（江蘇專版）2020版高考英語大二輪復(fù)習(xí) 專題3 閱讀理解 第二節(jié) 推理判斷題 三 寫作意圖題學(xué)案 牛津譯林版

《（江蘇專版）2020版高考英語大二輪復(fù)習(xí) 專題3 閱讀理解 第二節(jié) 推理判斷題 三 寫作意圖題學(xué)案 牛津譯林版》由會(huì)員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)《（江蘇專版）2020版高考英語大二輪復(fù)習(xí) 專題3 閱讀理解 第二節(jié) 推理判斷題 三 寫作意圖題學(xué)案 牛津譯林版（21頁珍藏版）》請(qǐng)?jiān)谘b配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。

1、三、寫作意圖題 (2019·天津，D) WouldyouBETonthefutureofthisman？Heis53yearsold.Mostofhisadultlifehasbeenalosingstruggleagainstdebtandmisfortune.Awarinjuryhasmadehislefthandstopfunctioning，andhehasoftenbeeninprison.Drivenbyheaven-knows-whatmotives，hedeterminestowriteabook. Thebookturnsouttobeonethathasappea

2、ledtotheworldformorethan350years.ThatformerprisonerwasCervantes，andthebookwasDonQuixote(《堂吉訶德》).Andthestoryposesaninterestingquestion：whydosomepeoplediscovernewvitalityandcreativitytotheendoftheirdays，whileothersgotoseedlongbefore? We’veallknownpeoplewhorunoutofsteambeforetheyreachlife’shalfwaymark

3、.I’mnottalkingaboutthosewhofailtogettothetop.Wecan’tallgetthere.I’mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowingbecausetheyhaveadoptedthefixedattitudesandopinionsthatalltoooftencomewithpassingyears. Mostofus，infact，progressivelynarrowthevarietyofourlives.Wesucceedinourfieldofspecializationandth

4、enbecometrappedinit.Nothingsurprisesus.Weloseoursenseofwonder.But，ifwearewillingtolearn，theopportunitiesareeverywhere. Thethingswelearninmaturityseldominvolveinformationandskills.Welearntobearwiththethingswecan’tchange.Welearntoavoidself-pity.Welearnthathowevermuchwetrytoplease，somepeoplearenevergo

5、ingtoloveus—anideathattroublesatfirstbutiseventuallyrelaxing. Withhighmotivationandenthusiasm，wecankeeponlearning.Thenwewillknowhowimportantitistohavemeaninginourlife.However，wecanachievemeaningonlyifwehavemadeacommitmenttosomethinglargerthanourownlittleegos(自我)，whethertolovedones，tofellowhumans，to

6、work，ortosomemoralconcept. Manyofusequate(視……等同于) “commitment”withsuch“caring”occupationsasteachingandnursing.Butdoinganyordinaryjobaswellasonecanisinitselfanadmirablecommitment.Peoplewhoworktowardsuchexcellence—whethertheyaredrivingatruck，orrunningastore—maketheworldbetterjustbybeingthekindofpeopl

7、etheyare.They’velearnedlife’smostvaluablelesson. 語篇解讀　本文從西班牙文學(xué)巨匠塞萬提斯講起，告訴我們不論身處哪個(gè)年齡階段，只要有目標(biāo)，并且愿意學(xué)習(xí)，就可能取得成功。 51.ThepassagestartswiththestoryofCervantestoshowthat. A.lossoffreedomstimulatesone’screativity B.ageisnotabarriertoachievingone’sgoal C.miseryinspiresamantofightagainsthisfate D.disabi

8、litycannotstopaman’spursuitofsuccess 答案　B 解析　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一、二段內(nèi)容可知，塞萬提斯成年后生活坎坷，但他決心寫一本書，結(jié)果這本書暢銷了350多年，有些人直到生命的最后時(shí)刻都在發(fā)現(xiàn)新的活力和創(chuàng)意。由此可推知，作者以塞萬提斯的故事開頭是為了告訴我們年齡不是實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的障礙。 52.WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinParagraph3probablymean? A.Endone’sstruggleforliberty. B.Wasteone’senergytakingrisks. C.Misstheopportunit

