is a 　　　　　　　　(nation) newspaper.? 答案:national 6.The foreigner is 　　　　　　　(please) with the pleasant taste of Chinese food.? 答案:pleased 7.Many trucks are 　　　　　　　　(produce) in China.? 答案:produced 8.We are all 　　　　　(pride) of our country.? 答案:proud 9.Why did you refuse 　　　　　　　　　　　(answer) his q

25、uestion? ? 答案:to answer 10.Let me have your 　　　　　　　　(think) on this result.? 答案:thoughts 句子運用 【1】根據(jù)括號內(nèi)的要求完成句子, 每空一詞。 1.Tom bought some flowers for his mother last Mother’s Day. (改為一般疑問句) 　　　 Tom 　　　　　　　　　　flowers for his mother last Mother’s Day? ? 答案:Did; buy any 2.They have seen the film

26、already. (改為否定句) They 　　　　　　seen the film 　　　　　.? 答案:haven’t; yet 3.Mary and Mike are reading under a tall tree. (對畫線部分提問)? 　　　　　　　　Mary and Mike reading? ? 答案:Where are 4.My study habits are not the same as hers. (改為同義句) Her study habits 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　mine.? 答案:are different from 5.We w

27、ill leave school in one month. (對畫線部分提問)? 　　　　　　　　will you leave school? ? 答案:How soon 6.Our city is beautiful. (改為感嘆句) 　　　　　　　　　　　our city is! ? 答案:How beautiful 7.Tommy usually walks to school every morning. (改為同義句) Tommy usually goes to school　　　　　　　　　　every morning.? 答案:on foot 8.I’d li

28、ke to order a hamburger and an orange juice. (對畫線部分提問)? 　　　　　　　　you like to order? ? 答案:What would 9.(2018·重慶中考B卷)Why don’t you watch a talk show? (改為同義句) 　　　　　　　　　　watch a talk show? ? 答案:Why not 10.Can I park my car here? (改為被動語態(tài)) Can my car 　　　　　　　　　　here? ? 答案:be parked 11.He never come

29、s to school late. (補充附加疑問句) He never comes to school late, 　　　　　　　　　　? ? 答案:does he 12.I work hard in order to enter a good high school. (改為同義句) I work hard 　　　　　　　　　　I can enter a good high school.? 答案:so that 13.He is taller than any other player. (改為同義句) He is 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　all the player

30、s.? 答案:the tallest of 14.Ben has finished the project on reusing natural resources. (改為否定句) Ben 　　　　　　　　　　　　　the project on reusing natural resources.? 答案:hasn’t finished 15.He is my teacher. And he is also my friend. (改為同義句) He is 　　　　　　　　　　my teacher 　　　　　　　　　　my friend.? 答案:not only; but a

31、lso 【2】根據(jù)漢語提示完成句子。 1.我叫醒了大明, 讓他早點起床。 I 　　　　　　　　　　Daming and asked him to get up early.? 答案:woke up 2.如果你想保持身體健康, 就不要放棄鍛煉。 Don’t 　　　　　　　　　　exercise if you want to stay fit.? 答案:give up 3.我們究竟能為改善環(huán)境做些什么呢? What 　　　　　　　　　　can we do to improve our environment? ? 答案:on earth 4.(2017·天津中考)別為我擔(dān)

32、心, 我會沒事的。 Don’t 　　　　　　　　　　　　me. I’ll be all right.? 答案:worry about 5.(2018·湖北黃岡中考)如果我們齊心協(xié)力, 我們的中國夢一定可以實現(xiàn)。(pull) If we all 　　　　　　　　　　　　, our China Dream are sure to come true.? 答案:pull together 6.他如此粗心, 以致常常犯錯誤。 He is so careless that he often　　　　　　　　　　　　.? 答案:makes mistakes 7.許多外國人發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)好漢語真不容

