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重 慶 理 工 大 學(xué)
畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）任務(wù)書
題目 真空加熱式高效凈油機設(shè)計
（任務(wù)起止日期 2013年 2月 25 日～2013年 6月 14 日）
機械工程 學(xué)院機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化專業(yè) 109040202班
學(xué)生姓名 涂成康 學(xué) 號 10904020226
指導(dǎo)教師 系 主 任
二級學(xué)院院長
課題內(nèi)容：
1． 凈油機總體方案設(shè)計；
2． 裝備的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計，繪制總裝圖；
3． 過濾加熱裝置設(shè)計及裝配圖繪制；
4． .加熱器機構(gòu)零件圖繪制；
5． 建立真空凈油機的三維模型。
課題任務(wù)要求：
1. 查閱文獻不少于20篇，完成開題報告，文獻綜述不少于3000字，翻譯與課題相關(guān)的外文資料不少于1萬個字符。
2. 提交一份電子檔案交與老師，包括任務(wù)書、開題報告、文獻綜述、外文翻譯、畢業(yè)論文。
3. 做好真空凈油機的調(diào)研工作，了解真空凈油機發(fā)展趨勢和發(fā)明專利。
4. 完成真空凈油機的總裝設(shè)計，過濾加熱裝置的設(shè)計。
5. 利用Solidworks對真空凈油機進行三維建模三維建模，完成后交與老師修改。
6. 按要求用計算機繪制裝配圖、零件圖、并用A0、A1、A2紙張打印。
主要參考文獻（由指導(dǎo)教師選定）
[1] 濮良貴，紀名剛. 機械設(shè)計. 7版. 北京：高等教育出版社，2001.
[2] 孫桓，陳作模. 機械原理[M]. 6版. 北京：北京高等教育出版社，2001.
[3] 王霄. 逆向工程技術(shù)及其應(yīng)用. 北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2004.
[4] 威·胡勃卡著. 劉偉烈，刁元康譯.工程設(shè)計原理. 機械工業(yè)出版社，1982.
[5] 馮辛安. 機械制造裝備設(shè)計[M]. 北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，1999.
[6] 何存興，張鐵華. 液傳動與氣壓傳動[M]. 第二版. 武漢：華中科技大學(xué)出版社，2000.
[7] 王先逵. 機械制造工藝學(xué). 北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，1995.
[8] 劉全忠. 電子技術(shù)[M]. 2版. 北京：高等教育出版社，2004.
同組者 無
注：1、任務(wù)書由指導(dǎo)教師填寫；
2、任務(wù)書在第七學(xué)期期末下達給學(xué)生
學(xué)生完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）工作進度計劃表
序號
畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）工作任務(wù)
工 作 進 度 日 程 安 排
周次
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
查閱資料
2
完成開題報告、任務(wù)書、文獻綜述和外文翻譯
3
結(jié)構(gòu)初步設(shè)計、三維建模
4
完成結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計，局部設(shè)計，繪制零件圖
5
繪制裝配圖，完成論文初稿
6
論文初稿審核、修改后定稿
7
論文定稿并由老師審核，準備畢業(yè)答辯（5月31日前結(jié)束全部設(shè)計，資料交指導(dǎo)老師）
8
準備畢業(yè)答辯及資料整理
注：1、此表由指導(dǎo)教師填寫；
2、此表每個學(xué)生一份，作為畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）檢查工作進度之依據(jù)；
3、進度安排用“—”在相應(yīng)位置畫出。
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注：1、此表由指導(dǎo)教師認真填寫（要求手寫）；
2、“組織紀律”一欄根據(jù)學(xué)生具體執(zhí)行情況如實填寫；
3、“完成任務(wù)情況”一欄按學(xué)生是否按進度保質(zhì)保量完成任務(wù)的情況填寫；
4、對違紀和不能按時完成任務(wù)者，指導(dǎo)教師可根據(jù)情節(jié)輕重對該生提出警告或不能參加答辯的建議。
重 慶 理 工 大 學(xué)
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計（論文）英文翻譯
題目 真空加熱式高效凈油機設(shè)計
二級學(xué)院 機械工程學(xué)院
專 業(yè) 機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化班 級 109040202
姓 名 涂成康 學(xué) 號 10904020226
指導(dǎo)教師 系 主 任
時 間 2012年2月25日~2013年6月14日
Purification of design method and vacuum purifying oil engine lubricating oil
1.Foreword
Turbine oil (oil) on turbine generator is mainly used for lubrication and cooling speed, etc., for the steam turbine unit long-term operation, due to high pressure steam seal, motor shaft seal and other serious wear, band gap or steam pressure regulating improper, cause on phenomena, and oil cooler leakage, resulting in serious water turbine oil oily, appear murky or emulsified oil, accelerated aging, to produce soaps, colloid and organic and inorganic acid, reduce the stability and lubricating oil. At the same time, water and additive effect of oil could promote the decomposition, cause equipment corrosion. On the other hand, because the system external contaminants through shaft seal and various pore to enter, such as sand, dust, rust, carbon particle, and internalmetal wear particles, oil oxidation products, will also reduce the oil viscosity, anti - foam, destruction of oil film, increasing friction, wear of mechanical equipment, and may cause the speed control system block, failure, cause local overheating and even stuffy car. The formation of sludge pipeline emulsified oil may also deposit in the speed control, circulation system, the operation of oil, can not flow smoothly, no lubrication, cooling speed, good effect. Therefore, the turbine oil is good or bad, directly affect the safe and economic operation of the unit.
