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外文資料翻譯譯文
專用機(jī)床
摘要：專用機(jī)床可使加工制造業(yè)適應(yīng)不斷變化的需求，有效利用勞動(dòng)力資源，并在全球范圍的市場(chǎng)上更具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。
關(guān)鍵字：專用機(jī)床
對(duì)于專用機(jī)床，工業(yè)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)有很多稱呼來(lái)形容它，它確實(shí)可稱為加工領(lǐng)域的新星，可降低成本，簡(jiǎn)化配置，并一直保持在美國(guó)本土生產(chǎn)。過(guò)去只有使用多機(jī)操作才能完成的任務(wù)，現(xiàn)在可以集中到一臺(tái)機(jī)床上加工完成。
由于市場(chǎng)需求的不斷變化，產(chǎn)品的生命周期在不斷縮短，今天的市場(chǎng)更加強(qiáng)烈需求多任務(wù)處理裝置概念，在整個(gè)生產(chǎn)環(huán)境中推行精益管理時(shí)，沒有比把零件加工集中到一臺(tái)機(jī)器上完成更精。一些傳統(tǒng)的制造業(yè)廠商認(rèn)為多功能組合機(jī)床過(guò)于復(fù)雜，很難找到合適的操作人員也就不足為奇了。在一些勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)，要找到能夠?qū)Χ噍S組合機(jī)床加工中心進(jìn)行手工編程的人是不太可能的事。但資料顯示，解決方案可有兩個(gè)，一個(gè)是現(xiàn)代專用機(jī)床的直覺式技術(shù)，另一個(gè)是針對(duì)金屬加工基本原理及在生產(chǎn)車間現(xiàn)場(chǎng)有關(guān)新機(jī)床使用中難題創(chuàng)新解決方面的培訓(xùn)。
直覺式技術(shù)控制
設(shè)備采用“帶走熱量”式設(shè)計(jì)，有床身、鋼制直線滾動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌、鋼制轉(zhuǎn)塔刀架、設(shè)備上使用的不同材料，所有這些組合到一起建造成一臺(tái)機(jī)床。這些都與導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)、體積膨脹相關(guān)。所有不同尺寸的東西都會(huì)以不同的速度生長(zhǎng)。
由于這個(gè)原因，需要制造熱導(dǎo)機(jī)床，以便知道發(fā)熱的薄弱點(diǎn)在哪里，可以通過(guò)合理的機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)來(lái)彌補(bǔ)。元件是全程運(yùn)動(dòng)。機(jī)床滑動(dòng)產(chǎn)生摩擦并轉(zhuǎn)化為熱能。切削加工產(chǎn)生的熱屑掉到不同的地方，在整個(gè)過(guò)程中冷卻液會(huì)混合在其中。在切削刀具上會(huì)持續(xù)出現(xiàn)很多不同的溫度區(qū)域，所以也會(huì)有很多東西對(duì)熱穩(wěn)定性產(chǎn)生影響。切削刀具技術(shù)把多功能組合機(jī)床變成了具備銑削和切削能力的“全能機(jī)器”。
據(jù)資料介紹，最顯著的特點(diǎn)是這些機(jī)床整體上更具有直覺性。防撞保護(hù)技術(shù)已經(jīng)非常成熟，在某些情況下，即使采用手動(dòng)操作模式，也能避免碰撞的發(fā)生。由于控制軟件有很好的直覺性，用戶操作程度也在不斷提高。相信專用機(jī)床會(huì)以其生存能力遍布于更多不同的加工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。離線編程優(yōu)化和NC自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)的形成已經(jīng)使這一技術(shù)更容易接受，因此當(dāng)將程序用在機(jī)床上時(shí)，不必花很多時(shí)間去調(diào)整程序和確認(rèn)某一元件沒有問題。如果一個(gè)零件需要配備上下兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)塔刀架同時(shí)進(jìn)行粗加工，這種情況下編程是比較困難的，因?yàn)樗枰獌蓚€(gè)轉(zhuǎn)塔刀架同時(shí)進(jìn)刀。AdMac系統(tǒng)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)這些同時(shí)進(jìn)刀的刀架的自動(dòng)編程，并能使正確的主軸速度、正確的進(jìn)給速度等所有參數(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)同步。
