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編號(hào)
無錫太湖學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）
相關(guān)資料
題目： 十噸位橋式起重機(jī)小車運(yùn)行
機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
信機(jī) 系 模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造 專業(yè)
學(xué) 號(hào)： 0923253
學(xué)生姓名： 周 洲
指導(dǎo)教師： 陳炎冬 （職稱：講 師 ）
（職稱： ）
2013年5月25日
目 錄
一、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開題報(bào)告
二、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文資料翻譯及原文
三、學(xué)生“畢業(yè)論文（論文）計(jì)劃、進(jìn)度、檢查及落實(shí)表”
四、實(shí)習(xí)鑒定表
無錫太湖學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）
開題報(bào)告
題目： 十噸位橋式起重機(jī)小車運(yùn)
行機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
機(jī)電 系 模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造 專業(yè)
學(xué) 號(hào)： 0923253
學(xué)生姓名： 周 洲
指導(dǎo)教師： 陳炎冬（職稱：講 師 ）
（職稱： ）
2012年11月12日
課題來源
來源于生產(chǎn)實(shí)際
科學(xué)依據(jù)（包括課題的科學(xué)意義；國(guó)內(nèi)外研究概況、水平和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)；應(yīng)用前景等）
（1）課題科學(xué)意義
起重機(jī)械廣泛應(yīng)用于工礦企業(yè)、港口碼頭、車站倉庫、建筑工地、海洋開發(fā)、宇宙航行等各個(gè)工業(yè)部門，可以說陸地、海洋、空中、民用、軍用各個(gè)方面都有起重機(jī)械在進(jìn)行著有效的工作。
起重機(jī)械不僅可以作為輔助的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備，完成原料、半成品、產(chǎn)品的裝卸、搬運(yùn)，進(jìn)行機(jī)電設(shè)備的安裝、維修，而且它也是一些生產(chǎn)過程工藝操作中的必須設(shè)備，例如鋼鐵冶金生產(chǎn)中的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，從爐料準(zhǔn)備、加料到煉好的鋼水澆鑄成錠以及脫模取錠等。又例如原子能工業(yè)中的一些工藝操作等人所難達(dá)到之處，沒有起重機(jī)械，簡(jiǎn)直無法生產(chǎn)。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，在我國(guó)冶金、煤炭部門的機(jī)械設(shè)備總臺(tái)數(shù)或總重中，起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)械約占25％～65％。
起重機(jī)械與運(yùn)輸機(jī)械發(fā)展到現(xiàn)在，已經(jīng)成為合理組織成批大量生產(chǎn)和機(jī)械化流水作業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)，是現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)的重要標(biāo)志之一。在我國(guó)四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化的發(fā)展和各個(gè)工業(yè)部門機(jī)械化水平、勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率的提高中，起重機(jī)必將發(fā)揮更大的作用。
（2）國(guó)內(nèi)外橋式起重機(jī)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
A.國(guó)內(nèi)橋式起重機(jī)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
現(xiàn)如今國(guó)內(nèi)橋式起重機(jī)已經(jīng)發(fā)生了重大的變化，且正向國(guó)際化并軌。
a.機(jī)械的結(jié)構(gòu)，減輕自重；
b. 分引進(jìn)國(guó)外先進(jìn)技術(shù);
c. 大型化發(fā)展。
B.國(guó)外橋式起重機(jī)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
目前國(guó)外橋式起重機(jī)的技術(shù)已達(dá)到成熟階段，隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展正逐步走向完善。
a. 簡(jiǎn)化設(shè)備結(jié)構(gòu)，減輕自重，降低生產(chǎn)成本；
b. 更新零部件，提高整機(jī)性能；
c. 設(shè)備大型化；
d. 機(jī)械化運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)的組合應(yīng)用。
（3）應(yīng)用前景
橋式起重機(jī)是現(xiàn)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)和起重運(yùn)輸中實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)過程機(jī)械化、自動(dòng)化得重要工具和設(shè)備。所以橋式起重機(jī)在室內(nèi)外工礦企業(yè)、鋼鐵化工、鐵路交通、港口碼頭以及物流周轉(zhuǎn)等部門和場(chǎng)所得到廣泛的應(yīng)用。
研究?jī)?nèi)容
① 熟悉起重機(jī)械的發(fā)展歷程，特別是近十幾年來國(guó)內(nèi)外起重機(jī)械特別是橋式起重機(jī)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)；
② 熟練掌握橋式起重機(jī)的工作原理和方法；
③ 熟練掌握小車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)的工作原理；
④ 能夠熟練使用AutoCAD軟件繪制小車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)的裝配圖和零件圖；
⑤ 熟練使用AutoCAD提供的圖形用戶界面。
擬采取的研究方法、技術(shù)路線、實(shí)驗(yàn)方案及可行性分析
（1）實(shí)驗(yàn)方案
小車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)分兩種：一種是減速器在中間，另一種是減速器在一側(cè)。小車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)是減速器位于小車中間，這種方式使小車減速器的輸出軸及傳動(dòng)軸所承受的扭矩比較均勻。
