（天津?qū)Ｓ茫?019高考英語二輪增分策略 專題一 語法知識(shí) 第8講 名詞性從句優(yōu)選習(xí)題

《（天津?qū)Ｓ茫?019高考英語二輪增分策略 專題一 語法知識(shí) 第8講 名詞性從句優(yōu)選習(xí)題》由會(huì)員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)《（天津?qū)Ｓ茫?019高考英語二輪增分策略 專題一 語法知識(shí) 第8講 名詞性從句優(yōu)選習(xí)題（17頁珍藏版）》請(qǐng)?jiān)谘b配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。

1、 第8講　名詞性從句 1.By boat is the only way to get here，which is we arrived.(2018·江蘇，21) A.where B.when C.why D.how 答案　D 解析　考查表語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。句意為：坐船是到達(dá)這里的唯一方法，這就是我們?nèi)绾?how)到達(dá)的。where表地點(diǎn)；when表時(shí)間；why表原因；how表方式。 2.Without his support，we wouldn’t be we are now.(2018·北京，11) A.how B.when

2、 C.where D.why 答案　C 解析　考查表語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)該選C項(xiàng)，where引導(dǎo)表語從句。句意為：假如沒有他的支持，我們就不會(huì)取得現(xiàn)在的成就。 3.This is my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best. (2018·北京，15) A.how B.which C.that D.what 答案　D 解析　考查表語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。這是一個(gè)含有表語從句的復(fù)合句，所選答案在從句中作teach的直接賓語，因此應(yīng)該選D項(xiàng)。how不能用

3、作賓語；which引導(dǎo)表語從句時(shí)意為“哪個(gè)，哪些”，不合邏輯；that引導(dǎo)表語從句時(shí)在從句中不作成分。句意為：這就是父親教我的——總是直面困難，并且抱最大的希望。 4.The gold medal will be awarded to wins the first place in the bicycle race. (2018·天津，9) A.whomever B.wherever C.whoever D.whatever 答案　C 解析　考查賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。句意為：金牌將被授予在自行車比賽中獲得第一名的人。介詞to后是賓語從句，從句中動(dòng)詞wins前缺

4、主語，而且金牌給的是“人”，故用whoever引導(dǎo)賓語從句。whomever在從句中作賓語，故排除。 5.Every year， makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival. (2017·北京，23) A.whatever B.whoever C.whomever D.whichever 答案　B 解析　考查主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。句意為：每年，在風(fēng)箏節(jié)上風(fēng)箏做得最漂亮的人會(huì)贏得獎(jiǎng)品。whoever無論誰，表泛指，在句中作主語，相當(dāng)于anyone who。whomever在

5、句中只能作賓語，不合題意；whatever任何……的事物；whichever無論哪個(gè)，無論哪些。 6.She asked me I had returned the books to the library，and I admitted that I hadn’t.(2017·天津，4) A.when B.where C.whether D.what 答案　C 解析　考查賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。句意為：她問我是否(whether)已將那些書還給了圖書館，我承認(rèn)還沒還。when什么時(shí)候；where在哪里；what什么，均不符合語境。 7.It is often the

6、 case anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.(2016·江蘇，21) A.why B.what C.as D.that 答案　D 解析　考查主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。句意為：通常情況下，對(duì)于那些心存希望的人來說，一切皆有可能。本句中的it為形式主語，真正的主語為后面的名詞性從句，從句結(jié)構(gòu)完整，不缺成分，故要用that引導(dǎo)。 8.The manager put forward a suggestion we should have an assistant.There is too muc

7、h work to do.(2016·天津，11) A.whether B.that C.which D.what 答案　B 解析　考查同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。句意為：經(jīng)理提了個(gè)建議——我們應(yīng)雇個(gè)助手。要做的工作太多了。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格后的同位語從句用來解釋說明suggestion的具體內(nèi)容，從句中不缺成分且意義完整，故選B項(xiàng)。 診斷報(bào)告 考向 對(duì)應(yīng)題號(hào) 我的薄弱環(huán)節(jié) 1 what和that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 3,7 2 同位語從句 8 3 whether和if引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 6 4 when，where，how，why引導(dǎo)的名

