《THAT用法總結(jié)》word版

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1、THAT用法總結(jié) 第一、 that 用作形容詞（后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)用those） 它用來(lái)指已被提到的人或物；也可表對(duì)比，指兩個(gè)中較遠(yuǎn)的那個(gè)。 ? What about that book you borrowed from me last month？ 請(qǐng)注意，that 有時(shí)候在句子中具有喜歡或輕蔑等感情色彩。 ? that little son of his 他那個(gè)小寶貝兒子 ? That George！喬治那家伙！（含有輕蔑語(yǔ)氣） ?第二、that 用作代詞。 ? 1. that 用作指示代詞（復(fù)數(shù)形式是those），其指代意義同形容詞用法，同時(shí)它還可以用作定語(yǔ)從句中的先行詞

2、；還可為了避免重復(fù)，代替前述名詞。 .that用來(lái)替代前面提到的特指的事物,所代替的名詞可以是可數(shù)名詞,也可以是不可數(shù)名詞.代替可數(shù)名詞可以用the one替換.但其前面不可用任何限定詞修飾.例如: 1)The population of China is larger than that of Japan.(that代替不可數(shù)名詞population,不可用the one替換) 2)The headteacher in your class is younger and more active than that in theirs.(that代替可數(shù)名詞headteacher,可用t

3、he one替換) that? 代替指物的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或抽象不可數(shù)名詞，一般是特指的 ? those 代替指人或指物的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，一般是特指的=the ones ? one?? 代替指人或指物的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，一般是泛指的 ? ones? 代替指人或指物的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，一般是泛指的 That is what he told me. ? What is that (which) you have got in your hand? ? The price of rice is higher than that of flour. ? 2. that 用作關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句。

4、先行詞可人可物，用法相當(dāng)于who或which。（但是在下列情況下多用that：先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)；先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞、不定代詞、very，only等修飾時(shí)；先行詞是不定代詞時(shí)） ? He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. ? I think it one of the most wonderful films that the film company has ever produced. ? She has little information that is useful for our

5、research. ? Is there anything that I can do for you? ? 請(qǐng)注意，that 在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)通?？墒÷浴? ? The books (that) I sent you will help you in your studies. ? 第三、that 用作連詞，引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,狀語(yǔ)從句和強(qiáng)調(diào)句。 ? 1. that名詞性從句。 ? ①引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。及物動(dòng)詞后的引導(dǎo)詞that可省略。 ? I didn't expect (that) he could win the championship. ? The teacher po

6、inted out that Tom was not working hard enough. ? ② 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句。通常采用it作形式主語(yǔ)的句型。 ? That the earth goes around the sun is known to everyone. ? （It is known to everyone that the earth goes around the sun.） ? ③引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。 ? The trouble is that we are short of money. ? ④引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。 ? 引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的that和引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的that是

7、不同的 前者只起語(yǔ)法作用，在從句中不作任何成分；而后者在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。舉例說(shuō)明： ? The news that he resigned from office surprised us. ? The idea that he holds is very common nowadays on campus. ? 2. that引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句 ? ①引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句。 ? Bring it nearer that I may see it better. ? ②引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。 ? What have I done that he should be so

8、angry with me? ? ③引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。 ? I am afraid that I will fail in the driving test. ? ④引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。意為“雖然、盡管”。 ? Difficult that/as the task was, they managed to accomplish it on time. ? ⑤引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。意為“假使、假設(shè)”。 ? Supposing that you were in my position, what would you do? ? On condition that you were lost

9、 in the desert, you should ask for help as soon as possible. ?? 第四、that用作副詞。 ? 1. that用作普通副詞。 ? I was that/so angry I could have hit him. ? 2. that用作關(guān)系副詞。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，可以代替when，where， why或 in which，?？墒÷?。 ? I will never forget the evening (that) / when we went to the theatre. ? The house (that)/where

10、I used to live has been knocked down. ?第五That 的固定搭配 ①and all that諸如此類(lèi) ----Poverty compelled him to sell his house, clothes, and all that. ②and that 而且（用來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣） ----They finished the work, and that in only a few days. ③at that 就這樣 ----They left it at that. ④for all that盡管如此 ----He may have sh