9、ytosucceed. D.Losetheinteresttocontinuelearning. 答案　D 解析　詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)語境并結(jié)合畫線短語所在句可知，人們?cè)谶€沒到達(dá)人生的終點(diǎn)之前就失去了繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)的興趣。故選D項(xiàng)。 53.WhatcouldbeinferredfromParagraph4? A.Thosewhodaretotryoftengetthemselvestrapped. B.Thosewhotendtothinkbackcanhardlygoahead. C.Opportunityfavorsthosewithacuriousmind. D.Opportuni

10、tyawaitsthosewithacautiousmind. 答案　C 解析　推理判斷題。通讀第四段可知，該段是說我們中大多數(shù)人總是減少自己生活的多樣性，困在自己的專業(yè)領(lǐng)域，沒有什么能給我們帶來驚喜，但是只要我們?cè)敢鈱W(xué)，到處都是機(jī)會(huì)。據(jù)此可推知，機(jī)會(huì)青睞有求知欲的人。 54.WhatdoestheauthorintendtotellusinParagraph5? A.Atoughmancantoleratesuffering. B.Awisemancanlivewithoutself-pity. C.Amanshouldtrytosatisfypeoplearoundhim.

11、D.Amanshouldlearnsuitablewaystodealwithlife. 答案　D 解析　推理判斷題。通讀第五段可知，該段說到我們成熟之后學(xué)會(huì)忍受自己改變不了的事，學(xué)會(huì)避免自我哀憐；知道有些人是我們無論怎么做都討好不了的，而這種想法最初會(huì)困擾我們，但最終我們會(huì)感到釋然。由此可知，作者在第五段想告訴我們應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)用合適的方式對(duì)待生活，因此選D。 55.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassage? A.Toprovideguidanceonleadingameaningfuladultlife. B.Tostresstheneed

12、ofshoulderingresponsibilitiesatwork. C.Tostatetheimportanceofgeneratingmotivationforlearning. D.Tosuggestawayofpursuingexcellenceinourlifelongcareer. 答案　A 解析　寫作意圖題。通讀全文可知，本文通過塞萬提斯的經(jīng)歷告訴我們要讓自己成年的生活充滿意義。 一、題型解讀 各種話題的閱讀材料都可能考查寫作意圖/目的題。設(shè)問形式常有： 1.整篇文章的寫作意圖/目的： (1)Theauthorwritesthispassageinorde

13、rto. (2)Theauthorofthepassageaimsto. (3)Thepurposeofthepassageisto. (4)Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage? (5)Whatistheauthor’sintentionofwritingthispassage? (6)Theauthorofthestorywantstotellusthat. 2.某處細(xì)節(jié)的寫作意圖/目的： (1)Theauthoruses...inthefirstparagraphto. (2)Theauthorusestheexampleof...to. (

14、3)Theauthorwritesthelastparagraphinorderto. (4)Whydoestheauthormention...inthefirstparagraph? 二、解題技巧 1.文體特點(diǎn)推意圖 (1)記敘文：一般會(huì)在首段或尾段出現(xiàn)高度概括的總結(jié)性的語言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有的敘述都是圍繞該哲理展開。 (2)廣告類應(yīng)用文：文章中有對(duì)某種物品或服務(wù)的詳盡介紹，使用具有明顯支持傾向的語言。 (3)說明文：寫作目的有賴于對(duì)文章主旨的把握，閱讀時(shí)需要找準(zhǔn)主題句。 (4)議論文：提出論點(diǎn)——進(jìn)行論證——得出結(jié)論，作者的意圖往往隱含于最后一部分中。 2.看寫

15、作手法找答案 (1)在文章開頭提出問題或介紹與主題有關(guān)的其他事物時(shí)答案中往往會(huì)含有tobringin/tointroducethetopic等字眼。 (2)舉例或引用某人的話時(shí)答案中往往會(huì)含有tosupport/toshow等字眼。 例如：【真題感悟】中的第55題，文章為議論文，文章先提出論點(diǎn)，再進(jìn)行論證，最后得出結(jié)論：我們要讓自己的成年生活充滿意義。 A (2019·南徐鹽常四市聯(lián)考) Someofthegreatestmomentsinhumanhistorywerefuelledbyemotionalintelligence.WhenMartinLutherKing，Jr

