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- 0 - 外文翻譯 THE RESEARCHS OF AMT SHIFTING SCHEDULES Vehicular Automatic Transmission can be divided into three types: Automatic Transmission (AT), Automated Mechanical Transmission (AMT) and Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT). AMT has become a kind of transmission that is full of potentiality, due to its high transfer efficiency, low cost and easiness to manufacture. The research on AMT shifting performance is key technology in the developing. Shifting performance directly influence the market competition and industrialization of AMT. AMT has good market expectation, but during the shifting procedure, the power must be cut off which causes the poor shifting performance than AT and CVT. Only through improving the shifting performance can the commercial competence be established. So the virtual important thing is to find the way to improve shifting performance. The development of AMT can be divided into three phases: semi-automatic, automatic and intelligent. The two major part of AMT are: the hardware including the mastered object, executor, sensors and TCU; and the software performing the control strategy. The performance of AT shift influences greatly the performance of the vehicle. So the research on at shift quality is an important problem in the domain of AT researching. Shift quality control of AT is accomplished by electronic and hydraulic system. To shift smoothly, according the real time throttle valve opening and vehicle speed signal, the controller sends electronic signals to control oil pressure changing curve of the applying elements. this paper analyzes and research detailed shift quality control system，the analyzing model of shifting process and pressure changing curve of the applying elements Firstly this paper summarizes the existing evaluated quota of shift quality, and fully analyzes and introduces the existing control manner of AT shift quality. - 1 - To meet the needs of research of vehicle starting and the real time control of shift, this paper puts forward a simplified model of engine-torque and a dynamics model of AT shifting process. Through the applying of the established model, this paper fully analyzes the process of the AT shifting. This paper drafts the proper oil pressure changing curve of the applying elements which can improve the AT shift quality, and gives the material calculated methods of the AG4 AT. This paper simulates the AG4 ATs shifting process of 2H to 3H.The results of the simulation validate the established simplified models and the expected oil pressure changing curve. This paper fully analyzes the mechanism of the pressure regulating and flow controlling system of the AG4 AT, and preparatory discusses the design of the block- diagram of the shift quality control. This paper test the control system and hydraulic system of the AG4 AT by the AT hydraulic-electronic testing-bed. The result of the test validates the correction of these analyses. Automated Mechanical Transmission, as so called AMT, is a new-style transmission system. AMT technology applies the automatic technology to the manual mechanical transmission and makes the selection-gear, shift, clutch and throttle implement automatically. AMT technology is suitable for the situation of our country, and has an expansive market and development foreground. Shift schedules decide the time to shift and are the soul of the AMT. When the AMT is working, by comparing the states of the vehicle with the optimal shift schedules, the AMT decides the optimal shift time and achieves the shift automatically. This will