11、ortcomings and faults, but he is a good comrade for all that. ⑤now that 既然，由于 ----You ought to write it now that you know the address, ⑥that is 那就是 ---He will come back in a week, that is, in March 1. ⑦with that接著就 ----With that she left the room;. = With these words, she left the room. ⑧in

12、that，意為“既然、因?yàn)椤薄? ? Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us correct our mistakes. ⑨see (to it) that，意為“注意、務(wù)必做到、保證”。 ? We will see to it that she gets home early. ? See to it that you are not late again. ?⑩ seeing that，意為“鑒于、由于”。 ? Seeing that it is 8 o'clock, we'll wait no

13、longer. ? Seeing that he was busy with his work, I didn't disturb him. 3、??than作關(guān)系代詞時(shí)，一般用在形式為比較級(jí)的復(fù)合句中，其結(jié)構(gòu)為形容詞比較級(jí)（more）．．．than＋從句，than在從句中作主語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于that，代表它前面的先行詞。（這時(shí)，它兼有連詞和代詞的性質(zhì)，也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為這種用法的than是連詞，后面省略了主語(yǔ)what。）  ??????? 如：①The indoor swimming pool seems to be a great deal more luxious than is

14、necessary．室內(nèi)游泳池過(guò)于豪華。  ??????? ②He got more money than was wanted．他得到了更多的錢(qián)。 But也被看作關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，在句中作主語(yǔ)，在意義上相當(dāng)于 who not或that not，即用在否定詞或具有否定意義的詞后，構(gòu)成雙重否定。  ??????? 如：①There is no mother but loves her children．沒(méi)有不愛(ài)自己孩子的母親。  ???????? ②There was no one present but knew the story already．在

15、場(chǎng)的人都知道這個(gè)故事。 ????? 6．（一）、當(dāng)what用作連接代詞，引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)，可引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句（不可引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句）；它本身在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。 ? ? 1、 what表示“所以……的（事）”的意思，相當(dāng)于“the thing(s) that…”、“all that…”、“that which…”、“everything that…”等。例如： ? （1） Leave it with me and I’ll see what I can do.(what引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，并作do的賓語(yǔ)。) ? （2） What you have done mig

16、ht do harm to other people.? (what引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作賓語(yǔ)。) ? （3） What he said at the meeting? astonished everybody present. (what引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作賓語(yǔ)。) ? （4） What is most important in life isn’t money.? (what引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作主語(yǔ)。) ? （5） But wait till you see what we’ll make for you to your own measure.? (what 引導(dǎo)賓

17、語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作賓語(yǔ)。) ? （6） What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world.? (what 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作賓語(yǔ)。) ? ? 2、 what 表示“所……的（人）”的意思，相當(dāng)于“the person that…”等。例如： ? （1） He is not what he used to be.? (what 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作表語(yǔ)。) ? （2） She is no longer what she was five years ago.? (what 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，并在從句

18、中作表語(yǔ)。) what = just as，意為“恰像，猶如，好比”用作連詞，引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句。 ??? ⑴ 慣用句式是：A is to B what C is to D. 意為“A對(duì)B而言正如C對(duì)D一樣”例如： ① 空氣對(duì)于我們猶如水對(duì)于魚(yú)。 Air is to us What water is to fish.?（介詞to 表示兩者的關(guān)系） ??? ⑵ 也有“A is for B what C is for D.”句式。例如： ② 廚師離不了家禽正如畫(huà)家離不開(kāi)畫(huà)布一樣。 Poultry is for the cook what canvas is for the pa

19、int.（介詞for表示“供…使用”） ??? ⑶ what 引導(dǎo)的從句也可以放在句首，其句式是： What C is to D， that A is to B.（= A is to B what C is to D.） ??? 在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，喻體在前，主體在后，相當(dāng)于“just as……，so……”結(jié)構(gòu)，意思也是“A對(duì)B而言正如C對(duì)D一樣”例如： ??? What blood vessel is to a man's body， that railway is to transportation.（=Just as blood vessel is to a man's body ，