Okuma公司的防撞系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)基于實(shí)際加工工況的防撞模擬，因此，如果操作者安裝了錯(cuò)誤的刀具或設(shè)定了錯(cuò)誤的參數(shù)，控制系統(tǒng)會(huì)檢測(cè)出來(lái)并阻止機(jī)床進(jìn)入加工狀態(tài)，通過(guò)與西門子公司合作，TNDEX公司現(xiàn)在可以提供3D模式的“虛擬機(jī)床”，按照某一特定型號(hào)的機(jī)床定制。結(jié)果表明，模擬加工出來(lái)的成品零件不只是與實(shí)際成品相似，簡(jiǎn)直就是一對(duì)一的拷貝。直覺式控制界面、模擬以及其他軟件技術(shù)進(jìn)步，更多的生產(chǎn)車間向多功能組合機(jī)床敞開了大門，但如果沒有相應(yīng)的知識(shí)培訓(xùn)和解決問題的創(chuàng)造力，制造商也很難體會(huì)到和充分利用先進(jìn)機(jī)床柔順性方面的優(yōu)勢(shì)。對(duì)機(jī)器所做的工作越多，機(jī)器就會(huì)越復(fù)雜，也相應(yīng)地需要具備更強(qiáng)技能的人才能操縱它。
假如一個(gè)機(jī)械師過(guò)去一天操作3臺(tái)機(jī)床，那么現(xiàn)在他有這樣一臺(tái)多功能的機(jī)床，就可以生產(chǎn)出更多的零件。更為重要的是，他可以借助軟件的幫助使生產(chǎn)效率更高，對(duì)于轉(zhuǎn)換加工零件的準(zhǔn)備，也可以編制加工工藝計(jì)劃。因?yàn)楦鼡Q零件需要降下3個(gè)主軸，因此在更換零件之前，車間應(yīng)加工盡可能多的零件。對(duì)于多功能機(jī)床，轉(zhuǎn)換零件速度非?？?，生產(chǎn)批次間隔時(shí)間更短，庫(kù)存更低，生產(chǎn)效率更高。能夠充分利用專用機(jī)床的一些車間，很快就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)崗位功能的統(tǒng)一?，F(xiàn)在，一個(gè)車間可以只用一個(gè)操作人員、一個(gè)調(diào)整工和一個(gè)編程師，將來(lái)這3項(xiàng)工作完全可以由一個(gè)人來(lái)做。傳統(tǒng)崗位描述中機(jī)械師將過(guò)渡成為一個(gè)調(diào)整工程師，如果該工程師還熟悉零件加工編程，那就更理想了。對(duì)于這樣的轉(zhuǎn)換，培訓(xùn)就比較簡(jiǎn)單了，只要培訓(xùn)1個(gè)人就行，而不是3個(gè)人。從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)觀點(diǎn)看，這將提供給人們更高的崗位滿意度。當(dāng)調(diào)整工程師負(fù)責(zé)加工編程并且親自關(guān)注零件加工的整個(gè)過(guò)程時(shí)，他就完全成了這個(gè)零件的主宰者。除此之外，還應(yīng)該在刀具選擇和編程方面做更多的努力，要使任何型號(hào)的專用機(jī)床都成功，車間需要配備熟練的機(jī)械師，有能力并靈活地完成多種操作。因此，橫向培訓(xùn)比過(guò)去任何時(shí)候都重要了。把銑削和車削加工視為不同學(xué)科的觀點(diǎn)一去不復(fù)返了。對(duì)于編程人員來(lái)說(shuō)，這是屬于他們的時(shí)代。對(duì)于會(huì)編程的人員，懂機(jī)床并控制它，這是他們能力的體現(xiàn)。
動(dòng)化技術(shù)（機(jī)床）是本世紀(jì)以來(lái)發(fā)展極迅速和影響極大的科學(xué)技術(shù)之一。現(xiàn)代自動(dòng)化技術(shù)是一種完全新型的生產(chǎn)力，是直接創(chuàng)造社會(huì)財(cái)富的主要手段之一，對(duì)人類的生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)和物質(zhì)文明起著極大的推動(dòng)作用。因此，自動(dòng)化技術(shù)收到世界各國(guó)的廣泛重視和越來(lái)越多的應(yīng)用。
機(jī)械自動(dòng)化（機(jī)床），主要指在機(jī)械制造業(yè)中應(yīng)用自動(dòng)化技術(shù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)加工對(duì)象的連續(xù)自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)，實(shí)現(xiàn)優(yōu)化有效的自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程，加快生產(chǎn)投入物的加工變換和流動(dòng)速度。機(jī)械自動(dòng)化技術(shù)的應(yīng)用與發(fā)展，是機(jī)械制造業(yè)技術(shù)改造、技術(shù)進(jìn)步的主要手段和技術(shù)發(fā)展的主要方向。機(jī)械自動(dòng)化的技術(shù)水準(zhǔn)，不禁影響整個(gè)機(jī)械制造業(yè)的發(fā)展，而且對(duì)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)各部門的技術(shù)進(jìn)步有很大的直接影響。因此，發(fā)展我國(guó)的機(jī)械制造業(yè)自動(dòng)化技術(shù)，符合我國(guó)社會(huì)主義的基本原則，符合我國(guó)現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展規(guī)律。如何發(fā)展我國(guó)的機(jī)械自動(dòng)化技術(shù)（機(jī)床），這里有個(gè)技術(shù)政策問題，應(yīng)實(shí)事求是，一切從我國(guó)的具體國(guó)情出發(fā)，做好各項(xiàng)基礎(chǔ)工作，走中國(guó)的機(jī)械自動(dòng)化技術(shù)發(fā)展之路。