Transformer oil after several years of operation, due to various reasons, the quality deterioration, oil oxidation, color depth, water, clay, free carbon, acid value, viscosity, mechanical impurities will exceed the standard, the potential danger of transformer. Processing methods commonly used are: power off, stop, change new oil.
However, the rapid economic development and energy is very scarce in China, a new oil is obviously not the economy. Therefore, this article will explore the oil processing method, and introduces a high efficiency oil machine apparatus and process.
2. Lubricating oil processing method
Currently the oil regeneration purification method there are 7 ways
2.1Gravity settling barrier method
This method is primarily used to remove large proportion, larger particles of impurities in oil, as well as water intake is very serious in making coarse purification, purification measures must be complemented with other purification methods.
2.2Pressure filtration method
The Act, also known as mechanical filtration. Traditional plate-and-frame type filter, which uses oil pump pressure pressure difference of formation on both sides of filter paper, when waste oil through filter paper, impurities and water filter. But inefficient operations, used dosage in big trouble. High cost breakdown voltage increase is less obvious. Dewatering capacity depends entirely on the degree of dry filter paper, do not bake before throwing, or do not change the filter paper. Filter paper will promptly with the balance of water in the oil State, that is a saturation, even water release to diesel.
2.3 Centrifugal separation method
This method use proportion in waste oil, water impurities in different. Under the centrifugal force produced by the high speed rotation of the oil-water separation, to purify the purpose of impurity. This method is not high, the requirements of water heavy waste turbine oil, hydraulic oil, lubricating oil can be used as a pretreatment, high efficiency. But it can not remove dissolved water purification, and less pressure filter. Only the centrifuge is used as a coarse filter device.
2.4Vacuum separation method
It makes use of oil and water boiling point difference exists, so that the oil atomization or form oil film in vacuum and under certain temperature, the moisture evaporation, removal of water in oil, gas, and filter out impurities. The performance, efficiency of vacuum oil purifier, because the structure of many, each are not identical. High efficiency equipment to a new generation of volume, power consumption is very small is gradually replacing the traditional vacuum oil purifier.
2.5Condensation purification method
It makes use of waste oil flowing through the high pressure (10 ~ 40kV) DC electric field, polar molecules such as water, oil, acid components, sludge, size ion polarity material will be charged, polar and incentive, thus using electrostatic attraction electrochemical, making them adsorption and aggregation, off the impurities, and oil pure and is not easy to absorb, under the action of the oil pressure can be forced through the electric field, so that the purpose of the present method but is rarely applied, the purification efficiency is low, high failure rate, repair difficulties.