16、.presentedhisdream，hechoselanguagethatwouldstirtheheartsofhisaudience.Deliveringthiselectrifying(令人激動(dòng)的) messagerequiredemotionalintelligence—theabilitytorecognize，understand，andmanageemotions. Emotionalintelligencehasbeenhighlyrecommendedbyleaders，policymakers，andeducatorsasthesolutiontoawiderangeo

17、fsocialproblems.Ifwecanteachourchildrentomanageemotions，theargumentgoes，we’llhavelessbullyingandmorecooperation.Ifwecancultivateemotionalintelligenceamongleadersanddoctors，we’llhavemorecaringworkplacesandmorecompassionatehealthcare. Emotionalintelligenceisimportant，buttheuncontrolledenthusiasmhasob

18、scured(掩蓋) adarkside.Newevidenceshowsthatwhenpeoplesharpentheiremotionalskills，theybecomebetteratmanipulating(控制) others.Whenyou’regoodatcontrollingyourownemotions，youcanhideyourtruefeelings.Whenyouknowwhatothersarefeeling，youcan1motivatethemtoactagainsttheirownbestinterests. Socialscientistshavebe

19、guntodocumentthisdarksideofemotionalintelligence.11InaresearchledbyUniversityofprofessorJochenMenges，whenaleadergaveaninspiringspeechfilledwithemotion，theaudiencewaslesslikelytoscrutinize(細(xì)致審查) themessageandrememberedofthecontent.Ironicallyaudiencemembersweresomovedbythespeechthattheyclaimedtorecall

20、moreofit. Theauthorscallthistheawestruckeffect，butitmightjustaseasilybedescribedasthedumbstruckeffect.OneobserverreflectedthatHitler’spersuasive6impactcamefromhisabilitytostrategicallyexpressemotions—hewould“tearopenhisheart”—andtheseemotionsaffectedhisfollowerstothepointthattheywould“stopthinking2

21、criticallyandjustemote”. Leaderswho7masteremotionscanrobusofourcapacitiestoreason.Iftheirvaluesareoutofstepwithourown，theresultscanbedestructive.Newevidencesuggeststhatwhenpeoplehaveself-servingmotives(動(dòng)機(jī))，emotionalintelligencebecomesaweaponformanipulatingothers.InastudyledbytheUniversityofTorontop

22、sychologistStephaneCote，universityemployeesfilledoutasurveyabouttheirMachiavellian(不擇手段的) tendencies，andtookatestmeasuringtheirknowledgeabouteffectivestrategiesformanagingemotions.Then，Cote’steamassessedhowoftentheemployeesdeliberatelyundermined(逐漸削弱) theircolleagues.Theemployees9involvedinthemostha

23、rmfulbehaviorswereMachiavellianswithhighemotionalintelligence.Theyusedtheiremotionalskillstolowerthedignityoftheirpeersforpersonalgain. ShiningalightonthisdarksideofemotionalintelligenceisonemissionofaresearchteamledbyUniversityCollegeLondonprofessorMartinKilduff.Accordingtotheseexperts，emotionalin

24、telligencehelpspeopledisguise(偽裝) onesetofemotionswhileexpressinganotherforpersonalgain.ProfessorKilduff’steamwrites，“Thestrategicdisguiseofone’sownemotionsandthemanipulationofothers’emotionsforstrategicendsarebehaviorsevidentnotonlyonShakespeare’sstagebutalsointheofficesandcorridorswherepowerandinf

25、luencearetraded.” Ofcourse，peoplearen’talwaysusingemotionalintelligencefornefariousends.Moreoftenthannot，emotionalskillsaresimplyinstrumentaltoolsforgoalaccomplishment.AresearchteamdiscoveredthatfounderAnitaRoddickusedemotionalintelligencetoinspireheremployeesfundraiseforcharity.AsRoddickexplained，

26、“Wheneverwewantedtopersuadeourstafftosupportaparticularprojectwealwaystriedtobreaktheirhearts.” Thereisgrowingrecognitionthatemotionalintelligence—likeanyskill—canbeusedforgoodorevil.Soifwe’regoingtoteachemotionalintelligenceinschoolsanddevelopitatwork，weneedtoconsiderthevaluesthatgoalongwithitandw