lessen the tiredness of the driver and improve the safety. At the same time, the power and fuel-economy of the vehicle can also be improved. The author chooses the shift schedule as the key technology problem to be researched and the main study aim of this thesis is to get the optimal shift schedules for the AMT and so improve the power and fuel-economy of the vehicle. Through analyzing the influence factors of power and fuel-economy for the automobile, the author get the establishment methods for the optimal-power shift schedule and optimal fuel-economy shift schedule. In order to solve the influence of mass on the shift schedule, the author presents a variable-structure-controlled shift system. This enriches the theory of shift schedules. Because the computer simulation can save a lot of - 2 - manpower and material resources comparing with the true-car test, so in this thesis, the author uses the simulation toolbox MATLAB/Simulate to setup the simulation model for shift schedules. Using this model, the optimal-power shift schedule and optimal fuel-economy shift schedule above are simulated and proved to be reasonable. Shifting performance is defined as the extent of swiftness and softness during the procedure of non-power shifting and to extend the life of the power train. The index is comfort of passenger, time duration and shock, nine factors maybe influence the shifting performance, and two experimental methods can be used to investigate the nature of this performance: one is collecting real-time data during road experiment and analyzing them, the other is the simulation of the operation conditions of the vehicle. The core of the AMT system is the control strategy, the principle of the clutch engagement, shifting procedure, the choice of control method and the CAN communication between TCU and ECU can influence the shifting performance. Shifting schedule is the schedule of auto shifting time between two shifts with controlling parameters. It includes economical and dynamical shifting schedule. At present, shifting schedule of two controlling parameters (vehicle speed and opening on throttle) is mainly used. If shifting schedule is not good, shifting will not happen at right time and the working condition of engine will be severe. It will make the sound of engine abnormally and stability badly through the whole shifting procession. Sometimes even flame out Schedule of clutch engagement is determined by releasing journey of clutch, opening of throttle, shifting, vehicle speed and loading. The main Controlling goals are engaging quantity and engaging speed. The engaging control of clutch is mainly referred to the control of engaging speed. It is divided into three stages: fast, slow, fast. Shifting quality is directly influenced by the second stage. If engaging harder, it will make shifting concussion, even flame out; if engaging more slowly, it will make the friction time longer and reduce its longevity. The main controlling parameters are difference between initiative and passive and torques on both sides. When torques being approximately equal, it is proved by experiments that it can guarantee shifting time and not make concussion through the procession of engagement at the time of difference of rotating speed below some value. Meanwhile, the abrasion of clutch is not severe. - 3 - Shifting procedure is the procedure through working harmoniously among engine, clutch and transmission. Their cooperation will affect shifting time heavily. In order to decrease the shifting time, the time that is spent on the friction of the clutch should be decreased first. If we intend to increase