20、so Railway? is to transportation.） ??? 鐵路對(duì)于運(yùn)輸，好比血管對(duì)于人體一樣。 when、while、as 用法的區(qū)別 一。引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，WHILE連接的是時(shí)間段，而WHEN連接的多是時(shí)間點(diǎn) 例如What does your father do while your mother is cooking? What does your mother do when you come back? 二，WHILE可以連接兩個(gè)并列的句子，而WHEN不可以 例如I was trying my best to finish my work

21、 while my sister was whtching TV 三，WHEN是特殊疑問(wèn)詞，對(duì)時(shí)間進(jìn)行提問(wèn)，WHILE不是。 例如，When were you bron? ---------------------- ①when是at or during the time that, 既指時(shí)間點(diǎn)，也可指一段時(shí)間，while是during the time that，只指一段時(shí)間，因此when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)詞可以是終止性動(dòng)詞，也可以是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，而while從句中的動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。 ②when 說(shuō)明從句的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作可以是同時(shí)，也可以是先后發(fā)生；whil

22、e 則強(qiáng)調(diào)主句的動(dòng)作在從句動(dòng)作的發(fā)生的過(guò)程中或主從句兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。 ③由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，主句用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，從句應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；如果從句和主句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，兩句都用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)候，多用while引導(dǎo)，如： a. When the teacher came in, we were talking. 當(dāng)此句改變主從句的位置時(shí)，則為： While we were talking, the teacher came in. b. They were singing while we were dancing. ④when和while 還

23、可作并列連詞。when表示“在那時(shí)”；while表示“而，卻”，表對(duì)照關(guān)系。如： a. The children were running to move the bag of rice when they heard the sound of a motor bike. 孩子們正要跑過(guò)去搬開(kāi)那袋米，這時(shí)他們聽(tīng)到了摩托車(chē)的聲音。 b. He is strong while his brother is weak. 他長(zhǎng)得很結(jié)實(shí)，而他弟弟卻很瘦弱。 when,as,while這三個(gè)詞都可以引出時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，它們的差別是：when 從句表示某時(shí)刻或一段時(shí)間

24、as 從句表示進(jìn)展過(guò)程，while 只表示一段時(shí)間 When he left the house, I was sitting in the garden. 當(dāng)他離開(kāi)家時(shí)，我正在院子里坐著。 When he arrived home, it was just nine o'clock. 當(dāng)他到家時(shí)，正是九點(diǎn)鐘。 As he grew older, he became more intelligent. 隨著他年齡的增長(zhǎng)，他變得更有才智了。 While he was in London,he studied music. 當(dāng)他在倫敦時(shí)，他學(xué)習(xí)音樂(lè)。 While

25、 she was typing the letter,the telephone rang. 當(dāng)她在用打字機(jī)打那封信時(shí)，電話響了。 prefer A to B 在本句型中，A與B是平行結(jié)構(gòu)，可以是名詞，也可以都是動(dòng)名詞。例如： I prefer dogs to cats.在狗與貓之間我更喜歡狗。 Most people prefer trains to buses.大多數(shù)人愿意坐火車(chē)而不愿坐汽車(chē)。 I prefer writing a term paper to taking an examination. 我寧愿寫(xiě)一篇學(xué)期論文也不愿

26、參加考試。 I prefer staying at home to going ou.我覺(jué)得在家里比出去好。 Thousands of children nowadays prefer doing their homework to a background of pop-music to doing it in a quiet room. 成千上萬(wàn)的孩子如今一邊聽(tīng)流行音樂(lè)一邊做作業(yè)，也不愿在安安靜靜的房間里做。 She has always preferred marking her own clothes rather than buying them in

27、 the shops. 她向來(lái)喜歡自己做衣服，而不到商店里去買(mǎi)衣服 6．Prefer+不定式+rather than+不定式 1) 本句型中，第一個(gè)不定式前面要加to，第二個(gè)不定式前面以不加to居多。例如： He prefer to die rather than become traitor.她寧死也不做叛徒。 Older people often fear change. They know what they can do best. They prefer to repeat their successes rather than risk fa