2.6Electrostatic separation method
It uses the oil flowing to the high voltage ( 10 ~ 40kV ) DC electric field, polar molecules such as water, oil, acid components, sludge, size ion polarity material will be charged, polar and incentive, thus using electrostatic attraction electrochemical, making them adsorption and aggregation, off the impurities, and oil pure and is not easy to absorb, under the action of the oil pressure can be forced through the electric field, so that the purpose of the present method but is rarely applied, the purification efficiency is low, high failure rate, repair difficulties.
2.7 Purification and regeneration method
Regeneration method of purification and regeneration of adsorbents and chemical law, media law, including contact and percolation method.
Adsorbent of traditional method use of activated white clay, with larger active surface adsorption materials such as silica gel, acid component of waste oils, resins, asphaltenes, unsaturated hydrocarbons and water, there is a strong characteristic of adsorption capacity, make adsorbent full contact with the waste oil to remove harmful substances.
Contact media mix with the oil, will be restricted from oil regeneration process within equipment.
Infiltration law was forced through oil fitted with granular adsorbents (such as silica gel, particulate clay, alumina, and so on) does not require mixing, also charged handling of electrical equipment. Chemical regeneration process, first with sulfuric acid and oxidation products in the waste oils generated acid residue, and then contact Clay mixing process, or by using lye (sodium hydroxide standard solution) and acidic acidity of oils in the ingredients. Generated salts soluble in the caustic sludge formed in alkaline solution.
Lye removal, remaining a little salt water washed or treated with a white soil contact. Regeneration treatment suitable for more serious deterioration of oil, but oil containing more water and impurities, it should dehydrate, impurities before regeneration, regeneration after the strict application of pressurized oil to the filter, prevent sorbent particles are brought into the power device.
In addition, regeneration also can be a useful component in oil to get rid of, so the regeneration is completed should rejoin the antioxidant T501.
For oil degradation of more serious, only a chemical regeneration methods, but huge chemical regeneration equipment, complex, intensive, work efficiency, long life cycle, the energy consumption is high. Obvious. Dewatering capacity depends entirely on the degree of dry filter paper, do not bake before throwing, or do not change the filter paper. Filter paper will promptly with the balance of water in the oil State, that is a saturation, even water release to diesel.
3.Technical characteristics of vacuum oil purifier
General dewatering, degassing vacuum oil purifier and impurity removal function. Impurities by multistage mechanical filter to meet the requirement, and the moisture content in oil and gas separation many times over and over again find it more difficult to achieve the desired level of vacuum oil purifier is at the heart of separation of vacuum degassing and dewatering systems.
A separation effect of vacuum oil purifier, advantages and disadvantages of isolation tank efficiency largely depends on the performance and quality largely depends on the performance of oil separation tank in one of the forms. At present, the domestic vacuum oil purifier, its processed oil in the gas-liquid separation tank in existence can be summarized as 3.
Namely, fog-like volume, of oil film.
Simple volume and separation, it is characterized by the formation in oil separation tank full tank wall of overall State, when the space above the oil is pumped into the vacuum, water vapor from above only volatile, volatile small, inefficient.
Spray an improvement over the volume, when oil from the upper spray into the isolation tank, spray the granular form of volatile oil drop oil surface than an increase in the volume, but most of the water and the bubbles still being within the oil drops, essential effect is still poor.
Oil film shaped is will diesel injected tank within, tank within has many metal hole plate, makes oil liquid has opportunities in hole pull of surface formed thin oil film, to than Qian two species forms are increased has oil of surface area, but actually efficiency still lower, space utilization poor, volume large, often to repeatedly repeatedly filter, heating must is high, otherwise oil in the residual moisture difficult to quickly reached wanted to degree, oil also easy aging.