the time of non-load stage, which helps to minimize the difference of the rotary speed between the driving disc and the driven disc. If we intend to shorten the time of the non-load stage, engage the clutch immediately after the gear change. The clutch can engage in a satisfying period if the new method of controlling the engaging speed of the clutch is realizable. And the time that is spent on synchronizing the gears should also be shortened. It can be realized in the following two ways. The first is to decrease the difference of the driving gear and the driven gear. The second is to increase the shifting force. If realizing the union control between ECU and TCU by CAN bus, AMT has the best control and the best shifting performance by use of communication strategy between TCU and ECU. Influence on shifting performance by hardware The elements in hardware system are the basis of proper functions of AMT. Executors, sensors, electronic components, hydraulic systems have influences on shifting performance, the choice of hardware parameters is of vital important to improvement of shifting performance. With the development of the theory and technology of vehicle, the technical increasingly mature of microprocessor and the extensive application of electronic technique on the car, people have no limit at satisfying the automotive means of transportation only, facing gradually from the request of the car power, economy and easily manipulating, flexibility, safety, an d the intelligent type of car becomes the focus in the vision of people increasingly. Companys publicity slogan of person, car, life, make people the center etc. On the side exhibit the expectation of people to the automotive individuation, humanity. In the development direction of the car intelligence, the intelligence of the automatic gearbox has important effect. But the intelligence of the automatic gearbox embodies at the establishment of the shift regulation. For the fashion, for satisfying people to the new automotive request, for competitive advantage of the car type, at present, each big factory in world worked very much in shift regulation of new car type. - 4 - Among those, the most arresting is AL4 automatic gearbox developed by PEUGEOT/CITROEN and RENAULT in that there unexpectedly are the 10 kinds of so many shift regulations. In the big system of person car road, the good and bad of the car control, reflect primarily in the coordination of the vehicle and environment (road), the coordination of the vehicle and person. And so, the electronic automatic control system can save various regulations to provide the driver to choose to use, not only having the economic regulation, motive (call to sport the type again) regulation, but also still having the general (usual) regulation, environment temperature and regulation with the outsider condition variety etc. Namely, the point of shifting can be freely enacted for every kind of regulation. In the intelligence direction of the shift regulation, everyone has made much work up to now, parts of the results has been applied on the car. But the work that developing this intelligent shift regulation still is hard, this is mainly because of: 1. The intelligence degree of the current intelligent gearbox needs to be increased, and it expresses at that accurate degree to identify environment is not high and to identify the drivers driving cant give satisfaction. 