8、詞性從句 1,2 5 “疑問詞＋-ever”引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 4,5 解題方法　兩步定引導(dǎo)詞 1.確定是四種名詞性從句中的哪一種(根據(jù)從句在整個(gè)句子中的作用確定) 2.劃分從句的句子成分，理解句意，選擇正確的連接詞。 (1)當(dāng)名詞性從句中缺少主語、賓語或表語時(shí)，使用連接代詞。 (2)當(dāng)名詞性從句中主干齊全，根據(jù)句意判斷出缺少狀語時(shí)，使用連接副詞。 (3)當(dāng)名詞性從句主干齊全，又不缺少狀語時(shí)，使用從屬連接詞引導(dǎo)。 考點(diǎn)1　what和that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 1.We choose this hotel because the price for a night h

9、ere is down to 20，half of it used to charge.(2017·江蘇，26) A.that B.which C.what D.how 答案　C 解析　考查賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。句意為：我們選擇這家旅館，因?yàn)檫@里一晚的價(jià)格降到了20美元，這是它以前要價(jià)的一半。從句意看，本句的half of部分在句中作 20的同位語，由此可知這里要用what引導(dǎo)賓語從句，作介詞of的賓語，同時(shí)what在賓語從句中又作charge的賓語，因此選C。 2.The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is

10、 one can be entirely free from dust. (2016·北京，29) A.what B.that C.whether D.why 答案　B 解析　考查表語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。句意為：雨季最令人愉快的事情是人可以完全不受灰塵的襲擾。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，is后的表語從句中不缺少成分，且句意完整，故選B。 考點(diǎn)歸納 1.what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的五種用法： (1)表示“……的東西或事情”： They’ve done what they can to help her. 他們已經(jīng)盡力幫助了她。 (2)表示“……的人或……樣子”： He is

11、no longer what he was. 他已經(jīng)不是以前的那個(gè)樣子了。 (3)表示“……的數(shù)量或數(shù)目”： The number of the students in our school is ten times what it was before liberation. 現(xiàn)在我校學(xué)生的數(shù)量是解放前的10倍。 (4)表示“……時(shí)間”： The young girl was too frightened to speak，standing there for what seemed like hours. 小女孩嚇得不敢說話，大概在那兒站了幾個(gè)小時(shí)。 (5)表示“

12、……的地方”： In 1492，Columbus reached what is now called America. 1492年哥倫布到達(dá)了現(xiàn)在所稱的美洲大陸。 2.what 與that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)的區(qū)別： 兩者均可引導(dǎo)主語、表語、賓語、同位語從句。what 可在從句中用作主語、賓語或表語，意為“什么”或“所……的”，而 that 僅起連接作用，本身沒有實(shí)際意義，在從句中也不充當(dāng)任何句子成分(引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)通?？梢允÷?，如果有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上并列的賓語從句，第一個(gè)從句的引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略，其余的不能省略)。 (1)He doesn’t know what she lik

13、es. 他不知道她喜歡什么。 (2)I believe (that) he will come to see us. 我相信他會(huì)來看我們的。 考點(diǎn)2　同位語從句 After investigation，the police found out one clue voices were heard calling for help from some very distant place that day. A.where B.when C.that D.whose 答案　C 解析　句意為：在調(diào)查之后，警察發(fā)現(xiàn)了一條線索，那天有人聽到遠(yuǎn)處某個(gè)地方傳來了

14、呼救聲。設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)同位語從句，從句意義、結(jié)構(gòu)完整，應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)，補(bǔ)充說明one clue的具體內(nèi)容。 考點(diǎn)歸納 判斷是同位語從句還是定語從句可以用“加詞”的方法，即在名詞和從句之間加入一個(gè)be動(dòng)詞，如果句子意思成立，則是同位語從句，否則是定語從句。 (1)The notice that the meeting had to be put off was true.(同位語從句) 會(huì)議不得不推遲的通知是真的。 →The notice was that the meeting had to be put off. (2)The notice that he read just n