4. vacuum oil purifier
Vacuum oil purifier, high separation efficiency, is found in limited form in the vacuum tank oil film with a total area of bigger is better, followed by oil-film surface should be kept up to date, then there oil liquid film flow in a vacuum the longer the better, better ventilation and separator plates, easy removal of water vapour. For this, in the machine vacuum separation tank above first by spray type Distributor, will from infrared heater of hot oil uniform of Jet to upper separation Tower plate, dang just by plus and boiling to purification of pressure oil liquid by atomization distributor spray into steam liquid separation above Shi, first in collapsed metal network above space are fog shaped separation, due to into oil end atomization distributor of role, is easy formed than General particles more fine of uniform fog shaped, immediately oil filling is uniform to distribution to upper fine hole metal online. The rectangle as the collapse the network produces a lot of slope, oil form a very thin oil film on the slope first, while maintaining the high-vacuum tank, moisture in oil and bubbles easily are volatile, because surface is tilted, diesel continued downward at the same time, has the potential to roll accompanied by stirring, the oil surface has been updated. Separation efficiency at its best on the same slope, and thin metal mesh is made of very fine wires, there are numerous small holes through the holes, oil not only in surface flow formation on film, while soaked to the next surface, form a thin film on both sides, and good air permeability. Vaporization components can easily be pump, thanks to collapse so that it can be in the same volume much larger than conventional forms of the film (expanded) surface area. Between each level of folding NET lining into a metal hole, drill-intensive network of thin plate on top of the hole collapse played a supporting role, again on the next tier network to the redistribution of oil and damp mixing roles, both upper and lower surfaces forming a film. Thus, in situations