28、ilure. 年紀(jì)大的人常常怕變化。他們知道什么最拿手，寧愿把自己成功的經(jīng)驗(yàn)在如法炮制而不愿冒失敗的危險(xiǎn)。 She preferred to sew rather than to knit.她喜歡縫紉而不喜歡編織。 2)rather than 也可以至于句首： Rather than buy a car of his own, he prefers to rent one. 3） than后也可用動(dòng)名詞： I prefer to stay at home rather than go/going to see a film. 我覺(jué)得與其去

29、看電影倒不如呆在家里。 I would prefer to spend the weekend at home rather than drive/driving all the way to your mother’s. 我覺(jué)得與其開(kāi)車(chē)跑那么遠(yuǎn)的路到你母親那里度周末，到布熱在家里過(guò)更好些。 4） prefer …rather than 中的rather也可以移到第一個(gè)不定式之前（prefer rather…than），這種用法多見(jiàn)于書(shū)面語(yǔ)。例如： He preferred rather to take the whole blame himself than

30、to allow it to fall on the innocent. 她寧可自己承擔(dān)全部責(zé)任而不愿讓無(wú)辜的人受到連累。 5） prefer to do A rather than do B 意義相同，試比較： Joe prefers skating to skiing. Joe prefer to skate rather than ski. Bill preferred playing soccer to swimming. Bill preferred to play soccer rather than swim. He preferr

31、ed rating a car to having one of his own. He prefers to rent a car rather than to have one of his own. 他寧愿租車(chē)也不愿買(mǎi)車(chē)。 6） 用prefer…rather than代替prefer…to連接名詞的情形偶爾也可見(jiàn)到。如： Mr. Brunner prefers chemistry rather than physics. 有人認(rèn)為兩者的區(qū)別是：prefer…to表示一般的傾向，prefer…rather than則表示在某種具體場(chǎng)合的選擇。如:

32、 What shall we have to drink, port or sherry? 我們?cè)摵仁裁茨兀? I should prefer port rather than sherry. 我寧愿和紅葡萄酒而不合雪利酒。 7） prefer + that從句 Would you prefer that I come on Monday instead of on Tuesday? 你寧愿讓星期一來(lái)而不是星期二來(lái)嗎 I prefer that someone else should do this. ____ is no good trying

33、 to solve the issue between the nations by means of war. 填I(lǐng)t.It作形式主語(yǔ). 表語(yǔ)是（of）no use，not any use，not the slightest use，no good， not much good，fun等時(shí)，常用動(dòng)名詞（不用不定式）做主語(yǔ)并后置，用 it 做形式主語(yǔ). 例如: It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 動(dòng)名詞可在 there be 句型中做主語(yǔ)（不能用不定式），常見(jiàn)形式為 “there is no + 動(dòng)名詞”或 “there is no / an

34、y + 名詞 + 動(dòng)名詞”. 例如: There isn’t any use trying again. 句型是：There is + no + noun + (in) doing something. 12．集體名詞作主語(yǔ)主謂一致 1)通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞 集體名詞，如：police,?people,cattle,militia,poultry等， 通常作復(fù)數(shù)，用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。如： Domestic?cattle?provide?us?with?milk,?beef?and?hides. 2)通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞 有些集體名詞，如folia

35、ge,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise,通常作不可數(shù)名詞，隨后的動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：All?the?machinery?in?the?factory?is?made?in?China. 3)既可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞 集體名詞，如audience,?committee,?class,?crew,?family,?public,?government等，既可作單數(shù)，也可作復(fù)數(shù)用。 The?city?council?is?meeting?to?set?its?agenda. 4)a?committee,etc.?of?+復(fù)數(shù)名

36、詞 如果主語(yǔ)是由“a?committee?of?/a?panel?of?/a?board?of?+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”構(gòu)成，隨后的動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。例如： A?committee?of?five?men?and?three?women?is?to?consider?the?matter. 13．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與Always連用 (Using the Present Progressive with Always) 1. Mary always leaves for school at 7:45. 在指出現(xiàn)在某個(gè)時(shí)間的句子中，always與連用的一般現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)用于描述習(xí)慣性的或日常