27、hereit’sactuallyuseful. 1.WhydoestheauthormentionMartinLutherKing，Jr.? A.Tohonorthegreatleaderforhiscourage. B.Torecommendhisspeechtootherleaders. C.Toimpressthereaderswithamajortopic. D.Toadvocateasocietywithfewerproblems. 答案　C 解析　寫作意圖題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Someofthegreatestmomentsinhumanhistorywerefue

28、lledbyemotionalintelligence.”可知，人類歷史上一些最偉大的時(shí)刻是由情商推動(dòng)的，緊接著作者提到馬丁·路德·金就是為了給讀者留下深刻的印象，故C項(xiàng)正確。 2.Whichofthefollowingbelongstoadarksideofemotionalintelligence? A.Developingthecapabilitytocontrolone’sownemotion. B.Inducingpeopletodowhatbringsdisadvantagestothem. C.Appealingtotheaudiencetoconcentrateandr

29、emembermore. D.Encouragingthemovedaudiencetorecallmoreofthespeech. 答案　B 解析　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第一句及最后一句可知，情商重要，但失控的熱情掩蓋了它的黑暗面，當(dāng)你知道別人的感受時(shí)，你可以激勵(lì)他們違背自己的最佳利益，由此可知，誘導(dǎo)人們做對(duì)他們不利的事情屬于情商的黑暗面之一，故B項(xiàng)正確。 3.WhatisthedumbstruckeffectofHitler’semotionalintelligence? A.Hisfollowerswouldtearopentheirheartstohim. B.Hisfol

30、lowerswouldexpressemotionsstrategically. C.Hisfollowerswouldlosetheabilitytoreasonproperly. D.Hisfollowerswoulddeveloptheself-servingmotives. 答案　C 解析　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段第二句可知，希特勒之所以極具說服力，是因?yàn)樗心芰?zhàn)略性地表達(dá)自己的情緒，這些情緒會(huì)影響到他的追隨者，讓他們不再批判性地思考，而只是發(fā)泄情緒，由此可知，希特勒情商的驚人影響是使他的追隨者失去了正確推理的能力，故C項(xiàng)正確。 4.Howdopeopleusetheirem

31、otionalintelligenceforpersonalgain? A.Theydisguisetheiremotionstoearnothers’trust. B.Theyhelptheircolleaguestobuildupconfidence. C.Theypresenttheirstrategicbehaviorsonthestage. D.Theylowertheirowndignitytogainpopularity. 答案　A 解析　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第七段中的“emotionalintelligencehelpspeopledisguise(偽裝) oneset

32、ofemotionswhileexpressinganotherforpersonalgain”及“Thestrategicdisguiseofone’sownemotionsandthemanipulationofothers’emotionsforstrategicendsarebehaviorsevident”可知，人們通過掩飾自己的情緒贏得別人的信任來獲取個(gè)人利益，故A項(xiàng)正確。 5.Whichmaymeanthesameastheunderlinedword“nefarious”inParagraph8? A.Immoral. B.Unimportant. C.Illegal.

33、D.Uncontrollable. 答案　A 解析　詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫線詞所在句及其后一句可知，人們并不總是利用情商來達(dá)到邪惡的目的，通常情感技巧只是實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的工具，由此可知畫線詞詞義為“邪惡的，不道德的”，故A項(xiàng)正確。 6.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage? A.TheBenefitsofEmotionalIntelligence B.TheWaysofDisguisingOne’sEmotions C.TheReasonsforUsingEmotionalSkills D.TheDarkSideofEmotionalIntelligen

34、ce 答案　D 解析　標(biāo)題歸納題。通讀全文，特別是第三段中的“Emotionalintelligenceisimportant，buttheuncontrolledenthusiasmhasobscured(掩蓋) adarkside.”可知，情商固然重要，但失控的熱情掩蓋了它的黑暗面，本文主要介紹的就是情商的黑暗面，故D項(xiàng)正確。 B (2019·南京金陵中學(xué)、海安中學(xué)、外國語學(xué)校四模) “Beafraid.Beveryafraid，”saysa10characterinTheFly，ahorrorfilmaboutamanwhoturnsintoanenormousinse