減速器在小車一側(cè)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)是安裝和維修比較方便。小車的被動(dòng)輪與大車被動(dòng)輪一樣獨(dú)立運(yùn)行。
對(duì)這兩種小車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)做性能的對(duì)比試驗(yàn)。
（2）研究方法
① 在同樣工作條件下，分析兩個(gè)小車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)的工作狀況的差別。
② 在不同的工作條件下，對(duì)同一個(gè)小車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)做不同工況下的對(duì)比，分析重構(gòu)圖像。
研究計(jì)劃及預(yù)期成果
研究計(jì)劃：
2012年11月12日-2012年12月25日：按照任務(wù)書要求查閱論文相關(guān)參考資料，填寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開題報(bào)告書。
2013年1月11日-2013年3月5日：填寫畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告。
2013年3月8日-2013年3月14日：按照要求修改畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開題報(bào)告。
2013年3月15日-2013年3月21日：學(xué)習(xí)并翻譯一篇與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)的英文材料。
2013年3月22日-2013年4月11日：編寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書。
2013年4月12日-2013年4月25日：設(shè)計(jì)小車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)和相關(guān)零件的圖紙。
2013年4月26日-2013年5月25日：畢業(yè)論文的總體撰寫和修改工作。
預(yù)期成果：
完成對(duì)QD型雙梁10t橋式起重機(jī)小車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)。
特色或創(chuàng)新之處
采用固定某些參量、改變某些參量來研究問題的方法，思路清晰，簡(jiǎn)潔明了，行之有
效。
已具備的條件和尚需解決的問題
① 實(shí)驗(yàn)方案思路比較明確，已經(jīng)初步具備橋式起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)方面的知識(shí)。
②需要對(duì)橋式起重機(jī)及其運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)更進(jìn)一步的研究和設(shè)計(jì)改善。
指導(dǎo)教師意見
指導(dǎo)教師簽名：
年 月 日
教研室（學(xué)科組、研究所）意見
該生查閱了大量的相關(guān)資料，設(shè)計(jì)方案合理，同意開題。
教研室主任簽名：
年 月 日
系意見
主管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)簽名：
年 月 日
The Use and History of Crane
Every time we see a crane in action we remains without words, these machines are sometimes really huge, taking up tons of material hundreds of meters in height. We watch with amazement and a bit of terror, thinking about what would happen if the load comes off or if the movement of the crane was wrong. It is a really fascinating system, surprising both adults and children. These are especially tower cranes, but in reality there are plenty of types and they are in use for centuries. The cranes are formed by one or more machines used to create a mechanical advantage and thus move large loads. Cranes are equipped with a winder, a wire rope or chain and sheaves that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally. It uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage and thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a human. Cranes are commonly employed in the transport industry for the loading and unloading of freight, in the construction industry for the movement of materials and in the manufacturing industry for the assembling of heavy equipment.
1. Overview
The first construction cranes were invented by the Ancient Greeks and were powered by men or beasts of burden, such as donkeys. These cranes were used for the construction of tall buildings. Larger cranes were later developed, employing the use of human treadwheels, permitting the lifting of heavier weights. In the High Middle Ages, harbor cranes were introduced to load and unload ships and assist with their construction – some were built into stone towers for extra strength and stability. The earliest cranes were constructed from wood, but cast iron and steel took over with the coming of the Industrial Revolution.