國(guó)內(nèi)外的工業(yè)發(fā)展史告訴我們，實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械自動(dòng)化是一個(gè)由低級(jí)到高級(jí)、由簡(jiǎn)單到復(fù)雜、由不完善到完善的發(fā)展過(guò)程。當(dāng)機(jī)器的操作采用自動(dòng)控制器后，生產(chǎn)方式才從機(jī)械化逐步過(guò)渡到機(jī)械控制（傳統(tǒng)）自動(dòng)化、數(shù)字控制自動(dòng)化、計(jì)算機(jī)控制自動(dòng)化。只有建立了自動(dòng)化工廠后，生產(chǎn)過(guò)程才能全盤自動(dòng)化，才能使生產(chǎn)率全面提高，打到自動(dòng)化的高級(jí)理想階段。
機(jī)械自動(dòng)化技術(shù)從本世紀(jì)20年代首先在機(jī)械制造冷加工大批量生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中開始發(fā)展應(yīng)用，60年代后為適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)的需求和變化，為增強(qiáng)機(jī)械制造業(yè)對(duì)市場(chǎng)靈活快速反應(yīng)的能力，開始建立可變性自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)，即圍繞計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的柔性自動(dòng)化。它是在制造系統(tǒng)不變或變化較小的情況下，機(jī)器設(shè)備或生產(chǎn)管理過(guò)程通過(guò)自動(dòng)檢測(cè)、信息處理、分析判斷自動(dòng)地實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)期的操作或某種過(guò)程，并能夠自動(dòng)地從制造一種零件轉(zhuǎn)換到制造另一種不同的零件。社會(huì)實(shí)踐證明，這種定義下的制造系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)化與當(dāng)代大多數(shù)企業(yè)的實(shí)際不相容。當(dāng)代社會(huì)還沒有在科學(xué)技術(shù)、物質(zhì)和人員方面準(zhǔn)備好實(shí)現(xiàn)這一自動(dòng)化的條件，硬要這么做只會(huì)事倍功半。這種情況對(duì)于離散生產(chǎn)方式的機(jī)械制造業(yè)也不例外，難度會(huì)更大些。
80年代國(guó)際上出現(xiàn)了開始采用計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造系統(tǒng)CIMS（Computer Integrated Manufacturing),柔性自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)模式也有這種情況。初期以信息集成為重點(diǎn)，以較高的自動(dòng)化程度為特征，但在實(shí)現(xiàn)過(guò)程中遇到了困難。鑒于實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造系統(tǒng)的全盤自動(dòng)化所需的巨額投入（一個(gè)全盤自動(dòng)化工廠耗資數(shù)百億美元，柔性制造系統(tǒng)一般價(jià)格為600~2500萬(wàn)美元），所承擔(dān)的巨大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，加之技術(shù)上的難度與可靠性等問題，世界工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家已開始“碰壁轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)”，轉(zhuǎn)而注重信息集成的效果，追求低成本自動(dòng)化LCA（Low Cost Automation）的企業(yè)組織結(jié)構(gòu)和運(yùn)行方式。
專用機(jī)床未來(lái)的發(fā)展將更多的采用調(diào)速電動(dòng)機(jī)和滾珠絲杠等傳動(dòng)，以簡(jiǎn)化結(jié)構(gòu)、縮短生產(chǎn)節(jié)拍；采用數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)和主軸箱、夾具自動(dòng)更換系統(tǒng)，以提高工藝可調(diào)性；以及納入柔性制造。
外文原文
Special machine
Summary: The special machine tool may cause the demand which the processing manufacturing industry adapts changes unceasingly, use the pool of labor power effectively,and has the competitive power in global scale's market.