35、ct.It3capturestheuneaseanddisgustpeopleoftenfeelforthekingdomofcockroaches，Zika-carryingmosquitoesandcreepycrawliesofallkinds.However，ecologistsincreasinglyseetheinsectworldassomethingtobefrightenedfor，notfrightenedof.Inthepasttwoyears，scoresofscientificstudieshavesuggestedthattrillionsofmurmuring，d

36、roning，honeybees，butterfliesandbeetlesaredyingoff.“Ifallmankindweretodisappear”，wroteE.O.Wilson，a4respectableentomologist，“theworldwouldregenerate...Ifinsectsweretovanish，theenvironmentwouldcollapseintochaos.” Mostofthestudiesdescribedeclinesof50%andmoreoverdecadesindifferentmeasuresofinsecthealth.

37、Theimmediate5reactionisshock.Insectsenableplantstoreproduce，throughpollination (授粉)，andarefoodforotheranimals，soacollapseintheirnumberswouldbecatastrophic. Butasecondlook8leadstoadifferentassessment.Ratherthancausingapanic，thestudiesshouldactasatimelywarningandareasontotakeprecautions.Thatisbecause

38、theworstfearisunproven.Therearenostudiesatallofwildinsectnumbersinmostoftheworld.Reliabledataaretooscarcetodeclareaglobalemergency. Moreover，wheretheevidencedoesshowacollapse—inEuropeandAmerica—agriculturalandruralecosystemsareholdingup.Farmproductionstillremainshigh.Assomeinsectspeciesdieout，other

39、sseemtobemovingintotheniches (生態(tài)位) theyhaveleft，keepingecosystemsgoing，althoughwithlessbiodiversitythanbefore.Itishardtoarguethatinsectdeclineisyetcausingsignificanteconomicdamage. Buttherearecomplications.Agriculturalproductivityisnottheonlymeasureofenvironmentalhealth.Animalshavevalue，independent

40、ofanydirecteconomiccontributiontheymaymake.Themorespeciesmakeupanecosystem，themorestableitislikelytobe.Theextinctionofafewinsectspeciesamongsomanymightnotmakeabigdifference.Thelossofhundredsofthousandswould. Andthescaleoftheobserveddeclineraisesdoubtsabouthowlongecosystemscanremainresilient (能復(fù)原的).

41、Anexperimentinwhichresearchersgraduallypulledoutinsectpollinatorsfromfieldsfoundthatplantdiversityheldupwelluntilabout90%ofinsectshadbeenremoved.Thenitcollapsed.12Giventhelackofdata，itisimpossibletoknowhowcloseEuropeandAmericaaretoanecosystemcollapse.Butitwouldberecklesstofindoutbyactuallytriggering

42、one. 語篇解讀　本文是一篇說明文。文章說明了昆蟲危機(jī)還沒有迫在眉睫，但是需要采取預(yù)防措施。否則后果不堪設(shè)想。 7.Whatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinthefirstparagraphimply? A.Ecologistshavelongbeenafraidofthosedisgustinginsects. B.Ecologistsareworriedaboutthedisappearanceofsomeinsects. C.Ecologistshavealreadygotridoftheprejudicedfeelingaboutinsects

43、. D.Ecologistsarerespectfuloftheinsect’sabilitytoregeneratethemselves. 答案　B 解析　推理判斷題。根據(jù)畫線句及其后的內(nèi)容可知，生態(tài)學(xué)家越來越多地把昆蟲世界看作是受到驚嚇的物體，而不是嚇人的物體。在過去的兩年里，大量的科學(xué)研究表明，數(shù)以萬億計(jì)的嗡嗡作響的蜜蜂、蝴蝶和甲蟲正在消失。如果所有的人類都消失了，昆蟲學(xué)家元老威爾遜寫道，“世界還會(huì)再生……但如果昆蟲消失了，環(huán)境就會(huì)陷入混亂?！彼酝ㄟ^威爾遜所說的話可以判斷出，第一段中帶下畫線的句子暗示出，生態(tài)學(xué)家擔(dān)心一些昆蟲的消失。故B選項(xiàng)正確。 8.Whatconclusio