15、ow was true.(定語從句) 他剛才讀的那則通知是真的。 考點(diǎn)3　whether和if引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 It is still under discussion the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not. A.whether B.when C.which D.where 答案　A 解析　考查主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。句意為：老汽車站是否應(yīng)該被一個(gè)現(xiàn)代化的賓館代替仍然在討論之中。由or not可知此處應(yīng)用連接詞whether。whether...or not意為“是

16、否”。 考點(diǎn)歸納 whether和if在動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中經(jīng)?？梢曰Q，但下列情況常用whether，不用if： (1)從句作介詞的賓語時(shí)； (2)與or或or not連用時(shí)； (3)引導(dǎo)主語從句、且位于句首時(shí)； (4)引導(dǎo)表語從句和同位語從句時(shí)。 (1)I didn’t know whether/if he would attend the concert. 我并不知道他是否參加音樂會(huì)。(動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句，可用if代替whether) (2)I’m interested in whether you’ve finished the work. 我對(duì)你是否完成了這項(xiàng)工作

17、感興趣。(介詞后的賓語從句中，不可以用if代替whether) (3)It remains to be seen whether this plan is practical enough to keep the project going. 這個(gè)計(jì)劃是否足夠?qū)嵱?，以使這個(gè)項(xiàng)目繼續(xù)下去還有待觀察。(主語從句，不可用if代替whether) (4)The question is whether it is worth trying. 問題是它值不值得一試。(表語從句，不可用if代替whether) (5)The question whether the work was worth d

18、oing has not been decided. 這項(xiàng)工作是否值得做的問題還有待定論。(同位語從句，不可用if代替whether) 考點(diǎn)4　when，where，how，why引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 1.Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street，not knowing she was heading. (2017·北京，26) A.why B.where C.how D.when 答案　B 解析　考查賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。句意為：簡(jiǎn)沿著綠樹成蔭的街道漫無目的地走著，并不知道要去哪里(where)。why為

19、什么；how怎樣；when什么時(shí)候。 2. we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.(2015·北京，35) A.Where B.How C.Why D.When 答案　B 解析　考查主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。句意為：我們?cè)鯓永斫馐挛锱c我們所感覺到的東西有很大關(guān)系。 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知“ we understand things”為主語從句，結(jié)合句意可知選B。 3. Li Bai，a great Chinese poet，was born is known to the p

20、ublic，but some won’t accept it. (2015·江蘇，25) A.That B.Why C.Where D.How 答案　C 解析　考查主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。句意為：李白，一個(gè)偉大的中國(guó)詩人，其出生地是眾所周知的，但也有一些人不接受它。“Where Li Bai...was born”作該句子的主語，表示“李白出生的地方”。 考點(diǎn)歸納 1.who，why，how，where，when等在從句中既作特定的成分，又有具體的含義，不能省略。大多數(shù)連接副詞表示疑問意義，引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)，常用it作形式主語。 2.能接以上詞引導(dǎo)賓語從句的動(dòng)詞很多，常見的有s

21、ee，tell，ask，answer，know，decide，imagine，suggest，doubt，wonder，show，discuss，understand，inform，advise等。 3.以上詞可引導(dǎo)介詞的賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。 (1)Who will be chosen as the best singer has not been decided.誰將被選為最佳歌手還沒有決定。 (2)It never occurred to me how tough it was to begin a new life in a strange city. 我從來也沒

22、有想過在一個(gè)陌生的城市開始新生活是多么困難。 (3)I don’t know why it was that our headmaster was absent from such an important meeting. 我不知道到底為什么我們的校長(zhǎng)缺席如此重要的會(huì)議。 (4)Grandma pointed to the hospital and said，“That’s where I was born.” 奶奶指著那個(gè)醫(yī)院說：“那就是我出生的地方。” 考點(diǎn)5　“疑問詞＋-ever”引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 1.Your support is important to our wo