For many centuries, power was supplied by the physical exertion of men or animals, although hoists in watermills and windmills could be driven by the harnessed natural power. The first 'mechanical' power was provided by steam engines, the earliest steam crane being introduced in the 18th or 19th century, with many remaining in use well into the late 20th century. Modern cranes usually use internal combustion engines or electric motors and hydraulic systems to provide a much greater lifting capability than was previously possible, although manual cranes are still utilized where the provision of power would be uneconomic.
Cranes exist in an enormous variety of forms – each tailored to a specific use. Sizes range from the smallest jib cranes, used inside workshops, to the tallest tower cranes, used for constructing high buildings. For a while, mini - cranes are also used for constructing high buildings, in order to facilitate constructions by reaching tight spaces. Finally, we can find larger floating cranes, generally used to build oil rigs and salvage sunken ships. This article also covers lifting machines that do not strictly fit the above definition of a crane, but are generally known as cranes, such as stacker cranes and loader cranes.
2. History
Ancient Greece
The crane for lifting heavy loads was invented by the Ancient Greeks in the late 6th century BC. The archaeological record shows that no later than c.515 BC distinctive cuttings for both lifting tongs and lewis irons begin to appear on stone blocks of Greek temples. Since these holes point at the use of a lifting device, and since they are to be found either above the center of gravity of the block, or in pairs equidistant from a point over the center of gravity, they are regarded by archaeologists as the positive evidence required for the existence of the crane.
The introduction of the winch and pulley hoist soon lead to a widespread replacement of ramps as the main means of vertical motion. For the next two hundred years, Greek building sites witnessed a sharp drop in the weights handled, as the new lifting technique made the use of several smaller stones more practical than of fewer larger ones. In contrast to the archaic period with its tendency to ever-increasing block sizes, Greek temples of the classical age like the Parthenon invariably featured stone blocks weighing less than 15-20 tons. Also, the practice of erecting large monolithic columns was practically abandoned in favor of using several column drums.
Although the exact circumstances of the shift from the ramp to the crane technology remain unclear, it has been argued that the volatile social and political conditions of Greece were more suitable to the employment of small, professional construction teams than of large bodies of unskilled labor, making the crane more preferable to the Greek polis than the more labor-intensive ramp which had been the norm in the autocratic societies of Egypt or Assyria.
The first unequivocal literary evidence for the existence of the compound pulley system appears in the Mechanical Problems (Mech. 18, 853a32-853b13) attributed to Aristotle (384-322 BC), but perhaps composed at a slightly later date. Around the same time, block sizes at Greek temples began to match their archaic predecessors again, indicating that the more sophisticated compound pulley must have found its way to Greek construction sites by then.
Ancient Rome
The heyday of the crane in ancient times came during the Roman Empire, when construction activity soared and buildings reached enormous dimensions. The Romans adopted the Greek crane and developed it further. We are relatively well informed about their lifting techniques, thanks to rather lengthy accounts by the engineers Vitruvius (De Architectura 10.2, 1-10) and Heron of Alexandria (Mechanica 3.2-5). There are also two surviving reliefs of Roman treadwheel cranes, with the Haterii tombstone from the late first century AD being particularly detailed.
The simplest Roman crane, the Trispastos, consisted of a single-beam jib, a winch, a rope, and a block containing three pulleys. Having thus a mechanical advantage of 3:1, it has been calculated that a single man working the winch could raise 150 kg (3 pulleys x 50 kg = 150), assuming that 50 kg represent the maximum effort a man can exert over a longer time period. Heavier crane types featured five pulleys (Pentaspastos) or, in case of the largest one, a set of three by five pulleys (Polyspastos) and came with two, three or four masts, depending on the maximum load. The Polyspastos, when worked by four men at both sides of the winch, could already lift 3000 kg (3 ropes x 5 pulleys x 4 men x 50 kg = 3000 kg). In case the winch was replaced by a treadwheel, the maximum load even doubled to 6000 kg at only half the crew, since the treadwheel possesses a much bigger mechanical advantage due to its larger diameter. This meant that, in comparison to the construction of the Egyptian Pyramids, where about 50 men were needed to move a 2.5 ton stone block up the ramp (50 kg per person), the lifting capability of the Roman Polyspastos proved to be 60 times higher (3000 kg per person).