2. The intelligence function is still not perfect. The intelligent automatically shift system is an open system; it must be continuously perfect and plentiful on the current foundation. Only this way, it can adapt to the driving request of the different drivers, reducing the drivers labor strength, increasing the performance of the whole vehicle. Conventional design method which used in the structure parameters design of automobile gear box and synchronizer is a time-wasting job and hard work, and it is difficult to get idea design parameters and no good to the enhancement of products qualities. The optimum design of automobile gearbox and synchronizer which take the advantage of computers seeking the best structure parameters within constrains is a perfect and high-quality design method. The main target of this article is to set up a optimum mathematical model of structure parameters of the trucks gearbox and synchronizer, the auth or use a optimum method based on K-T equation to improve the design level of automobile gearbox and synchronizer. Gear box is a important part of transmission, so the optimization of automobile gearbox is very important because the transmission is a main part of automobile. According to the design request and - 5 - character sofa sort of truck, the optimum mathematical model of trucks gearbox is analyzed and set up in this article to decrease its weight and volume when the strength, stiffness, and lifetime of parts are permitted. And we can receive a satisfaction result through optimizing its parameter for instance. Synchronizer is a important part of automobile gearbox, it make drive gear and driven gear engaged after their synchronized, so it can decrease engaged shock and noise, it can decrease shift forcing and make it comfort to gear shift and increase the life of synchronizer. The synchronized process of synchronizer is analyzed in this article; we can receive a satisfaction result through optimizing its influence parameter for instance when the synchronized time is the shortest. The optimum toolbox of MATLAB is a convenient of ware of modern optimization with fast speed and powerful function. The algorithms of different mathematical subsets are divided into different librarians in the form of functions in MATLAB optimum toolbox. When we use them, we just call the functions and give special parameters to solve the problems and this will be fast and accurate. The author gives an optimum design for automobile gearbox and synchronizer by using the optimum toolbox of MATLAB and receives a satisfaction result. 自動變速器換檔規(guī)律的研究 車輛自動變速器通常分為液力機械式自動變速器（簡稱AT）、電控機械式自 動變速器（簡稱AMT）和機械式無級變速器（簡稱CVT）。AMT以其傳動效率高、 成本低和易于制造等優(yōu)點成為一種具有極具發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ淖詣幼兯倨?。AMT 換檔品 質的研究則是AMT技術體系研究中關鍵的一環(huán)，換檔品質的好壞真接影響到AMT產 業(yè)化進程及在市場上的競爭能力。 AMT有很好的市場前景，但由于AMT 的換檔過程必需切斷動力，所以其換檔 品質較AT和CVT要差一些。只有提高AMT的換檔品質，使之接近或超過AT、CVT的 換檔品質，方能在市場上形成競爭力。所以對AMT換檔品質的研究就成為AMT 技 術體系研究中關鍵的一環(huán)。 AMT發(fā)展分為三個階段：半自動的SAMT階段、全自動階段和智能階段。AMT - 6 - 結構分為硬件和軟件兩部分，硬件系統(tǒng)包括被控對象、執(zhí)行機構、傳感器、TCU 等；軟件系統(tǒng)由實現(xiàn)控制策略的軟件組成。 自動變速器(AT)的換檔性能的優(yōu)劣對整車性能有很大的影響。自動變速器換 檔品質問題研究是自動變速箱研究領域中的一個重要研究課題。換檔品質的控制 通過電液系統(tǒng)來完成?？刂破鞲鶕?jù)實時的油門開度、車速等信號，發(fā)出操縱指令 控制換檔結合元件的油壓變化規(guī)律，實現(xiàn)平穩(wěn)換檔。本文對自動變速器的換檔品 質控制系統(tǒng)、換檔過程結合元件油壓變化規(guī)律進行了較深入的分析和研究。 文中首先對換檔品質的現(xiàn)有評價方法和指標進行了分析和總結，并對現(xiàn)有AT 換檔品質的控制方式進行了較為全面的介紹和分析。 提出了一種自動變速器換檔過程分析的等效力學模型和發(fā)動機一變矩器動力 學簡化模型，以適應車輛起步、換檔實時控制研究的需要。應用所建立的數(shù)學模 型，對自動變速器的換檔過程進行了詳細的分析。 制定了適當?shù)膿Q檔過渡過程結合元件的油壓變化規(guī)律，可改變自動變速器的 換檔品質。對AG4自動變速箱的油壓控制給出了具體的計算方法。可改善自動變 速器的換檔品以AG4自動變速箱2H檔到3H檔為例進行了模擬仿真，仿真的結果對 所建立的簡化模型和提出的期望油壓規(guī)律進行了驗證。 詳細分析了AG4液壓操縱系統(tǒng)的供油調壓和換檔品質控制工作原理。并對換 檔品質控制的框圖設計做了初步的探討。利用自動變速器電液控制試驗臺對AG4 自動變速箱的控制系統(tǒng)和液壓系統(tǒng)進行了測試。通過試驗驗證了本文所建立的數(shù) 學模型及其分析結論。 