23、rk. you can do helps.(2016·北京，24) A.However B.Whoever C.Whatever D.Wherever 答案　C 解析　考查主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。句意為：你們的支持對(duì)我們的工作很重要，無論你們做什么都會(huì)有幫助。從句動(dòng)詞do需要賓語，且引導(dǎo)主語從句，故用whatever，表示“無論什么”。 2.Some people believe has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future.(2014·北京，33)

24、 A.whatever B.whenever C.wherever D.however 答案　A 解析　考查賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。believe后是賓語從句且從句中缺少主語，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有whatever可以作主語。 考點(diǎn)歸納 whichever，whatever，whoever引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，它們本身有詞義，既有連接從句的作用，又在從句中作特定的成分，起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，意為“無論……，不管……”。 (1)The club will give whoever wins a prize. 俱樂部將給獲勝者獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。(賓語從句) (2)Whoever wants to reac

25、h a distant goal must take many small steps. 任何想要實(shí)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)大目標(biāo)的人，都必須一步一步地走。(主語從句) 1.I’d like to start my own business—that’s I’d do if I had the money. (2018·紅橋區(qū)二模) A.why B.when C.which D.what 答案　D 解析　在本題中，is缺表語，I’d do中缺賓語，故用what來引導(dǎo)。 2.I could hardly believe my ears when the news cam

26、e I had won the first place in the Oral English Contest.(2017·天津五校聯(lián)考二模) A.that B.when C.where D.why 答案　A 解析　空格后面的從句解釋說明news的內(nèi)容，是同位語從句，且從句中不缺少任何成分，所以用that引導(dǎo)。故選A。 3.You oughtn’t to have gone out without a coat yesterday.It wasn’t surprising you caught a cold.(2017·紅橋區(qū)二模) A.

27、whether B.why C.how D.that 答案　D 解析　句意為：你昨天本不應(yīng)該不穿外套就出去的。你感冒了并不奇怪。it為形式主語，真正的主語是that引導(dǎo)的主語從句。主語從句結(jié)構(gòu)、意思完整，故用連接詞that。 4.The store said if the melons didn’t sell at the asking price within two weeks，it would sell them to offers the most money.(2017·河?xùn)|區(qū)一模) A.who B.whoever C.no matter wh

28、o D.whomever 答案　B 解析　句意為：商店說如果甜瓜兩個(gè)星期內(nèi)不能以要價(jià)賣出，它會(huì)把它們賣給出錢最多的任何人。此處whoever＝anyone who。 5. I’m concerned about most is we can collect a huge amount of money in such a short time.(2018·天津一中5月考) A.That；how B.What；if C.What；how D.As；whether 答案　C 解析　is前面應(yīng)該是一個(gè)主語從句，從句中缺少一個(gè)介詞about的

29、賓語，所以需要使用what來引導(dǎo)該主語從句；而is后面為一個(gè)疑問句，屬于表語從句，根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)該是表達(dá)籌錢的方式，所以用how來引導(dǎo)。 6. is willing to volunteer in the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics is welcome to join us. (2018·河西區(qū)二模) A.Whatever B.Whoever C.Whenever D.Wherever 答案　B 解析　本題考查主語從句中的引導(dǎo)詞；whatever無論什么；whoever無論誰，任何人；whenever無論何時(shí)；wherever

30、無論哪里。題干中第二個(gè)is前的主語從句“ is willing to volunteer in the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics”中缺少主語，表示“任何人”，故答案是B。 7.When we are in trouble，they really want to know do to help us.(2017·河?xùn)|區(qū)二模) A.what can they B.how can they C.how they can D.what they can 答案　D 解析　句意為：當(dāng)我們遇到麻煩時(shí)，他們真的想知道他們能做些什

31、么來幫助我們。本題考查兩點(diǎn)：一是名詞性從句的語序——陳述句語序，即“主語＋謂語”；二是what與how的用法區(qū)別：how to do (how表示方式)，what to do (what作動(dòng)詞do的賓語)。 8. is known to us is that tobacco contains nicotine and other harmful substances，so you should give up smoking.(2017·南開區(qū)三模) A.As B.It C.What D.Which 答案　C 解析　句意為：我們都知道煙草含有尼古丁和其他有害物