37、的活動(dòng)。 2. Mary is always leaving her dirty socks on the floor for me to pick up! Who does she think I am? Her maid?3. I am always/forever/constantly picking up Mary’s dirty socks! 在特殊情況下，講話人可以將always與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)連用來(lái)抱怨，即表達(dá)惱火或生氣。除always之外，forever與constantly也用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表達(dá)惱火。 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)常與always, continually, constan

38、tly 等副詞連用，表示反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。這種用法常表示說(shuō)話人的某種感情，如贊揚(yáng)、遺憾、討厭或不滿等。 例如： He is always asking questions. 他老愛(ài)提問(wèn)題。 He is constantly leaving his things about. 他老是亂扔?xùn)|西。 You are always saying that sort of thing. 你老愛(ài)說(shuō)那樣的話。 15． thanks to\due to\because of\owing to /on account of/、 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（動(dòng)名詞與分詞） 1、 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：是一類(lèi)由動(dòng)

39、詞原形演變而來(lái)的表示動(dòng)作，但又不能構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)句子成分的詞。 2、 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的分類(lèi)：分詞、動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式。 （1） 動(dòng)名詞：其構(gòu)成為動(dòng)詞原形 ing。它的構(gòu)成與現(xiàn)在分詞完全相同，所以要從兩者的用法上區(qū)別這兩類(lèi)詞。用法：可以被用作句子主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。 Eg: (1) Reading affords pleasure. (主語(yǔ)) (2) The football match between Brazil and China is exciting. (表語(yǔ)) (3) They enjoyed listening to pop songs very much. (賓語(yǔ)) (4

40、) My hobby, reading books in bed, remains unchanged. (同位語(yǔ)) 原則：動(dòng)名詞從字面，即語(yǔ)法角度講，是名詞。但是，其本質(zhì)上仍然具有動(dòng)作的性質(zhì)。所以，當(dāng)使用動(dòng)名詞作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)且需要表達(dá)動(dòng)作的施動(dòng)者時(shí)，可以加上相應(yīng)的所有格代詞或者賓格代詞；然而，當(dāng)它用作句子主語(yǔ)時(shí)，若要體現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)，則只能用所有格代詞。 Eg: (1) His giving up smoking is encouraging. (只能用所有格代詞) (2) They enjoyed my/me good cooking. (所有格代詞/賓格代詞) （2） 分詞：分為現(xiàn)在分詞和

41、過(guò)去分詞兩大類(lèi)。現(xiàn)在分詞在構(gòu)成上與動(dòng)名詞完全相同，而過(guò)去分詞則在動(dòng)詞后面加-ed構(gòu)成。同時(shí)，還必須詳記一些常用的不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞。分詞在句子中一般用作定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。在詳細(xì)闡述之前，必須先樹(shù)立這樣一個(gè)觀念：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)或進(jìn)行；過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)或者完成。這一點(diǎn)是學(xué)習(xí)分詞的根基！ （I） 分詞作定語(yǔ)：顧名思義，就是分詞可以限定或者修飾名詞或代詞?，F(xiàn)在開(kāi)一個(gè)十分簡(jiǎn)單的例子：a working desk --- a desk for working/a working man --- a man who is/was working 顯然，前這是一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞，后者是分詞。它們同作定語(yǔ)，但性

42、質(zhì)不同。從中我們可以看到：凡是分詞用作定語(yǔ)都是從定語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)換而來(lái)。這是一個(gè)基本原則！ Eg: (1) The windows which face south are broken. --- The windows facing south are broken. (2) The man who is talking with the teacher is my father. --- The man talking with the teacher is my father. (3) The money invested in this project added up to

43、20 million yuan. --- The money, which had been invested in this project， added up to 20 million yuan. (4) The meeting to be held this weekend is important. --- The meeting, which is to be held this weekend is important. 結(jié)論1：現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語(yǔ)，表示與主句時(shí)態(tài)一致的一個(gè)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 結(jié)論2：現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語(yǔ)，表示與主句時(shí)態(tài)一致的一個(gè)正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 結(jié)論3：