However, numerous extant Roman buildings which feature much heavier stone blocks than those handled by the Polyspastos indicate that the overall lifting capability of the Romans went far beyond that of any single crane. At the temple of Jupiter at Baalbek, for instance, the architrave blocks weigh up to 60 tons each, and one corner cornice block even over 100 tons, all of them raised to a height of about 19 m. In Rome, the capital block of Trajan's Column weighs 53.3 tons, which had to be lifted to a height of about 34 m (see construction of Trajan's Column).
It is assumed that Roman engineers lifted these extraordinary weights by two measures (see picture below for comparable Renaissance technique): First, as suggested by Heron, a lifting tower was set up, whose four masts were arranged in the shape of a quadrangle with parallel sides, not unlike a siege tower, but with the column in the middle of the structure (Mechanica 3.5). Second, a multitude of capstans were placed on the ground around the tower, for, although having a lower leverage ratio than treadwheels, capstans could be set up in higher numbers and run by more men (and, moreover, by draught animals). This use of multiple capstans is also described by Ammianus Marcellinus (17.4.15) in connection with the lifting of the Lateranense obelisk in the Circus Maximus (ca. 357 AD). The maximum lifting capability of a single capstan can be established by the number of lewis iron holes bored into the monolith. In case of the Baalbek architrave blocks, which weigh between 55 and 60 tons, eight extant holes suggest an allowance of 7.5 ton per lewis iron, that is per capstan. Lifting such heavy weights in a concerted action required a great amount of coordination between the work groups applying the force to the capstans.
Middle Ages
During the High Middle Ages, the treadwheel crane was reintroduced on a large scale after the technology had fallen into disuse in western Europe with the demise of the Western Roman Empire. The earliest reference to a treadwheel (magna rota) reappears in archival literature in France about 1225, followed by an illuminated depiction in a manuscript of probably also French origin dating to 1240. In navigation, the earliest uses of harbor cranes are documented for Utrecht in 1244, Antwerp in 1263, Brugge in 1288 and Hamburg in 1291, while in England the treadwheel is not recorded before 1331.
Generally, vertical transport could be done more safely and inexpensively by cranes than by customary methods. Typical areas of application were harbors, mines, and, in particular, building sites where the treadwheel crane played a pivotal role in the construction of the lofty Gothic cathedrals. Nevertheless, both archival and pictorial sources of the time suggest that newly introduced machines like treadwheels or wheelbarrows did not completely replace more labor-intensive methods like ladders, hods and handbarrows. Rather, old and new machinery continued to coexist on medieval construction sites and harbors.
Apart from treadwheels, medieval depictions also show cranes to be powered manually by windlasses with radiating spokes, cranks and by the 15th century also by windlasses shaped like a ship's wheel. To smooth out irregularities of impulse and get over 'dead-spots' in the lifting process flywheels are known to be in use as early as 1123.
The exact process by which the treadwheel crane was reintroduced is not recorded, although its return to construction sites has undoubtedly to be viewed in close connection with the simultaneous rise of Gothic architecture. The reappearance of the treadwheel crane may have resulted from a technological development of the windlass from which the treadwheel structurally and mechanically evolved. Alternatively, the medieval treadwheel may represent a deliberate reinvention of its Roman counterpart drawn from Vitruvius' De architectura which was available in many monastic libraries. Its reintroduction may have been inspired, as well, by the observation of the labor-saving qualities of the waterwheel with which early treadwheels shared many structural similarities.
Structure and placement
The medieval treadwheel was a large wooden wheel turning around a central shaft with a treadway wide enough for two workers walking side by side. While the earlier 'compass-arm' wheel had spokes directly driven into the central shaft, the more advanced 'clasp-arm' type featured arms arranged as chords to the wheel rim, giving the possibility of using a thinner shaft and providing thus a greater mechanical advantage.