33、易。 Many foreigners find　　　　　difficult　　　　　learn Chinese well.? 答案:it; to 8.現(xiàn)在越來越多的外國人對中國文化感興趣了。 Now more and more foreigners 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Chinese culture.? 答案:get/are interested in 9.(2017·西寧中考)到目前為止, 我們已經(jīng)為考試做好了準(zhǔn)備。 　　　　　　　　　　, we have been ready for the exam.? 答案:So far 10.我盼望著與你相見。 I’m

34、 looking forward　　　　　　　　　　you.? 答案:to meeting 書面表達(dá) 【1】(2017·浙江金華中考) 假如你應(yīng)邀參加一個國際讀書會, 并將分享自己讀過的一本好書。請根據(jù)下列表格中的要點, 用英語寫一篇短文, 介紹你要分享的書。 Keypoints (要點) Wordsandexpressionsforreference(參考詞匯) Whatthenameis TheOldManandtheSea ... Whowroteit Ernest Hemingway, America ... Whatitisabout fisherman

35、, fight against fish and nature ... WhyIlikeit meaningful, never give up, well-known sentence: “Man is not made for defeat(失敗).”,... interesting, helpful,... well-known sentence:... 注意: (1)可選擇使用所給的書名及內(nèi)容, 也可另選書籍; (2)短文內(nèi)容可適當(dāng)增加; (3)文中不得出現(xiàn)真實的人名和校名; (4)詞數(shù): 80~100; (5)短文首句僅供選擇使用, 不計入總詞

36、數(shù)。 短文首句: The book I’d like to share with you is TheOldManandtheSea. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 參考范文 The book I’d like to share with you is TheOldManandtheSea, written by an American writer Ernest Hemingway. This book tells about a fisherman who is lucky enough to catch a huge fish at sea, but

37、finds it hard to take it home. On the way back, he has to fight against the fish, and the sea as well. What I like most about the book is that the fisherman never gives up when meeting with difficulties. I still remember the well-known sentence from the book: Man is not made for defeat. This tells

38、us that nothing seems terrible as long as we have a strong will and a brave heart. 【2】 最近, 部分學(xué)校開設(shè)了一些特色課(special classes), 諸如烹飪課、手工制作課以及傳統(tǒng)戲曲課等, 你校校園網(wǎng)就你們學(xué)校開設(shè)此類課程的必要性廣泛征求同學(xué)們的意見, 以下是你們班同學(xué)的觀點和理由, 請就此并結(jié)合你自己的想法用英語寫一篇短文, 發(fā)表在校園網(wǎng)的英語論壇上。 Opinions Reasons Necessary Develop interests, improve life skills .

39、.. Unnecessary A waste of time, not helpful for lessons ... Your opinion and reasons ... 注意: (1)文章應(yīng)包括表格中的信息, 允許適當(dāng)發(fā)揮; (2)文中不得出現(xiàn)真實的姓名和校名; (3)詞數(shù): 80~100; (4)短文首句僅供選擇使用, 不計入總詞數(shù)。 短文首句: Recently some schools offer their students some special classes, such as cooking classes, handicraft classe

40、s, traditional opera classes and so on. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 參考范文 Recently some schools offer their students some special classes, such as cooking classes, handicraft classes, traditional opera classes and so on.? Is it necessary to offer these classes? We had a discussion in our class. Som

41、e students think it’s really necessary to do it. First, it’s good for students to develop their interests. And interests can make them more knowledgeable. Secondly, these classes are helpful for them to improve their life skills. These skills are useful for young students. However, others have diff

42、erent opinions. They don’t think it’s so necessary. They think it’s a waste of time and it’s not helpful for their lessons. In my opinion, it’s a good idea to offer these classes. They are not only good for our study but also for our growth. 【3】根據(jù)內(nèi)容提示和要求, 以“My Middle School Life”為題寫一篇80詞左右的短文。 內(nèi)容