44、過(guò)去分詞作后置定語(yǔ)，表示被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 結(jié)論4：to be 過(guò)去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作后置定語(yǔ)，表示即將發(fā)生的行為或動(dòng)作。 原則：一切分詞作定語(yǔ)的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是以上四條，必須牢記！其中，充分體現(xiàn)了“現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)或進(jìn)行；過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)或者完成。”的基本思想。所以，要清楚，定語(yǔ)從句和分詞作定語(yǔ)只是兩種不同的表達(dá)方式，本質(zhì)是相同的！ （II） 分詞作狀語(yǔ)：與“分詞作定語(yǔ)從定語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)換而來(lái)”如出一轍，分詞作狀語(yǔ)同樣可以看作是從各類(lèi)狀語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)換而來(lái)。分詞作狀語(yǔ)共7類(lèi)，分別是：原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、時(shí)間、方式和伴隨狀語(yǔ)。 Eg: (1) Lost in thought, he didn’t even hea

45、r her knocking at the door. (原因狀語(yǔ)) (2) He fired, killing two flying birds. (結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)) (3) (If) Given more time and money, we could have completed the task. (條件狀語(yǔ)) (4) Doing his homework, the girl was listening to the pop songs. (時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)) (5) Gaining much money, he still felt unhappy. (讓步狀語(yǔ)) (6) Using

46、negotiation instead of arm force, the two nations eventually solved the border dispute peacefully. (方式狀語(yǔ)) (7) Reading detective books, he lied in bed. (伴隨狀語(yǔ)) 原則1：由于分詞作狀語(yǔ)是從狀語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)換而來(lái)，故有時(shí)為了明確句子的具體含義，可以在從句中出現(xiàn)表示主從關(guān)系的連接詞，往往連接詞位于“分詞作狀語(yǔ)”之前！ Eg: (1) When doing his homework, the girl was listening to her cl

47、assical music. (時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)) (2) If given more time and money, we could have completed the task. (條件狀語(yǔ)) (3) Although gaining much money, he still felt unhappy. (讓步狀語(yǔ)) 原則2：分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與主句的主語(yǔ)一致。這一點(diǎn)是最根本的原則！只有當(dāng)兩者一致時(shí)，分詞作狀語(yǔ)才能成立。但是，如果不一致，就不能使用分詞作狀語(yǔ)，而要用“分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”予以代替！ Eg: (1) Using negotiation instead of arm for

48、ce, the two nations eventually solved the border dispute peacefully. (方式狀語(yǔ)) --- (With) the peaceful means used, the two nations eventually solved the border dispute. 分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，不是一個(gè)完整的句子，但卻表達(dá)了一個(gè)完整的意義，大致可以分為以下兩類(lèi)：（1）表示邏輯關(guān)系的連接詞 從句主語(yǔ) 分詞。 Eg: (1) If the weather permitting, we would go outside for a picn

49、ic. (2) After the work done, we will have a relatively long vacation. （2）with 名詞/主語(yǔ) 分詞，該結(jié)構(gòu)只能用于表示原因狀語(yǔ)！ Eg: (1) With his homework having been done, he went out for playing basketball. (2) With the bridge to be completed, the communication between the two cities will surely be strengthened.

50、at play 在玩 　　at the play 在看戲 　　behind time 遲到 　　behind the times 落在時(shí)代后 　　by day 在白天 　　by the day 按日計(jì)算 　　by sea 乘船 　　by the sea 在海邊 　　in front of 在……(外面的)前面 　　in the front of 在……(內(nèi)部的前面) 　　in charge of 看護(hù),負(fù)責(zé) 　　in the charge of 由……看護(hù),由……負(fù)責(zé) 　　in secret 秘密地(作狀語(yǔ)) 　　in

51、the secret 知道內(nèi)情(作表語(yǔ)) 　　in course of 在……過(guò)程中(作表語(yǔ)/后置定語(yǔ)) 　　in the course of 在……期間(作狀語(yǔ)) 　　in red 穿著紅衣服 　　in the red 負(fù)債,赤字 　　of age 成年 　　of an age (歲數(shù))同年 　　on fire 著火 　　on the fire 在考慮中 　　on occasion 不時(shí)地;必要時(shí) 　　on the occasion 在那時(shí) 　　out of question 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn) 　　out of the ques