not increasing overall dimensions, its could be added to the regular structure of the total area of more than 250% and tortuous collapse the network structure, the oil flow paths are complex and extended, so that the oil film in the vacuum holding time increased considerably, moisture in the oil and gas separation effect increases dramatically.
潤滑油提純方法與真空高效凈油機設(shè)計
1. 前言
汽輪機油(透平油)在汽輪發(fā)電機組中主要用于潤滑、調(diào)速和散熱冷卻等，對于長期運行的汽輪機組，由于高壓汽封、電機軸封等嚴重磨損，帶間隙或汽封壓力調(diào)節(jié)不當，引起串汽現(xiàn)象，以及冷油器泄漏，造成透平油嚴重含水，出現(xiàn)油質(zhì)渾濁不清或乳化，加速油質(zhì)老化，產(chǎn)生皂類、膠質(zhì)和有機與無機酸，降低油的穩(wěn)定性和潤滑價值[1]。同時，水分會與油中添加劑作用促使其分解，導(dǎo)致設(shè)備銹蝕。另一方面由于系統(tǒng)外污染物通過軸封和各種孔隙進入，如砂子、塵土、銹渣、碳粒，及內(nèi)部金屬磨損顆粒、油品氧化產(chǎn)物，也會降低油的粘度、抗泡沫性，破壞油膜、增大摩擦，磨損設(shè)備機件，并有可能導(dǎo)致調(diào)速系統(tǒng)卡塞、失靈，引起局部過熱甚至悶車。乳化油還有可能沉積于調(diào)速、循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的管路中，生成油泥，使運行油不能暢通流動，起不到良好的潤滑、調(diào)速、冷卻作用。因此，透平油的好壞，直接影響到機組的安全經(jīng)濟運行。
變壓器油經(jīng)過幾年運行后，由于各種原因，使油質(zhì)發(fā)生劣化，油液氧化、油色變深，水分、油泥、游離炭、酸值、機械雜質(zhì)、粘度等都超標，造成變壓器潛在的危險。常用的處理方法是：斷電、停產(chǎn)、換新油。
但是，對于經(jīng)濟高速發(fā)展而能源又相當緊缺的我國來說，換新油顯然是不經(jīng)濟的。為此，本文將探討油處理方法，并介紹一款高效凈油機裝置及其工藝。
2潤滑油處理方法[2]
目前國內(nèi)的油液再生凈化方法有以下7 種
2.1重力沉障法
此法主要用以除去油中比重較大、顆粒較大的雜質(zhì)，以及在進水很嚴重的情況下作粗凈化，必須要有其它凈化方法作為補充凈化措施。
2.2壓力過濾法
該法也稱機械過濾法。即傳統(tǒng)的板框式壓力過濾機，它利用油泵壓力在濾紙兩面形成壓差，使廢油通過濾紙時，將雜質(zhì)與水分濾去。但效率低操作麻煩、濾紙用量大。成本高，擊穿電壓提高不明顯。脫水能力完全取決于濾紙的干燥程度，使用前不烘烤，或不勤換濾紙。濾紙將會迅速與油中的含水達到平衡狀態(tài)，即出現(xiàn)飽和現(xiàn)象，甚至將水分釋放給油渣。
2.3離心分離法
此法利用廢油中的油、水雜質(zhì)的比重不同。在高速旋轉(zhuǎn)所產(chǎn)生的離心力作用下，使油水雜質(zhì)分開達到凈化目的。該法對要求不高、含水很重的廢透平油、液壓油、機械油可作預(yù)處理，效率較高。但它不能除去溶解的水分，并且凈化程度不如壓力式過濾機。離心分離機只能作為一種粗濾裝置。
2.4真空分離法
它利用油與水存在較大沸點差，使油在高真空和一定溫度下產(chǎn)生霧化或形成油膜，使水分汽化，脫除油中水分、氣體、并濾去雜質(zhì)。真空凈油機的性能、效率，因結(jié)構(gòu)很多，各不相同。新一代體積、能耗均很小的高效型設(shè)備正在逐漸取代傳統(tǒng)真空凈油機。
2.5凝聚凈化法
該法采用特殊過濾塔，以組合細小的，分散的水滴成大水滴，大水滴被阻留在塔內(nèi)。經(jīng)過逐漸匯集，最后落到分離室底部。這種方法主要用于含水較重的油液。并且一般不作為單獨的凈化手段使用。
2.6靜電分離法
它利用廢油流經(jīng)高壓(10 ~ 40kV )直流電場時，油中的極性分子，如水、酸性組分、油泥、大小離子等極性物質(zhì)將會帶電、分極和激勵，從而利用電化學(xué)的靜電引力，使它們吸附和聚集，把雜質(zhì)去掉，而純凈的油液不易吸附，在油壓作用下可強行通過電場，從而起到凈化目的但該法目前應(yīng)用還很少，效率偏低，故障率較高，維修困難。
2.7再生凈化法