44、ncanwedrawfromthestudiesconductedinthepasttwoyears? A.Thoughthereisadeclineinthenumberofinsects，westillhavethereasontobeoptimistic. B.Biodiversitycancauseimmediatedamagesothatweshouldtakeprecautionsrightaway. C.Datacollectedfromallovertheworldisconvincingtoproveourenvironmentisatrisk. D.Theconse

45、quenceofdecreasingbiodiversitymaybemoreseriousthanwecanimagine. 答案　D 解析　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第三、四句“Thatisbecausetheworstfearisunproven.Therearenostudiesatallofwildinsectnumbersinmostoftheworld.”可知，生物多樣性減少的后果可能比我們想象的更為嚴(yán)重。故D選項(xiàng)正確。 9.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassage? A.Toshowthemagicalpowerofourmot

46、hernature. B.Toanalyzewhyinsectsareontheedgeofextinction. C.Todrawpeople’sattentiontothedecreasinginsects. D.Tourgethescientiststocollectmoredataaboutinsects. 答案　C 解析　寫作意圖題。通讀全文可知，短文說明了昆蟲危機(jī)還沒有迫在眉睫，但是需要預(yù)防措施。昆蟲是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康的指標(biāo)。它們的衰落是一個(gè)警告，提醒我們要注意這一點(diǎn)，否則一切都太晚了。所以寫這篇文章的目的是引起人們對(duì)正在減少的昆蟲的注意。故C選項(xiàng)正確。 Ⅰ.障礙詞匯突

47、破 (一)閱讀下列句子，并根據(jù)句意猜測(cè)畫線部分的意思 1.Researchershaveidentifiedseveralfactorsthatmotivatepeopletogetinvolvedinvoluntarywork.激勵(lì) 2.Thishasgivenhimadispositiontoconsiderourtraditionscritically.批判地 3.Therobberywascapturedonpolicevideocameras.記錄下，捕捉 4.Hewasnowateacherandarespectablememberofthecommunity.受人尊敬的

48、 5.Ourinstinctivereactionwhensomeonecausesuspainistostrikeback.反應(yīng) (二)同義詞語替換 6.FrenchhadamajorimpactontheEnglishlanguage.influence 7.Shestruggledtomasterherfearofheight.control 8.Goodhabitsalwaysleadtohighefficiency，whilebadonesbringtheopposite. cause/resultin/bringin (三)一詞多義 9.involvevt.包含；需

49、要；涉及；影響；使參加 (1)Ifyourgoalinvolvesotherpeople，putyourselfintheirpositions.影響 (2)Studentsshouldinvolvethemselvesincommunityactivitieswheretheycangainexperienceforgrowth.使參加 (3)Acrosstalkperformanceinvolvestalking，imitating，singingandtellingjokes.包括 10.charactern.性格，個(gè)性；特征；品性，人格；人物；角色；符號(hào)；文字 (1)Idid

50、n’tknowRonhadthatmuchstrengthofcharacter.個(gè)性 (2)MichaelFishismyfavourite.He’sahoot，arealcharacter.人物 (3)Schoolswerecreatedtoteachreading，mathsandmoralcharacter.人格 (4)ThefilmisautobiographicalandthecentralcharacterisplayedbyCollardhimself.角色 (5)Acharacterisaletter，number，orothersymbolthatiswritten

51、orprinted.文字；符號(hào) Ⅱ.長(zhǎng)難句理解 11.InaresearchledbyUniversityofprofessorJochenMenges，whenaleadergaveaninspiringspeechfilledwithemotion，theaudiencewaslesslikelytoscrutinizethemessageandrememberedofthecontent. [句式分析]　本句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，主句是theaudiencewaslesslikelytoscrutinizethemessageandrememberedofthecontent；Inares

52、earchledbyUniversityofprofessorJochenMenges是地點(diǎn)狀語；其中l(wèi)edbyUniversityofprofessorJochenMenges是過去分詞短語作定語；whenaleadergaveaninspiringspeechfilledwithemotion是when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。 [精美譯文]　在一個(gè)由大學(xué)教授JochenMenges主持的研究中(發(fā)現(xiàn))，當(dāng)一個(gè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人做充滿激情的演講時(shí)，聽眾不太可能細(xì)致審查內(nèi)容細(xì)節(jié)并記住演講內(nèi)容。 12.Giventhelackofdata，itisimpossibletoknowhowcloseEurope