32、質(zhì)，所以你應(yīng)該戒煙。本句第一分句為主系表結(jié)構(gòu)：主語為主語從句What is known to us (what在從句中作主語)；is為系動(dòng)詞；that引導(dǎo)表語從句。本題易忽略第二個(gè)is，認(rèn)為it為形式主語，that從句為真正的主語，從而錯(cuò)選B。 9.We had to agree to accept they thought was the best candidate.(2017·河西區(qū)二模) A.however B.whoever C.wherever D.whenever 答案　B 解析　句意為：我們不得不同意接受他們所認(rèn)為的最好的任何一個(gè)候選人。從句

33、中缺少主語而且指“人”，故選whoever。they thought為插入語。 10. they choose Chinese company is that China has the most advanced technology of high-speed railway in the world.(2017·天津五校聯(lián)考一模) A.Whether B.Where C.When D.Why 答案　D 解析　根據(jù)后文“中國(guó)擁有世界上最先進(jìn)的高鐵制造技術(shù)”可知，這是他們選擇中國(guó)公司的原因，前后為因果關(guān)系，故選D。 專題強(qiáng)化練(八) Ⅰ.單項(xiàng)填空 1.

34、There are some differences between American and British English，but do you know the differences came into being？(2018·和平區(qū)一模) A.that B.what C.whether D.how 答案　D 解析　分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，know后面為一個(gè)賓語從句，表達(dá)差異是怎么產(chǎn)生的，所以用how來引導(dǎo)。 2. was most important to her，she told me，was to keep healthy.(2018·

35、天津部分區(qū)縣一模) A.It B.This C.What D.As 答案　C 解析　句意為：她告訴我，對(duì)她來說最重要的是保持健康。分析句子可知， was most important to her是一個(gè)主語從句，從句中缺少主語，所以用what來引導(dǎo)。 3.—A child’s behavior is most easily influenced by his parents. —True.That’s we should set a good example to our kids.(2017·和平區(qū)二模) A.when B.why C.w

36、hether D.where 答案　B 解析　根據(jù)語境，后面“我們應(yīng)該給我們的孩子樹立一個(gè)好榜樣”可知前面提到的是原因，因此應(yīng)在該表語從句中使用充當(dāng)原因狀語的引導(dǎo)詞why，而when是充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語；whether表示“是否”；where充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語，故選B。 4.What was it brought you two together？Was it your love of music? A.as B.who C.that D.which 答案　C 解析　句意為：是什么把你們聚在一起？是你們對(duì)于音樂的熱愛嗎？本題是it強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的特殊疑問句式。把was it

37、 去掉之后，剩下的“What brought you two together？”成分及句意仍然完整，故可判定為強(qiáng)調(diào)句式，強(qiáng)調(diào)what，指物，故用that。 5.A proposal was put forward at the meeting the new cement plant shouldn’t be built near the school.(2018·天津十二區(qū)縣一模) A.when B.where C.that D.which 答案　C 解析　通過分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，這句話中包含一個(gè)同位語從句對(duì)名詞proposal進(jìn)行解釋說明，從

38、句不缺少成分，也不需要翻譯出含義，因此要用that引導(dǎo)。 6. they obtain from the lesson is very important to the training in their character. (2017·河?xùn)|區(qū)一模) A.That B.Which C.What D.How 答案　C 解析　句意為：他們從課程中所學(xué)到的東西對(duì)鍛煉他們的性格很重要。本題中what引導(dǎo)主語從句，并在從句中作賓語。故選C。 7.What I learn about this violence is it has caused at l

39、east three deaths.(2016·和平區(qū)一模) A.that B.whether C.what D.when 答案　A 解析　句意為：據(jù)我了解，該暴力事件已經(jīng)造成至少三人死亡。表語從句中“it has caused at least three deaths”句意完整，不缺少句子成分，所以選只起連接作用的連接詞that。whether是否；when何時(shí)；what在名詞性從句中充當(dāng)賓語、表語、主語等。 8.There are various things on sale，so you can choose interests you. (201