再生凈化法又分吸附劑法和化學(xué)再生法，吸附劑法包括接觸法和滲濾法。傳統(tǒng)的吸附劑法利用活性白土，硅膠等具有較大活性表面的吸附材料，對廢油中的酸性成份、樹脂、瀝青質(zhì)，不飽和烴和水等有較強吸附能力的特點，使吸附劑與廢油充分接觸，除去有害物質(zhì)。
接觸法須將吸附劑與油進行攪拌，只適于從設(shè)備內(nèi)換出油液的再生處理。
滲濾法是強迫油液通過裝有顆粒狀吸附劑(如硅膠、顆粒白土、氧化鋁等)使用中不需要攪拌，也可對電力設(shè)備進行帶電處理。
化學(xué)再生法中，先用硫酸與廢油中的氧化產(chǎn)物作用生成酸渣，再用白土接觸攪拌處理，或先用堿液(常用氫氧化鈉溶液)中和酸性油中的酸性成份。生成的鹽類可溶于該堿液中形成堿渣。隨堿液一道排出，殘存的少許鹽類可用水洗滌去或用白土接觸處理。
再生處理適合于劣化較嚴重的油液，但對含水和含雜質(zhì)較多的油，還應(yīng)先進行脫水，除去雜質(zhì)后才能再生，再生完畢后，還應(yīng)用壓力式油機進行嚴格的過濾，以防吸附劑微粒被帶入電力設(shè)備。另外，由于再生的同時會將油中有用成分除掉，所以再生完畢應(yīng)重新加入T501抗氧化劑。
對于劣化比較嚴重的油，只能采用化學(xué)再生方法，但化學(xué)再生設(shè)備龐大，工藝復(fù)雜，勞動強度大，工效低，周期長，能耗高。
3.真空凈油機的技術(shù)特征
真空凈油機一般具有脫水、脫氣、除雜質(zhì)功能。雜質(zhì)一般經(jīng)多級機械過濾即可達到要求，而油液中所含水分和氣體反復(fù)分離多次也較難達到理想程度，所以真空凈油機的核心部分是真空脫氣脫水分離系統(tǒng)。一臺真空凈油機的分離效果好壞，效率高低主要取決于分離罐性能的優(yōu)劣，而分離罐的性能優(yōu)劣主要取決于油在其中的存在形式[4]。
目前，國內(nèi)的真空凈油機，其被處理油在氣液分離罐中的存在形式歸納起來為3種。即體積狀、霧狀、油膜狀。
其中體積狀分離工藝最簡單，它的特點是油在分離罐中形成充滿罐壁的整體狀態(tài)，油的上面空間被抽成真空時，水蒸汽僅從上面得到揮發(fā)，揮發(fā)面積很小，效率很低。
霧狀比體積狀有所改進，因油液從上部噴淋入分離罐時，噴淋形式的顆粒狀油滴使油液的揮發(fā)表面比體積狀有所增加，但大部份水與氣泡仍被封在油滴內(nèi)，揮發(fā)效果仍然很差。
油膜狀是將油渣注入罐內(nèi)，罐內(nèi)有很多金屬孔板，使得油液有機會在孔扳的表面形成薄油膜，從而比前兩種形式均增加了油的表面積，但實際上效率仍然較
低，空間利用率較差，體積大，往往要反復(fù)多次過濾，加溫必須很高，否則油中殘余含水量難于迅速達到想程度，油質(zhì)也易老化[5]。
4.高效真空凈油機
對于真空凈油機，要分離效率高，一是要在有限的真空罐內(nèi)形成的油膜總面積越大越好，其次是油膜表面要不斷更新，再就是油液的薄膜狀態(tài)在真空中流動時間越長越好，以及分離塔板的通氣性要好，易于脫除水蒸汽[6]。為此，在該機真空分離罐上方首先由噴霧式分配器，將來自紅外加熱器的熱油均勻的噴射到上層分離塔板，當剛經(jīng)加而沸騰待凈化的壓力油液經(jīng)霧化分配器噴入汽液分離上方時，首先在折疊金屬網(wǎng)上方空間得到霧狀分離，由于進油端霧化分配器的作用，很易形成比常規(guī)顆粒更細的均勻霧狀，緊接著油灌被均勻地分配到上層細孔金屬網(wǎng)上。由于折疊網(wǎng)形成大量的矩形斜面，油液首先在斜面上形成很薄的油膜，在保持高真空度的罐內(nèi)，油中水分和氣泡極易得到揮發(fā)，再因表面是傾斜的，使油渣在不斷向下流動的同時，有可能伴有翻滾攪拌作用，使油液表面不斷得到更新。分離效果在同一斜面上就處于最佳狀態(tài)，又由于薄金屬網(wǎng)由極細的金屬絲制成，有無數(shù)細微孔眼，通過這些小孔，油液不僅在上表面流動形成油膜，同時還浸透到下表面，形成雙面薄油膜，且透氣性較好。汽化成分很容易被抽除，由于采用了折疊形式，使其在相同容積內(nèi)可得到比常規(guī)形式大得多的油膜(展開)表面積。每兩層折疊網(wǎng)之間襯入一塊金屬孔盤，鉆有密集小孔的薄盤既對上層折疊網(wǎng)起到支承作用，又對下一層網(wǎng)起到油液再分配作用和阻尼攪拌作用，同時上下表面也形成了油膜[7]。因而在不增大整機體積情況下，其總面積可增到常規(guī)結(jié)構(gòu)的250%以上，再因曲折的折疊網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)，使油流路徑復(fù)雜且延長，從而使油膜在真空中保持時間大為增加，使油中水分與氣體的分離效果大大提高。
參考文獻
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