52、tion 不可能 　　to death 十分 　　to the death 到最后 　　five of us 我們中的五人(部分) 　　the five of us 我們五個(gè)人(全部) 　　a yellow and white cat 一只黃白相間的貓 　　a yellow and a white cat 一只黃貓和一只白貓 　　in a faimly way 象一家人一樣 　　in the family way 懷孕 　　die of cold 凍死 　　die of a cold 感冒而死 　　have words with

53、 與……爭(zhēng)吵 　　have a word with 與……略談 　　keep house 管理家務(wù) 　　keep the house 守在家里 　　take rest 就寢 　　take a reat 休息一下 　　take place 發(fā)生 　　take the place of 代替 獨(dú)立逐個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu). 1）名詞 / 代詞 + 分詞 The foreign travelers had many talks with the natives, the guide acting as an interpreter. He being absen

54、t, nothing could be done. The floor being wet and slippery, we stay outside. All things considered, I think I ought to award the job to Mrs. Smith. ?1.?獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的語(yǔ)法形式是：主語(yǔ)+非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。 ?2. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有三種：（1）to + v. ??（2）v. –ing ??（3）v. –ed ?3. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)： ??1) 時(shí)間關(guān)系：（1） 不定式具有后時(shí)性 ??（2） –ing 分詞具有同時(shí)性 ??（3） –ed

55、分詞具有先時(shí)性 e.g. Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month. They visited Danxia Mountain yesterday, Miss Lee acting as the tourist guide. His work done, he went home. 2）邏輯主語(yǔ)與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系： (1)?–ing分詞表主動(dòng) (2)?–ed分詞表被動(dòng) e.g. He being sick in bed, the team had to find a replaceme

56、nt. Weather permitting, we will go picnicking this weekend. The friendly match being over, the players of the two countries shook hands with each other. All the tickets sold out, they returned home disappointed. The dispute settled, the meeting came to an end. His voice drowned by the noise, th

57、e speaker interrupted his lecture. 現(xiàn)在你對(duì)獨(dú)立主格的結(jié)構(gòu)了解多少呢? (1)?找出非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ) (2)弄清楚非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與邏輯主語(yǔ)的主被動(dòng)關(guān)系 (3)?弄清楚非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與主句動(dòng)詞的時(shí)間關(guān) 　表示一群人或物的名詞叫集體(或集合)名詞。為便于弄清其特點(diǎn)，我們不妨把它們分為表示無(wú)生命的物的“類(lèi)”和表示主要是由人（有少數(shù)是低等動(dòng)物）構(gòu)成的“群”的集體名詞。 　　⑴表示“類(lèi)”的集體名詞，常見(jiàn)的有 　　clothing 　　furniture 　　baggage/luggage 　　jewelry 　　traffic 　　infomatio

58、n 　　machinery 　　merchandise 　　produce 　　scenery 　　它們指同一類(lèi)的許多東西，其用法與不可數(shù)名詞相當(dāng)： 　　①形式上總是單數(shù)，沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。 　　如： 　　The old machinery is out of date. 　　這些舊機(jī)器過(guò)時(shí)了。 　　②不可直接與a（n）或數(shù)詞連用。表數(shù)量時(shí)用much，little，some，a piece of，an article of等。 　　如： 　　Each room has five pieces of furniture. 　　每個(gè)房間有五件家具。 　

59、?、廴粜栌么~，用單數(shù)代詞。 　　如： 　　Do you want to see my jewelry?It is in the box. 　　你想看我的珠寶嗎？它在我的箱子里。 　?、票硎尽叭骸钡募w名詞常見(jiàn)的有 　　(Ⅰ) 　　peeple 　　police 　　cattle 　　poultry 　　vermin 　　clergy 　　militia 　　(Ⅱ) 　　family 　　class 　　team 　　government 　　vrowd 　　committee 　　crew 　　jury 　　party 　　firm 　　cou

60、ple 　　board 　　group 　　gang 　　enemy 　　union 　　audience 　　public 　　mankind 　　humanity 　　youth 　　▲上述(Ⅰ)部分的詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)。 　　如： 　　The police are looking for him. 　　警察當(dāng)局正在找他。 　　▲▲上述(Ⅱ)部分的詞把集體當(dāng)作一個(gè)整體時(shí)，用作單數(shù)；若考慮構(gòu)成這些集體的各個(gè)成員時(shí)，看作復(fù)數(shù)。 　　如： 　　My family is a large one. 　　我家是個(gè)大家庭。 　　My family are