40、8·海濱新區(qū)七校聯(lián)考) A.whoever B.no matter who C.whatever D.no matter what 答案　C 解析　題干中引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)的從句位于動(dòng)詞choose的后面，是一個(gè)賓語從句；賓語從句中interests缺少主語，要用連接代詞；句意表達(dá)的是things東西，指物，故選C。no matter what引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。 9.—I called your office at about ten this morning，but there was no reply. —Oh，that was probably I was

41、paying a visit to a friend in hospital.(2017·河西區(qū)一模) A.when B.why C.what D.that 答案　A 解析　句意為：——今天早上大約十點(diǎn)我給你辦公室打電話了，但是沒有人接?！?，那個(gè)時(shí)候我可能正在探望一個(gè)生病住院的朋友。答語中的that指代前面提到的時(shí)間，此處應(yīng)用when引導(dǎo)表語從句，在從句中作時(shí)間狀語。 10.Jane’s success lies in the fact she is so co-operative and eager to learn from others. (2018

42、·河?xùn)|區(qū)一模) A.that B.which C.when D.why 答案　A 解析　分析句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可知，后面的句子是對(duì)前面的名詞fact的解釋說明，從句中不缺少成分，所以應(yīng)該是同位語從句，用that來引導(dǎo)。 11.He studied hard and later became a well-known writer，which was his father had expected. A.why B.how C.that D.what 答案　D 解析　句意為：他努力學(xué)習(xí)然后成了一名知名作家，這也是他父親曾經(jīng)期盼的。此處為表語從句，從句中詞缺少賓

43、語成分，故選引導(dǎo)詞what。 12.Father made a promise I passed the examination，he would buy me a new dictionary.(2016·天津十二區(qū)縣一模) A.that B.if C.whether D.that if 答案　D 解析　句意為：我父親許諾如果我考試過關(guān)，他就會(huì)給我買一本新詞典。promise是同位語從句的先行詞，that引導(dǎo)同位語從句，且that不能省略；if引導(dǎo)同位語從句中的條件狀語。故D項(xiàng)正確。 13. female college graduate

44、s get a job appears to be rather difficult nowadays in China. (2016·和平區(qū)三模) A.Why B.What C.Whether D.That 答案　D 解析　句意為：現(xiàn)在在中國(guó)，女大學(xué)生求職好像非常困難。 female college graduates get a job是主語從句，由句意可知，該句意義完整，不缺成分，所以填連接詞that。 14.Our English teacher told us to find out the differences between

45、American English and British English lie.(2016·天津五校聯(lián)考) A.where B.how C.what D.which 答案　A 解析　句意為：我們的英語老師讓我們找出美國(guó)英語和英國(guó)英語的區(qū)別在哪兒。設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)賓語從句，引導(dǎo)詞作動(dòng)詞lie的賓語，指存在于哪兒，故選A。 15.Information has been put forward more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.(2016·河北區(qū)三模) A.while

46、 B.as C.when D.that 答案　D 解析　空后的句子解釋了前面的名詞information，所以是同位語從句，同位語從句多用that引導(dǎo)。 Ⅱ.閱讀理解 A (2018·南開區(qū)三模) People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed.It’s not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not，or why one is cooperative and an

47、other is competitive. Social scientists are，of course，extremely interested in these types of questions.They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors.There are no clear answers yet，but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed.As one mig

48、ht expect，the two approaches are very different from each other，and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory.The argument is often conveniently referred to as “nature vs.nurture”. Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavio

49、r patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors.That our environment has little，if anything，to do with our abilities，characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.Taken to an extreme，this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we

50、are almost completely governed by our instincts(本能). Proponents of the “nurture” theory，or，as they are often called，behaviorists，claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act.Behaviorists see humans as beings whose behavior is almo

51、st completely shaped by their surroundings.Their view of the human being is quite mechanistic；they maintain that，like machines，humans respond to environmental stimuli(something that helps sb. /sth. to develop better and more quickly) as the basis of their behavior. The social and political connecti

52、ons of these two theories are significant.In the United States，for example，blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligent test.This leads some “nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically worse than whites.Behaviorists，in contrast，say that the differences in scores are du