Key word: Make the lathe up
Regarding the multi-purpose special machine tools,in the industrisl field has many names to describe, it may be called the processing domain truly the nova,may reduce the costs,the simplified disposition, and has maintained in the US territory produces.In the past only then used the duty which many machine operations complete,now may concentrate to an engine bed on processes completes.
As a result of market demand's unceasing change,the product life cycle is reducing unceasingly, today's market more intense multitasking installment concept.Carries out the fine profit management when the entire production environment,compared to having not concentrated the components processing to a machine on completes a finer profit.
Some tradition's manufacturing industry manufacturer thought that the multi-purpose special machine tools are too conplex,very difficult to find the appropriate operators also the difficult problem innovates on the spot on the insufficiency for the metal working basic principle and in the Production workshop related new engine bed use solution aspect training.
Intuition type technical control
The equipment use "carries off the quantity of heat"the type design,has different material which the lathe bed,the steeliness straight line rolling guide,on the steeliness revolving tool box saddle,the equipment uses,all these combine make an engine bed together.These with the thermal conductivity,the volume expansion are related.All different size's thing can by the different speed growth.
As a result of this reason,needs to make the hot friendly engine bed,with the aim of knowing gives off heat the weak point in where,can compensate through the reasonable engine bed design.The part is the entire journey movement.The engine bed glide produces rubs and transform hotly.The machining produces the hot filings fall to the different place,the refrigerant can mix in the entire process in which.Will present the different temperature province continually on the cutting tool,will therefore also have many things to have the influence to the thermostabllity.The cutting tool technology turned the multi-purpose special machine tools has the milling and cutting power"the versatile machine".
According to the material introduced that the most remarkable characteristic is in these engine bed whole has the intuition.The anti collision preservation technology was already mature,in certain circumstances,even if uses the manual operation pattern,can also avoid the occurrence which collides.Because the control software has the very good intuition,the user operation friendly degree unceasingly is also enhancing.Believe the multi-purpose special machine tools by its survivability world wide in the more different processing scenes.
The off-line programming optimization and the NC automatic control system's formation already made this technology to be more easy to accept, when therefore uses the procedure when the engine bed, don't need to spend a lot of time to tune up procedure and confirmed that some part does not have the question. If components need to be equipped with the high and low two revolving tool box saddle simultaneously to carry on the rough machining,in this kind of situation the programming is quite difficult,because it needs two revolving tool box saddles also to feed.The AdMac system may realize tool rest's automatic programming which simultaneously feeds to these,and can cause the correct main axle speed,the correct feed rate and so on all parameters to realize the synchronization.
Okuma Corporation's collision avoidance system design based on actual processing operating mode anti collision simulation,therefore,if the operator has installed the wrong cutting tool or has established the wrong parameter,the control system will examine and prevents the engine bed to enter the processing condition,Through cooperates with the Siemens,INDEX Corporation may provide the 3D pattern now"the hypothesized engine bed",has custom made according to some specific model's engine bed,The result indicated that the simulation processes not only the fabricated parts and the actual end product is similar,is the one to one copy simply.
The intuition type control interface,the simulation as well as other software technique are progressive,the more Production workshops have opened wide the front door to the multi-purpo se special machine tools,but if does not have the corresponding knowledge to train and to solve the question creativity,the manufacturer is also very difficult to realize and the full use advanced engine bed flexibility aspect superiority.The work which does to the machine are more complex,also needs to have the stronger skill person correspondingly to be able to operate it.