61、 all workers. 　　我的家人都是工人。 　　▲▲▲上述(Ⅰ)部分的詞以及public，church，audience，mankind，humanity等通常只有單數(shù)形式，也不能直接加a（n）（audience除外）；其中clergy，public, hurch，youth，police等的前面通常要加the。 　　▲▲▲▲把一個(gè)集體名詞看作單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)，要注意前后一致。如： 　　The team is famous for its(不能用their) long history. 　　該對(duì)以歷史悠久而聞名。 　　He has joined the football team

62、 who are (不可用which is) all famous footballers. 他參加了一個(gè)隊(duì)員全是著名足球選手的那個(gè)足球隊(duì)。 綜觀這近幾年考題，可發(fā)現(xiàn)：? 1．語(yǔ)法考題的涉及面寬，近年考題曾經(jīng)考到：幾乎所有詞類(lèi)；三種動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式；各種從句及關(guān)系詞的用法；動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、虛擬語(yǔ)氣、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法；獨(dú)立主格，主謂一致，倒裝，強(qiáng)調(diào)、并列結(jié)構(gòu)等基本語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。? 2．語(yǔ)法考試的重點(diǎn)突出，語(yǔ)法考試的重點(diǎn)為內(nèi)容龐雜較難掌握的項(xiàng)目，這些項(xiàng)目還反復(fù)出現(xiàn)，如：虛擬語(yǔ)氣，狀語(yǔ)從句，定語(yǔ)從句，獨(dú)立主格，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。? 3．具體考查重點(diǎn)為以上項(xiàng)目中的特殊用法，不常用的情況? ?1

63、）虛擬語(yǔ)氣的考點(diǎn)為：would?rather＋that從句＋一般過(guò)去時(shí)：It?is?vital／?necessary／?important／?urgent／?imperative／?desirable／?advisable／?natural／?essential＋that＋動(dòng)詞原形；It?is?time／about?time／high?time＋that＋一般過(guò)去時(shí)：proposal／suggestion＋that＋動(dòng)詞原形；lest＋that＋should＋動(dòng)詞原形；if?only＋that＋would＋動(dòng)詞原形。? 2）狀語(yǔ)從句的考點(diǎn)為：非if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句，此類(lèi)句子多用at?ti

64、mes，provided，so?long?as，in?case，once等來(lái)替代if；由even?if／so，now?that，for???all等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句；just／hardly...when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句；more?than，as...as，not?so?much?as，the?same?as，as?much?as等引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句。? 3）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)多以邏輯主語(yǔ)＋分詞的形式出現(xiàn)。? 4）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞多與完成時(shí)形式連用。? 5）定語(yǔ)從句重點(diǎn)考查介詞＋關(guān)系代詞（which）和as作為關(guān)系代詞。? ? ?? ???????專業(yè)四級(jí)考試的詞匯部分要求考生能靈活正

65、確運(yùn)用教學(xué)大綱語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)表一至四級(jí)的全部?jī)?nèi)容，熟練掌握教學(xué)大綱詞匯表中一至四級(jí)規(guī)定的5000—6000個(gè)認(rèn)知詞匯及其最基本的搭配。其考查重點(diǎn)為：? 1．動(dòng)詞、名詞與介詞的搭配如：popular／patient＋with；yield／solution／adapt／transfer／access＋to；accuse／require＋of；charge＋for；under＋discussion等等。? 2．習(xí)慣用法如：confess?to／set?about／be?used?to＋doing；be?supposed?to／have／make?sb．＋do等。? 3．由同一動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)如：come，go，set，break等構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)。? 4．單個(gè)的動(dòng)詞，抽象名詞，形容詞和副詞多以近義詞、同義詞的形式出現(xiàn)。? 5．介詞短語(yǔ)在句中作狀語(yǔ)如：in?terms?of；with?the?exception?of；in?vain等，另外還應(yīng)注意rather?than，other?than，such?as，none／nothing＋but等詞在考題中的出現(xiàn)。?