43、提示: 1.每天早晨騎自行車去上學(xué), 按時到校; 2.每天上7節(jié)課, 在校學(xué)習(xí)約8個小時; 3.學(xué)習(xí)多門功課, 課余參加各種活動, 收獲多, 樂趣多; 4.同學(xué)們相互幫助, 師生相處融洽; 5.請用1~2句話談?wù)勀銓π@生活的看法。 要求: 1.要點齊全, 條理清楚, 語句通順, 語法正確, 書寫規(guī)范; 2.文中不得出現(xiàn)真實校名及姓名, 否則不予評分。 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 參考范文 MyMiddleSchoolLife I go to school by bike in the morning and get to sc

44、hool on time. There are seven classes every day and we study for about eight hours at school. We have many kinds of subjects and learn a lot. After class, we take part in all kinds of school activities such as playing basketball and playing chess. We all have great fun. We often help each other and

45、we get on well with our teachers. My middle school life is meaningful and colorful. I will never forget it. 【4】假設(shè)你是李華, 上周末參加了一次郊游(outing)。請根據(jù)下面表格中的提示信息寫一篇題為“A Pleasant Outing”的英語短文, 參加某英文報紙的征文比賽。 A Pleasant Outing 時間 上周末 參加者 你和…… 地點 北山公園(the North Hill Park) 活動 騎自行車、爬山、野餐、做游戲…… 感受 ……

46、 要求: (1)不要逐條翻譯表格中的信息, 可適當(dāng)增減內(nèi)容; (2)短文中不得出現(xiàn)真實的地名、人名和校名; (3)詞數(shù): 80~110個。 參考詞匯: go for an outing; climb the hill; have a picnic ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 參考范文 APleasantOuting Last weekend, I went for an outing with my classmates. At 7: 00 in the morning, we met at our school gate. We went to the Nort

47、h Hill Park by bike. On the way, we were so excited that we sang loudly. When we arrived there, we started to climb the hill at once. We had a picnic on the top of the hill. After that, we walked down the path and had a rest. Later, some girls danced under the trees and some boys played games happi

48、ly. We didn’t go back until 4: 00 p. m. We were tired but very happy. What a pleasant outing it was! 【5】每年的8月8日是“全民健身日”, 為了讓這項運動更加深入人心, 某英文雜志的《運動與健康》欄目正在以“Let’s Do Exercise Together”為題, 向廣大中學(xué)生征文, 請你根據(jù)下面表格中的要點提示寫一篇文章, 向該欄目投稿。 運動的重要性 運動的時間與方式 ●保持健康 ●培養(yǎng)個人的品質(zhì) …… ●上學(xué)時步行或騎自行車 ●在體育課上做各種鍛煉(跑步、打籃球…

49、…) ●周末與朋友去爬山、游泳等…… 參考詞匯: keep fit, train a person’s character, on foot, PE classes, climb mountains 要求: 1.短文須包含要點提示中的所有信息, 并適當(dāng)發(fā)揮; 2.詞數(shù): 80詞左右, 開頭已給出, 不計入總詞數(shù); 3.文章中不得出現(xiàn)真實的人名、校名和地名。 Let’sDoExerciseTogether It’s very important for us to do exercise. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 參考范文 Let’sDoExe

50、rciseTogether? It’s very important for us to do exercise.Doing exercise can not only help us keep fit, but also help to train a person’s character. What’s more, doing exercise helps us to study better.? We can do exercise whenever we want. It’s good for us to go to school on foot or by bike. In P

51、E classes, we can do all kinds of exercise, such as running, jumping and playing basketball. On weekends, we can climb mountains or go swimming with our friends. Also, we can go hiking during the vacations. Let’s do exercise together and have a healthy lifestyle together! 【6】假如你是Alice, 請根據(jù)Lily來信的

