河北省石家莊市高中英語 Unit 5 Theme Parks Section Ⅲ Grammar導學案 新人教版必修4

Theme Parks Section Ⅲ Grammar 在英語中，詞的構(gòu)成方法主要有三種：合成、轉(zhuǎn)化和派生。 一、合成 由兩個或更多的詞合成一個詞，有的用連字符“”連接，有的直接連寫在一起，還有的由分開的兩個詞構(gòu)成。例如 fantasyland English-speaker blackboard playground reading-room passer-by 常見的合成詞由以下幾種方式合成： 1合成名詞 policeman，readingroom，blackboard，playground，editorinchief(總編輯) (1) n+n air conditioner 空調(diào) blood pressur 血壓 income tax 所得稅 credit card 信用卡 (2) adj + n central bank中央銀行 fast food 快餐 solar system太陽系 remote control 遙控 (3) v-ing +另一詞 washing machine 洗衣機 driving license 駕駛執(zhí)照 (4) 其他方式 by-product 副產(chǎn)品 editor-in-chief 主編 2．合成形容詞 easygoing, blueeyed，newlybuilt, lefthanded，broadleaved，facetoface，twoyearold (1) 過去分詞或帶ed詞尾的詞構(gòu)成。 absent-minded 心不在焉的 grey-haired 頭發(fā)灰白的 (2) 動詞的ing 或另一詞構(gòu)成 long-suffering 長期受苦的 far-reaching 深遠的(影響) 3．合成動詞 babysit，frogmarch，overburden，whitewash water-ski 滑冰 overeat 吃得太多 baby-sit 看孩子 4．合成副詞hereby，wherever，anyhow，meantime，forever empty-handed 一無所獲的 5．合成代詞 himself，ourselves，nothing 6．合成介詞 outside，without，into 二、派生 由一個詞根加上前綴或后綴構(gòu)成另一個詞。一些英文單詞是由某些詞加上前后綴而成。這些詞成為派生詞。例如 agree—agreeable fair—unfair correct—incorrect nation—national farm--farmer 1) 前綴: (1) dis-: disagree, dislike, disappear (2) in-(il-, im-, ir-): incorrect, impossible, irregular, (3) un-: unhappy, unable, unfit, (4) non-: nonstop, nonverbal (非語言的) (5) re-: rewrite, review 1．前綴 (1)表示否定意義的前綴常用的有dis，il，im，in，ir，mis，non，un等，在單詞的前面加這類前綴常常構(gòu)成與該詞意義相反的新詞。 appear出現(xiàn)→disappear消失 cover蓋→uncover揭去覆蓋物/discover揭露 correct正確的→incorrect不正確的 proper恰當?shù)摹鷌mproper不恰當?shù)? lead帶領(lǐng)→mislead領(lǐng)錯 violence暴力→nonviolence非暴力反抗；非暴力主義 (2)re后與名詞、動詞、形容詞或副詞結(jié)合，表示“再；又；重新 rebuild重建　react反應；回應 rebirth重生；再生　reform改革 (3)en后與名詞、動詞、形容詞結(jié)合，表示“放進；放上；使變得；使變成”。 enable使能夠 encamp扎營；野營；露營 (4)multi作前綴，表示“有很多……”。 multicoloured多色的　multistorey多層的 (5)tele作前綴，表示“遠距離的；遠的”。telegram電報　telephone電話　telescope望遠鏡 (6)kilo作前綴，表示“千”。 kilogram千克　kilometre千米 (7)表示其他意義的前綴常用的還有： a(多構(gòu)成表語形容詞)，anti(反對；抵抗)， auto(自動)，co(共同)，inter(互相)，sub(下面的；次，小)等。 alone單獨的　 antigas防毒氣的 autochart 自動圖表　cooperate合作 international國際的　subway地鐵 2) 后綴: (1) 構(gòu)成名詞：-er, -ese, -ist, -ian, -ment, -tion, -ness, -th. buyer, Chinese, socialist, musician, agreement, collection, illness, truth (2) 構(gòu)成形容詞: -al, -an, -ful, -ing, -y, -less, national, American, careful, exciting, cloudy, useless (3) 構(gòu)成動詞: -fy, -is (z)e: beautify, realize (4) 構(gòu)成副詞: -ly: badly (5) 構(gòu)成數(shù)詞: -teen, -ty, -th thirteen, sixty, twelfth 2．后綴 后綴通常改變詞性，構(gòu)成意思相近的其他詞性的詞，少數(shù)后綴同時會改變詞義。 (1)構(gòu)成名詞的后綴常用的有：ence，(e)r/or(從事某事的人)，ese(某地人)，ess(雌性)，ful(一……的量)，ian(精通……的人)，ist(專業(yè)人員)，ment(運動；結(jié)果)，ness(性質(zhì)；狀態(tài))，tion(動作；過程)等。 Japan日本→Japanese日本人 act表演→actress女演員 mouth口→mouthful一口 music音樂→musician音樂家 art藝術(shù)→artist藝術(shù)家 move運動，移動→movement運動 happy高興的→happiness高興 important重要的→importance重要性 translate翻譯→translation翻譯 (2)構(gòu)成動詞的后綴經(jīng)常用的有：(e)n(多用于形容詞之后)，fy(使……化)，ize(使……成為)。 