If a mechanic in the past day operation 3 sets of machine tools, then he has this kind of multi-purpose engine bed now,might produce more components.More importantly, he can draw support from software's help to cause the production efficiency to be higher,regarding transformation processing components preparation, may also establish the processing craft plan. For replacement components need to lower 3 main axles, therefore before replacing the components, the workshop should process as far as possible many components. For multi-purpose engine bed, the transformation components speed is quick, the production batch of time interval is shorter, the stock is lower,the production efficiency is higher. Can use multi-purpose engine bed's some workshops fully,very quick will discover the post function the unification. Now, a workshop can only use a operator, an adjuster and a programming teacher, in the future these 3 work definitely may do by a person.In the traditional post description the machinist will transit becomes one to adjust engineer, if this engineer the familiar components processing programming, that were more ideal. Regarding such transformation, training has been simple, as long as train 1 individual line, but is not 3 individuals. Looking from the long views, this will provide to the people the higher post degree of satisfaction. When adjusts engineer to be responsible to process the programming,and pays attention to the components processing personally time the entire process, he completely has became this components control. In addition,but should also makes more effort in the cutting tool choice and the programming aspect,workshop needs to provide the skilled machinist,has ability and completes a variety of operations nimbly. Therefore, crosswise training was at any time in the past more important.Regarding as the milling and the lathe work the different discipline the viewpoint never to return. Regarding the programmers, this belong to their time.Regarding personnel who will programe, will understand the engine bes and control it, this will be their ability manifestation.
Since has moved the technology (engine bed) is this century develops is extremely rapid and one of influence enormous science and technology.The modern technology is a completely new type of the productive forces, is one of direct creation public wealth principal means that is playing the enormous promotion effect to humanity's production activity and the material civilization, Therefore, the automated technology receives various countries widely to take seriously with more and more applications.The machinery automation(engine bed),mainly refers to the machine building industry applies the automated technology,realizes the processing object continuously the automatic production,realizes the optimized effective automatic production process,the increase production investment processing transformation and the flow rate.The machine building industry technological transformations,the technology advancement principal means and the technological development main direction.Machinery automation technical standards,not only affects the entire machine building industry the development,and has the very tremendous immediate influence to the national economy various departments' technology advancement.Therefore, develops our country's machine building industry automation technology conforms to our country socialism basic principle,conforms to our country modern production law of development.How to develop our country's machinery automation(engine bed), here has the technical policy question,should be realistic,all embark from our country's concrete national condition,do each foundation work,takes the China's road of machinery automation technological development.The domestic and foreign industry history tells us,realizes realize mechanely automation is from to high level,from simply to complex, from is preliminarily imperfect the consummation the developing process. After machine's operation uses the automatic regulator,the production method only then gradually transits from the mechanization to the mechanism control(tradition) automated,the numerical control automation,the computer control automation.Only then after having established the Automated factory,the production process can overall automate,can make the productivity to enhance comprehensively,achieves automated the high level ideal stage.
The machinery automation technology first starts from the 1920s in the mechanical manufacture cold finishing production in enormous quantities process to develop the application,after in the 60s,to adapt the market demand and the change, for the enhancement machine building industry to the market nimble rapid reaction's ability, began to establish the variable automation production system, namely revolves the computer technology the flexible automation. It is in the manufacture system invariable or in the change small situation,the machinery equipment either production management process through the automatic detection, the information processing,the analysis judgment realizes the anticipated operation or some kind of process automatically, and can from make one kind of components to transform automatically to makes another kind of different components.THe social practice proved that under this kind of definition's manufacture system automation and the contemporary majority enterprise are not actually accommodating. The contemporary society also not in the science and technology,the material and the personnel aspect prepares to realize this automated condition, insists such to do only meets the wasted effort. This kind of situation is not exceptional regarding the separate production method's machine building industry,the difficulty can bigger.
In the 80s internationally appeared strated to use computer integration manufacture system CIMS(Computer Integrated Manufacturing),the flexible automation production pattern also had this kind of situation. The initial period take the information as a key point,take the high automaticity as the characteristic, but in realized in the process to encounter the difficulty. In view of the fact that realizes the large amount investment which the computer integration manufacturing system's automation overall needs (an overall Automation factory to spend several hundred million US dollars,flexible manufacture system regular price is 600 to 25 ,000,000 US dollars), undertakes the huge risk, in addition questions and so on technical difficulty and reliability, the world industrially advanced country started 'to run into a wall produces a different product", transfers pays great attention the information integration the effect,pursuit low cost automation LCA(Low Cost Automation) enterprise organizational structure and movement way.
The special machine tool future development more transmissions and so on variable speed motor and ball bearing guide screw,will simplify structure,the reduction production metre;Uses the numerical control system and the headstock,the jig automatic replacement system,enhances the craft controllability ; As well as integrates the flexible manufacture system and so on.
中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)城學(xué)院
本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文資料翻譯
系 別： 工程技術(shù)系
專 業(yè)：機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)與制造及其自動(dòng)化
姓 名： 李麗媛
學(xué) 號(hào)： 05208802
2011年 12 月 31 日