52、內(nèi)容寫一封回信, 針對Lily的困惑, 首先談?wù)勀愕目捶? 然后給Lily提一些建議, 建議提示如下: 1.去她的朋友家里或打電話與她的朋友交談; 2.給她的朋友寫信或e-mail; 3.請她的朋友買不同的衣服或留不同的發(fā)型。 要求: 1.回信須包括你的看法及所有提示內(nèi)容, 可適當(dāng)發(fā)揮; 2.詞數(shù): 70個左右。 Dear Alice, How is it going? I have a problem, and I need your help. My classmate, Elise, is my best friend. She’s really nice. Bu

53、t she always wears the same clothes and has the same haircut as I do. Last week, I argued with her about it. Now I don’t know what to do. Could you please give me some advice? Yours, Lily ? ? ? ? 參考范文 Dear Lily, I’m glad that I received a letter from you. I think you should be happy that

54、 your best friend likes your clothes and haircut. If not, I have some advice that may help you. You should go to her house or call her up to talk to her. You could write or send an e-mail to her about your problem. You could also ask her to get different clothes and have a different haircut, or may

55、be you could find a new best friend. Good luck! Yours, Alice 【7】假如你們學(xué)校正在開展研究性學(xué)習(xí)(exploring learning strategies), 請你根據(jù)下表提供的信息, 寫一篇短文, 讓更多的學(xué)生了解你校開展研究性學(xué)習(xí)的一些情況。 注意: 1.短文應(yīng)包括表格提示的所有內(nèi)容, 可適當(dāng)發(fā)揮; 2.詞數(shù): 100詞左右。開頭已給出, 但不計入總詞數(shù)。 過去 現(xiàn)在 課堂 老師講解知識點, 學(xué)生聽講, 記筆記, 沒有足夠的時間獨立思考問題。 老師提出問題, 學(xué)生相互討論, 并學(xué)會與他人合作,

56、從而找出解決問題的方法。 課后 做大量的作業(yè)。 豐富多彩的課外活動, 如: 讀自己喜歡的書, 去圖書館或上網(wǎng)查資料等。 個人 感受 …… Great changes have taken place in our studies since our school began to carry on exploring learning strategies. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 參考范文 Great changes have taken place in our studies since our school began to carry

57、 on exploring learning strategies.? In the past, teachers kept on explaining the knowledge points in class. We students just listened and took some notes. So we didn’t have enough time to think about problems by ourselves independently. Besides, we had to do much homework after class. But now teac

58、hers show the problems to us first, and then we discuss them for a while in pairs or groups. We try to find out the ways of solving problems, through which we’ve learnt how to work/study/cooperate with others. After class, we can have different activities. For example, we can read books we like, go

59、to the library or surf the Internet for useful information and so on. In a word, now we are the owners of our study and we’re happy. 【8】(2018·甘肅白銀中考) “讀萬卷書、行萬里路”, 旅行是學(xué)習(xí)的最好方式之一。請以“Travelling”為題, 根據(jù)以下思維導(dǎo)圖的提示, 寫一篇短文, 發(fā)表你的看法。 注意: 1.要點齊全, 適當(dāng)發(fā)揮; 2.從思維導(dǎo)圖Sayings部分選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)母裱院侠磉\用在短文中; 3.句子及篇章結(jié)構(gòu)準(zhǔn)確、連貫, 書寫規(guī)

60、范; 4.詞匯: 80~100詞; 5.文中不得出現(xiàn)考生的真實姓名、學(xué)校及其他任何個人相關(guān)信息。 Word Bank: biology生物　memory記憶 ? ? ? ? ? ? 參考范文 Travelling Travelling is one of the best ways for learning. You may have read or heard about something, but you can never get an exact picture of it until you see it yourself. Seeing is be

61、lieving. Furthermore, if you are a careful observer, you can learn much during your travel about the geography, biology and history of the places you visit. While travelling, you can meet more people and make more friends. You can also create great memories for your lifetime. No matter how well educated you are, there is always a lot for you to learn through travelling. 16