wide寬的→widen加寬 beauty美→beautify美化 real真實的→realize意識到 (3)構(gòu)成形容詞的后綴常用的有： al(屬于……的，具有……性質(zhì)的)，able (有能力的)，(a)n(某國人的)， en(多用于表示材料的名詞后)，ern(方向的)，ese(某國人的)，ful(充滿……的)， (ic)al(與……有關(guān)，……的)，ish(如……的)，ive(傾向……的)，less(表示否定)， like(像……的)，ly(有……性質(zhì)的)，ous(有……特性的)，some，y(表示天氣)等。 nature自然→natural自然的 reason道理→reasonable有道理的 gold金子→golden金的 east東方→eastern東方的 child孩子→childish孩子氣的 snow雪→snowy下雪的 friend朋友→friendly友好的 care仔細，小心→careless粗心的 (4)構(gòu)成副詞的常用后綴有：ly(主要用于形容詞之后表示方式或程度)，ward(s)(主要用于表示方位的詞之后表示方向)。 angry生氣的→angrily生氣地 to到→towards朝……，向…… east東方→eastward向東 三、轉(zhuǎn)化 一個單詞由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種或幾種詞性。單詞轉(zhuǎn)化后的意義往往與轉(zhuǎn)化前的意義有密切聯(lián)系。 1．名詞和動詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)化 reason (n.)→ reason (v.) He reasoned that if we started at dawn，we would be there by noon. 他推斷我們要是黎明出發(fā)，中午就能到那兒。 2．形容詞(或副詞)轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞(或動詞) Well (adj. & adv.) →well (n.) → well (v.) The villagers get their water from a well. 該村村民吃井水。 Tears welled up in her eyes. 她熱淚盈眶。 3．名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞或副詞 downtown市中心，城鎮(zhèn)商業(yè)中心(n.)→位于鬧市區(qū)的(adj.)→向(在)城鎮(zhèn)商業(yè)中心區(qū)(adv.) 4．形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞 hard adj.堅硬的，困難的→adv.努力地 How hard the students study！ 這些學生學習多么刻苦呀！ 5．其他詞類轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞 Medicine is a must for the flooded area. 藥物是洪水災區(qū)的必需品。 3) 一些詞是由改變某些單詞的詞性而成的。例如 Theme parks charge money for admission. (v. 收費) Theme parks expect to make a profit by the charges for admission. (n. 費用) Visitors can take an active part in experiments in science theme parks. (n.實驗) Inventors have to experiment with what they have invented. (v. 做實驗) Her room is clean and tidy. (adj. 干凈的) She cleans her room every day. (v. 打掃、清潔) Conversion: change the part of speech of a word. (1) v—n : charge (v)—charge (n) (2) n—v : hand (n)—hand (v) (3) adj—v: clean (adj)—clean (v) (4) adv—v: down (adv)—down (v) 用所給詞的適當形式補全下列句子 (1)She her room every day. So her room is and tidy. (clean) (2)Theme parks expect to make a profit by the for admission. So theme parks money for admission. (charge) (3)He was treated .So he is very angry. (fair) (4)At school she formed a close with several other girls. (friend，ship) (5)She is English. So she is an .(English，speak) 1 歸納與比較并背誦-f結(jié)尾的名詞復數(shù) ①wife妻子, knife刀, wolf狼, half一半, thief小偷, self自己, leaf樹葉, shelf架子, life生命, handkerchief手帕這些詞變復數(shù)時變f為v在加es. ②belief信念chief首領(lǐng)；酋長roof屋頂proof證明cliff懸崖staff全體職工 gulf海灣grief悲痛；傷心事handkerchief手帕 2.利用合成法，品句填詞 Many anchored at the port, while parked at the airport. (craft) n air+n(表與航空有關(guān)的事物) craft船舶 port港口way道路space空間 領(lǐng)空line線conditioning調(diào)節(jié) _____________空調(diào)系統(tǒng)man男人airman空軍人員 【鏈接訓練】 ①China will be a ________ country in the middle of this century. A．