53、e to the fact that blacks are often robbed of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy，and that，as a result，they do not develop the same responses that whites do. Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.In fact，it is quite likely that the k

54、ey to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes.That the argument will continue for a long time is certain. 16.The author is mainly concerned about solving the problem . A.what causes the “nature/nurture” argument B.what makes different stages of intelligence C.how social sc

55、ientists form different theories D.why our personalities and behaviors differ 答案　D 解析　推理判斷題。文章討論了人的性格與行為模式是如何形成的，是什么決定了每個(gè)人的性格行為與他人不同。 17.The underlined word “proponents” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “ ”. A.advocates B.approaches C.principles D.characters 答案　A 解析　詞義猜測(cè)題。由畫線

56、詞所在句“there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory”及下文兩段開頭“Those who support the ‘nature’ side...”和“Proponents of the ‘nurture’ theory...”可知，兩派的支持者之間存在著大量的爭(zhēng)論，由此推知proponent意為“支持者，主張者”。advocate倡導(dǎo)者，支持者；approach方法；principle原則；character性格，特點(diǎn)。 18.Which of the following statements may

57、be supported by the “nature” school? A.Only extreme behaviors are determined by instincts. B.Environment has nothing to do with our personalities. C.Abilities and characteristics are showed by behaviors. D.We are born with certain personalities and behaviors. 答案　D 解析　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段第一句“Those who su

58、pport the ‘nature’ side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors.”可知，“天生注定”派認(rèn)為人的性格和行為是天生的，主要由基因決定。 19.What can we learn about the behaviorists? A.They believe human beings are mechanical. B.They suggest that we

59、react to the environment as the machines do. C.They compare our behaviors to the machines. D.They agree that the mechanistic theory can be applied on us as well. 答案　B 解析　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第四段最后一句中的“they maintain that，like machines，humans respond to environmental...as the basis of their behavior”可知，“后天養(yǎng)成”論者

60、，也就是“行為論者”認(rèn)為，人們像機(jī)器一樣對(duì)周圍環(huán)境的刺激作出反應(yīng)，在此基礎(chǔ)上產(chǎn)生行為。 20.The “nature” theorists believe that the blacks’ low scores . A.are the result of the educational disadvantages B.are a display of the blacks’ poor intelligence C.have nothing to do with factors other than heredity(遺傳) D.have nothing to do w

61、ith their true intelligence 答案　C 解析　推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“In the United States，for example，blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligent test.This leads some ‘nature’ proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically worse than whites.”可知，“自然”理論家認(rèn)為黑人得分低的原因除了基因以外沒有別的因素。 B (2018·河西區(qū)三模) N

62、ow，perhaps，more than ever before，people are wondering what life is all about，and what it is for.Seeking material success is beginning to trouble large numbers of people around the world.They feel that the long-hour work culture to make more money to buy more things is eating up their lives，leaving t

63、hem very little time or energy for family or hobbies.Many are turning to other ways of living and downshifting is one of them. Six percent of the workers in Britain took the decision to downshift last year.One couple who downshifted are Daniel and Liz.They used to work in central London.He was a ne

64、wspaper reporter and she worked for an international bank.They would go to work by train every day from their large house in the suburbs，leaving their two children with a nanny.Nearly twice a month Daniel had to fly to New York for meetings.They both earned a large amount of money but began to feel

65、that life was passing them by. Nowadays，they run a farm in the mountains of Wales.“I always wanted to have one here，” says Daniel，“and we took almost a year to make the decision to downshift.It’s taken some time getting used to，but it’s been worth it.We have to think twice now about spending money

66、on car repairs and we no longer have any holidays.However，I think it’s made us stronger as a family，and the children are a lot happier.” Liz，however，is not quite sure.“I used to enjoy my job，even though it was hard work and long hours.I’m not really a country girl，but I suppose I’m gradually getting used to looking after the animals.One thing I do like，though，is being able to see more of my children.My advice for other people wanting to do the same is not to think about it too much or you might