53、andAmericaaretoanecosystemcollapse. [句式分析]　本句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，主句是itisimpossibletoknowhowclose...；其中how引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語從句；Giventhelackofdata是介詞短語作狀語，譯為“考慮到數(shù)據(jù)的缺乏”。 [精美譯文]　考慮到數(shù)據(jù)的缺乏，不可能知道歐洲和美洲生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的崩潰是何等的相近。 強(qiáng)化練(二十一) Ⅰ.單項(xiàng)填空 1.Consideredtobealessdangeroustotobacco，“e-cigs”aretakingovertheWestasmoreandmorepeopleswitchove

54、rwhentryingtokickthehabit.(2019·蘇州八校高三聯(lián)考) A.adjustment B.alternative C.advertisement D.amusement 答案　B 解析　adjustment調(diào)整，適應(yīng)；alternative替代物，可供選擇的事物；advertisement廣告；amusement娛樂。句意為：隨著越來越多的人開始戒煙，被認(rèn)為是危險(xiǎn)程度更小的替代物——電子煙在西方國家變得流行起來了。根據(jù)句意可知使用電子煙作為煙草的替代品，故B項(xiàng)正確。 2.—Whatwaswrong？Whydidn’tyougotothepicnicassche

55、duled? —I’msorry.Iaseriously-injuredoldmantothehospital. (2019·南京六校聯(lián)合體高三月考) A.woulddeliver B.delivered C.haddelivered D.wasdelivering 答案　D 解析　考查時(shí)態(tài)。句意為：——出什么事了？你為什么沒有按計(jì)劃去野餐？——我很抱歉。我正在把一個(gè)嚴(yán)重受傷的老人送到醫(yī)院。結(jié)合句意可知此處是表示在過去某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在做某事，所以用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，故選D。 3.MoreandmoreproductsoftheearlyInternetarecomingtoanend

56、.ThesameistrueinChina，too，whereTencentsaysit’llWebQQonJan.1,2019. A.shutdown B.improveon C.putforth D.setoff 答案　A 解析　句意為：越來越多的早期互聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)品即將走到盡頭。在中國也是如此，騰訊表示它將在2019年1月1日關(guān)閉WebQQ。shutdown關(guān)閉，停止運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，符合語境。improveon改進(jìn)；putforth提出；setoff出發(fā)，引發(fā)。 4.EveryoneinthetouristindustryhasmadethepointthatGovernmentassista

57、nceishelpful，whattheyactuallyneedmostisforthevisitorsthemselvestoreturn. A.asB.whenC.whileD.since 答案　C 解析　句意為：從事旅游業(yè)的每個(gè)人都強(qiáng)調(diào)了這一點(diǎn)，盡管政府的援助確實(shí)有幫助，但是他們真正需要的是讓游客自己回來。while引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時(shí)，相當(dāng)于though和although，表示“盡管”，故選C。 5.Jennyisnotinthewaytotreatherstudents.Sometimessheistootoughonthem，andsometimesshejustallow

58、sthemeverything.(2019·海安縣高三期末) A.consistent B.conventional C.considerate D.controversial 答案　A 解析　考查形容詞詞義辨析。consistent始終如一的，一致的；conventional慣例的；considerate體貼的；controversial有爭(zhēng)議的。句意為：珍妮對(duì)待學(xué)生的方式不一致，有時(shí)她對(duì)他們太嚴(yán)厲了，有時(shí)又放任他們。故A項(xiàng)正確。 6.Thecollegeannouncedthestudentsexchangeprogram，mostofstudentshavingsubmitte

59、dtheirapplicationforms.(2019·江蘇江都、華羅庚等中學(xué)聯(lián)考) A.them B.which C.whose D.its 答案　D 解析　考查獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。句意為：學(xué)院宣布了交換生計(jì)劃，大部分學(xué)生已經(jīng)提交了申請(qǐng)表。由于空格后面用了獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，此處應(yīng)該用形容詞物主代詞，it指代Thecollege，故D項(xiàng)正確。 7.Nextdoortoours，whoseemtohavesettledinthiscommunityforquitealongtime. A.arelivingablackcouple B.liveablackcouple C.areabla