highdeveloping B．highdeveloped C．highlydevelop D．highlydeveloped ②His composition was written so carelessly that his teacher asked him to ________ it. A．unwrite B．rewrite C．inwrite D．writing ③I haven't heard from Sam for a long time.Have you seen him ________？ A．latest　B．lately C．later　D．latter ④In spite of repeated wrongs done to him，he looks ______ to people greeting him. A．friendly B．lively C．worried D．cold ⑤You must put your heart into your studies. Don't be ________ in class. A．a(chǎn)bsentmind B．a(chǎn)bsentminding C．a(chǎn)bsentminded D．a(chǎn)bsenceminded 【考點警示】 1．熟悉并掌握構(gòu)詞法的三種基本形式：轉(zhuǎn)化、合成與派生法。 2．重點掌握常用的前綴與后綴的基本意義。 【過關(guān)強練】Ⅰ.用括號中單詞的適當形式填空 1.The soldiers were filled with________ when they heard all the villagers had been killed by the enemy. (angry) 2.The success of our experiment is a great_________________to us all. (satisfy) 3．They have_____________in sending every one of the satellites into space. (success) 4．The adventurer(冒險者)gave a___________smile to all those who came to greet him. (friend) 5．You must do the exercises_____________. (care) Ⅱ.單項填空 1. One of the teachers says that their aim is to help________ students understand that they can play a valuable role within________ society. A．disable；the B．disabled；/ C．disabling；the D．disability；/ 2．When I saw Mum nod________ to me，I calmed down and went on with my acting. A．encouragingly B．a(chǎn)mazingly C．increasingly D．a(chǎn)ccordingly 3．—Will it be______ to you this afternoon，John? —It depends. I'm afraid I'll watch my favorite athletes in the Olympic Games. A．suitable B．convenient C．a(chǎn)ccurate D．a(chǎn)vailable 4．After the long journey to China，the Bushes returned home，________. A. safe but exhausted B. safely but exhausted C. safe and exhausting D. safely and exhausting 5．Society is made up of___ people；some are good，others are bad，and still others are in between. A．a(chǎn) variety of B．various of C．vary D．varied 6．Whether the buildings in this area should be pulled down has remained________；people are still looking for other possible solutions. (2012·湖北，28) A．unchallenged B．relevant C．controversial D．contradictory 7．Be________—you can't expect me to finish all this work in so little time. (2012·山東，33) A．reasonable B．confident C．creative D．grateful 8．“Perhaps we need to send for Dr.Smith to see what we can do about it，”Father suggested______ to his neighbor who had come to discuss the problem. A．tentatively B．thoughtlessly C．definitely D．rudely 9．—Can you lend me the book Gone with the Wind? —Sorry. I returned it to the library just now. Maybe it is still______. (2011·福建, 32) A．a(chǎn)vailable B．a(chǎn)ffordable C．a(chǎn)cceptable D．valuable 10．An unhappy childhood may have some negative effects on a person's character；however，they are not always___. (2011·湖北, 24) A．practical B．a(chǎn)voidable C．permanent D．Beneficial 7