電控機械式自動變速器(Automated Mechanical Transmission, AMT)是一種 新型的自動變速系統(tǒng)，其通過對手動固定軸式變速器和干式摩擦離合器的自動化 改造從而實現(xiàn)了選檔、換檔以及離合器和油門的自動操縱。AMT技術適合我國國 情，有著廣泛的市場和發(fā)展前途。換檔規(guī)律是電控機械式自動變速器的靈魂，它 是判斷換檔時機的依據(jù)。在應用中，通過將采集的車輛行駛狀態(tài)與換檔規(guī)律相對 比，從而判斷是否達到最佳的換檔點并自動執(zhí)行換檔操作，這樣大大減輕了駕駛 員的疲勞，提高行駛安全，同時使整車具有較好的動力性及燃油經濟性。本論文 選擇電控機械式自動變速器換檔規(guī)律這一關鍵性問題作為研究對象，研究目的是 為AMT制定最佳的換檔規(guī)律以提高車輛的動力性和燃油經濟性。通過對影響車輛 動力性和燃油經濟性的因素進行分析，本論文推導了最佳動力性和最佳燃油經濟 性換檔規(guī)律的制定方法。為解決質量影響問題，提出了一種變結構的最佳換檔系 - 7 - 統(tǒng)，豐富了換檔規(guī)律理論。鑒于計算機仿真技術與實車測試相比可以節(jié)省大量的 人力物力，本論文在進行換檔規(guī)律的設計中，采用MATLAB/Simulate仿真工具箱 建立了最佳換檔規(guī)律的仿真模型，利用此仿真模型對制定的最佳動力性和最佳燃 油經濟性換檔規(guī)律進行仿真，仿真結果表明本論文所建立的換檔規(guī)律是合理的。 換檔品質是指在保證動力傳動系統(tǒng)壽命的前提下，能夠迅速、平穩(wěn)換檔的程 度，其評價的指標主要是舒適性，量化指標包括換檔時間和沖擊度。換檔品質的 影響因素包括軟、硬件兩方面九大因素，并且可用兩種實驗方法對換檔品質進行 研究，一種是整車道路實驗實時采集數(shù)據(jù)進行分析；第二種方法就是通過做模擬 整車工況的臺架實驗。 AMT的控制策略是AMT控制的全部控制思想，控制策略里換檔規(guī)律、離合器結 合規(guī)律、換檔時序、控制方法的選擇、以及近來比較熱門的通過CAN總線實現(xiàn)的 TCU和ECU通訊策略都對檔品質有影響，控制策略制訂得是否合理，將直接決定 AMT 的換檔品質。 換檔規(guī)律是指兩排檔間自動換檔時刻隨控制參數(shù)變化的規(guī)律，包括經濟性和 動力性換檔規(guī)律。目前汽車上多用兩控制參數(shù)（車速和油門開度）的換檔規(guī)律。 換檔規(guī)律沒做好，就會使汽車在不該換檔的時候換檔，該換檔的時候不換檔，使 發(fā)動機工況嚴重不好，造成整個換檔過程中發(fā)動機聲音的異常和平順性的不良， 有時還可能使發(fā)動機熄火。離合器結合規(guī)律受離合器釋放行程、油門開度、發(fā)動 機轉速、檔位和車速、載荷等素影響，主要控制目標是結合量和結合速度。而離 合器接合控制主要指接合速度的控制，大體上分快、慢、快三個階段。其中直接 影響換檔品質的是第二階段，如果接合過快將造成換檔沖擊，甚至熄火；若過慢 將使離合器滑磨時間過長，有損其壽命。控制的參數(shù)主要是離合器主從動片轉速 差及兩邊扭矩值,實驗表明在扭矩值大致相同，轉速差小于一定值時接合離合器 既能保證換檔時間又不會產生沖擊，離合器磨損也不太嚴重。 換檔時序是發(fā)動機、離合器、變速器三者協(xié)調動作的時序 ,它們的配合情況 對換檔時間有很大的影響。減小換擋時間最重要的是盡可能地縮小離合器滑摩時 間。如果延長空載階段時間，將減小離合器主從動盤轉速差。有利于縮短滑摩時 間。如果盡可能縮短空載時間，掛上新?lián)鹾罅⒓唇雍想x合器，如果離合器接合速 度控制的新方法可行，也可以在較短的時間內完成離合器的接合。其次是減小齒 輪同步時間，這可以通過兩種方式實現(xiàn)：1.減小齒輪間轉速差；2.增大換擋力。 運用TCU和ECU通訊策略，通過CAN總線實現(xiàn)發(fā)動機和變速器之間的聯(lián)合控制， - 8 - AMT能夠達到最優(yōu)控制，獲得最理想的換檔品質。 硬件系統(tǒng)元器件性能對換檔品質的影響： 硬件系統(tǒng)元器件實現(xiàn)AMT功能的基礎，硬件系統(tǒng)里執(zhí)行機構、傳感器、電子 元器件、液壓系統(tǒng)等都對換檔品質有影響，硬件參數(shù)的選擇對AMT換檔品質的提 高是至關重要的。 伴隨汽車理論技術的發(fā)展，微處理器的技術的日益成熟和電子技術在汽車上 的廣泛應用，人們已經不再只局限于滿足汽車的代步功能，對汽車動力性、經濟 性的要求逐步向易操縱性、機動性、安全性轉移，智能型汽車日益成為人們目光 中的焦點。商家的“人、車、生活”,“以人為本”等宣傳口號也側面體現(xiàn)了人 們對汽車的個性化、人性化的期望。 在汽車智能化的發(fā)展方向上，自動變速器的智能化占有重要一席。而自動變 速器的智能化又集中體現(xiàn)在換擋規(guī)律的制定上。為順應潮流，為滿足人們對汽車 的新要求，加強各自車型的競爭優(yōu)勢，目前，世界各大廠商在新車型的換擋規(guī)律 上大做文章，最引人注意的是標致雪鐵龍集團和雷諾公司開發(fā)的AL4 自動變速 器竟內置了10 種換擋規(guī)律之多。在人車路的大系統(tǒng)中，汽車控制的優(yōu)劣， 主要反映在車輛與環(huán)境（路）的協(xié)調、車輛與人的協(xié)調，故電子自動控制系統(tǒng)可 存儲多種規(guī)律供駕駛員選用，不僅有經濟性規(guī)律、動力性（又稱運動型）規(guī)律， 而且還有一般（日常）規(guī)律、環(huán)境溫度以及隨外界條件變化的規(guī)律等。 即換擋 點可以自由設定為各種規(guī)律。在換擋規(guī)律智能化的方向上，各方面至今已作了不 少的工作，其中部分成果已開始在汽車上應用。但是開發(fā)此項智能換擋規(guī)律的工 作依然艱巨，這主要因為： 1.現(xiàn)有的智能變速器的智能程度有待提高，它表現(xiàn)在對環(huán)境的識別判斷的準 確度不高，對駕駛員的意圖識別不能令人滿意。 2.智能功能還不完善。智能自動變速系統(tǒng)是開放的系統(tǒng)，它應在現(xiàn)有的基礎 上不斷完善、豐富，只有這樣才能適應不同駕駛員的駕駛要求，減少駕駛員的 勞動強度，提高汽車的整體性能。適應駕駛員個性的換擋規(guī)律是研究項目中 的重要一項，為了使汽車能夠在選換擋時體現(xiàn)不同駕駛員的風格特點，適應不同 駕駛員的對加速的不同要求，前人工作的基礎上對適應駕駛員風格的換擋規(guī)律作 了較為深入的研究，對駕駛員的駕駛意圖、風格特點提出了新的識別策略，并系 統(tǒng)地提出了換擋智能調整控制的解決方案。 傳統(tǒng)設計方法設計汽車變速器與同步器結構參數(shù)是一項非常費時和艱苦的工 - 9 - 作，而且難以求得較理想的設計參數(shù)，不利于產品性能的提高。變速器與同步器 的優(yōu)化設計則可利用計算機在約束域內按預定目標高速有效地優(yōu)選出最佳的結構 參數(shù)，是一種理想的高質量的設計方法。研究的主要目標是建立一個載貨汽車變 速器與同步器結構參數(shù)的優(yōu)化設計數(shù)學模型，采用基于K-T(Kuhn-Tucker)方程解 的方法進行優(yōu)化計算，以期提高汽車變速器與同步器的設計水平。汽車傳動系是 汽車的主要組成部分，變速器又是傳動系的重要部件，因此汽車變速器的優(yōu)化設 計十分重要。以輕型載貨汽車為例，根據(jù)汽車變速器的設計要求與特點，在保證 零件的強度、剛度、使用壽命等條件下，以減少重量和體積作為追求目標，分析 建立了載貨汽車變速器優(yōu)化設計的數(shù)學模型，并通過實例對其進行了參數(shù)優(yōu)化， 獲得了滿意的設計效果。 同步器是汽車變速器的重要部件，它使變速器主、從動部分同步后再接合， 從而減少接合沖擊和噪聲，減輕換檔力，使換檔平順，從而延長了變速器的壽命。 通過對同步器同步過程的分析，在保證同步時間最短的前提下，對影響同步性能 的參數(shù)進行了優(yōu)化計算，獲得了滿意的設計效果。MATLAB 的優(yōu)化工具箱，是現(xiàn)代 優(yōu)化設計中的一個很方便的軟件，運算速度快，功能強大。它將不同數(shù)學分支的 算法以函數(shù)的形式分類成庫，使用時直接調用這些函數(shù)并賦予實際參數(shù)就可以解 決問題，快速而且準確。可以通過實例運用 MATLAB 優(yōu)化工具箱對某汽車變速器 與同步器結構參數(shù)進行優(yōu)化設計，取得了滿意的設計效果。