60、ckcoupleliving D.doablackcouplelive 答案　B 解析　考查倒裝句。Nextdoortoours是地點(diǎn)狀語，置于句首時(shí)句子要全部倒裝，即主謂倒裝。句意為：我們隔壁住著一對(duì)黑人夫婦，他們似乎已經(jīng)在這個(gè)社區(qū)定居很久了。根據(jù)句意可知時(shí)態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，故選B。 8.Allrightsreserved.Thecontentaboveshallnotbereprintedwithoutpermission，thanks. A.arbitrarily B.barely C.offensively D.optionally 答案　A 解析　考查副詞辨析。句意為：

61、版權(quán)所有，以上內(nèi)容未經(jīng)允許不準(zhǔn)隨意重印，謝謝。arbitrarily隨意地，武斷地；barely勉強(qiáng)，幾乎不；offensively冒犯地，討厭地；optionally有選擇地。故選A。 9.Ifyouwanttoimproveyourfigureandhealth，themosteffectivethingtodoistoshowupatthegymeverytimeyoubethere. A.can B.will C.may D.shall 答案　A 解析　考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。句意為：如果你想改善你的身材和健康，要做的最有效的事情是每一次你能去健身房的時(shí)候就一定出現(xiàn)在那里。本題can表

62、示能力。 10.—MustIstayathomereviewinglessonsevenatweekends? —Lasttimeyoudidpasstheexamunexpectedly，butdon’tthistimebecauseitismuchmoredifficult. A.pullyourweight B.sealyourfate C.pushyourluck D.breakyourback 答案　C 解析　句意為：——周末我必須待在家里復(fù)習(xí)功課嗎？——上次你出人意料地通過了考試，但是這次不要碰運(yùn)氣了，因?yàn)榭荚嚂?huì)難得多。pullyourweight盡最大努力；sealy

63、ourfate決定你的命運(yùn)；pushyourluck再次冒險(xiǎn)，繼續(xù)碰運(yùn)氣；breakyourback拼命工作。根據(jù)語境可知，答話者認(rèn)為對(duì)方上次通過考試是靠運(yùn)氣，所以在提醒對(duì)方要認(rèn)真復(fù)習(xí)而不能再憑運(yùn)氣，故選C項(xiàng)。 Ⅱ.閱讀理解 A ElNi?o，aSpanishtermfor“theChristchild，”wasnamedbySouthAmericanfishermenwhonoticedthattheglobalweatherpattern，whichhappenseverytwotosevenyears，reducedtheamountoffishescaughtaroundChri

64、stmas.ElNi?oseeswarmwater，collectedoverseveralyearsinthewesternPacific，flowbackeastwardswhenwindsthatnormallyblowwestwardsweaken，orsometimestheotherwayround. Theweathereffects，bothgoodandbad，arefeltinmanyplaces.RichcountriesgainmorefrompowerfulNi?os，onbalance，thantheylose.AstudyfoundthatastrongNi?o

65、in1997-98helpedAmerica’seconomygrowby$15billion，partlybecauseofbetteragriculturalharvests：farmersintheMidwestgainedfromextrarain.Thetotalriseinagriculturalincomesinrichcountriesisgreaterthanthefallinpoorones. ButinIndonesiaextremelydryforestsareinflames.Amulti-yeardrought(干旱) insouth-eastBrazilisbe

66、comingworse.ThoughheavyrainsbroughtaboutbyElNi?omayrelievethedroughtinCalifornia，theyarelikelytocausesurfacefloodingandotherdisasters. ThemostrecentpowerfulNi?o，in1997-98，killedaround21,000peopleandcauseddamageworth$36billionaroundtheglobe.ButsuchNi?oscomewithmonthsofwarning，andsomuchisknownabouthowtheyhappenthatgovernmentscanprepare.AccordingtotheOverseasDevelopmentInstitute (ODI)，however，just12%ofdisaster-relieffundinginthepasttwodecadeshasgoneonreducingrisksinadvance，ratherthanrecoveryandreb