Contrary to a popularly held belief, cranes on medieval building sites were neither placed on the extremely lightweight scaffolding used at the time nor on the thin walls of the Gothic churches which were incapable of supporting the weight of both hoisting machine and load. Rather, cranes were placed in the initial stages of construction on the ground, often within the building. When a new floor was completed, and massive tie beams of the roof connected the walls, the crane was dismantled and reassembled on the roof beams from where it was moved from bay to bay during construction of the vaults. Thus, the crane ‘grew’ and ‘wandered’ with the building with the result that today all extant construction cranes in England are found in church towers above the vaulting and below the roof, where they remained after building construction for bringing material for repairs aloft.
Less frequently, medieval illuminations also show cranes mounted on the outside of walls with the stand of the machine secured to putlogs.
Mechanics and operation
In contrast to modern cranes, medieval cranes and hoists - much like their counterparts in Greece and Rome - were primarily capable of a vertical lift, and not used to move loads for a considerable distance horizontally as well. Accordingly, lifting work was organized at the workplace in a different way than today. In building construction, for example, it is assumed that the crane lifted the stone blocks either from the bottom directly into place, or from a place opposite the centre of the wall from where it could deliver the blocks for two teams working at each end of the wall. Additionally, the crane master who usually gave orders at the treadwheel workers from outside the crane was able to manipulate the movement laterally by a small rope attached to the load. Slewing cranes which allowed a rotation of the load and were thus particularly suited for dockside work appeared as early as 1340. While ashlar blocks were directly lifted by sling, lewis or devil's clamp (German Teufelskralle), other objects were placed before in containers like pallets, baskets, wooden boxes or barrels.
It is noteworthy that medieval cranes rarely featured ratchets or brakes to forestall the load from running backward. This curious absence is explained by the high friction force exercised by medieval treadwheels which normally prevented the wheel from accelerating beyond control.
Harbor usage
According to the "present state of knowledge" unknown in antiquity, stationary harbor cranes are considered a new development of the Middle Ages. The typical harbor crane was a pivoting structure equipped with double treadwheels. These cranes were placed docksides for the loading and unloading of cargo where they replaced or complemented older lifting methods like see-saws, winches and yards.
Two different types of harbor cranes can be identified with a varying geographical distribution: While gantry cranes which pivoted on a central vertical axle were commonly found at the Flemish and Dutch coastside, German sea and inland harbors typically featured tower cranes where the windlass and treadwheels were situated in a solid tower with only jib arm and roof rotating. Interestingly, dockside cranes were not adopted in the Mediterranean region and the highly developed Italian ports where authorities continued to rely on the more labor-intensive method of unloading goods by ramps beyond the Middle Ages.
Unlike construction cranes where the work speed was determined by the relatively slow progress of the masons, harbor cranes usually featured double treadwheels to speed up loading. The two treadwheels whose diameter is estimated to be 4 m or larger were attached to each side of the axle and rotated together. Today, according to one survey, fifteen treadwheel harbor cranes from pre-industrial times are still extant throughout Europe.[28] Beside these stationary cranes, floating cranes which could be flexibly deployed in the whole port basin came into use by the 14th century.
Renaissance
A lifting tower similar to that of the ancient Romans was used to great effect by the Renaissance architect Domenico Fontana in 1586 to relocate the 361 t heavy Vatican obelisk in Rome. From his report, it becomes obvious that the coordination of the lift between the various pulling teams required a considerable amount of concentration and discipline, since, if the force was not applied evenly, the excessive stress on the ropes would make them rupture.
Early modern age
Cranes were used domestically in the 17th and 18th century. The chimney or fireplace crane was used to swing pots and kettles over the fire and the height was adjusted by a trammel.
3. Mechanical principles
There are two major considerations in the design of cranes. The first is that the crane must be able to lift a load of a specified weight and the second is that the crane must remain stable and not topple over when the load is lifted and moved to another location.
Lifting capacity
Cranes illustrate the use of one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage.
? The lever. A balance crane contains a horizontal beam (the lever) pivoted about a point called the fulcrum. The principle of the lever allows a heavy load attached to the shorter end of the beam to be lifted by a smaller force applied in the opposite direction to the longer end of the beam. The ratio of the load's weight to the applied force is equal to the ratio of the lengths of the longer arm and the shorter arm, and is called the mechanical advantage.
? The pulley. A jib crane contains a tilted strut (