英語專四作文輔導(dǎo)課件

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1、,,單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級,第三級,第四級,第五級,2019/11/26,整理課件,?#?,英語專四作文輔導(dǎo),1,整理課件,Summary Writing,,,第 一 部 分,2,整理課件,I. What is a summary?,A summary is a shortened passage, which retains the essential information of the original. It is a fairly brief restatement --- in your own words ---of the contents

2、of a passage.,Note: you simply report back what the writer has said,,without making value judgments,.,3,整理課件,II. Characteristics of a good summary,Can be understood without reference to the original;,Is a faithful reproduction of, or contains only the ideas or information of, the original;,Is brief

3、without any unnecessary detail;,Is a readable unified whole,4,整理課件,III. Techniques in summary writing,Paraphrasing,To paraphrase means to,completely,and,correctly,express other people,’,s ideas in one,’,s own words.,5,整理課件,Examples:,,1. You,’,ve cooked us all,a hot potato,.,(a troublesome person or

4、issue),2. Prevention is better than cure.,（預(yù)防勝于治療。）,,(It is better to prevent something unpleasant from happening than try to put it right afterwards.),,6,整理課件,Ways of condensation,1. Use synonyms or synonymous phrases,He had a good command of English.,(He knew English well.),2. Change the structur

5、e of simple sentences,My brother has an appreciation of modern art.,(My brother appreciates modern art.),7,整理課件,3. Turn complex sentences into simple sentences,He received a welcome that was as cold as ice.,(He received an icy welcome.),4. Combine the sentences,Hurry up. If you don,’,t, you,’,ll mis

6、s the train.,(Hurry up or you,’,ll miss the train.),8,整理課件,Write a summary on how to manage your finances,,When you're away from home, your parents expect you to be responsible for yourself and this includes taking care of your own finances. To manage your money sensibly, you need a plan to work wit

7、h. Write down your allowance and expenses for the month. What you are doing is actually budgeting your income. Make sure that you set aside a small amount for your savings. One way of cutting cost is eating in. It is cheaper than eating out. Moreover, by cooking your own meals, you have greater cont

8、rol over,9,整理課件,what you eat. Besides that, if you know of friends who live in the same area as you, you might want to consider driving to college together. This saves on petrol and parking. In addition, when you shop for household items, compare prices from one shop to another before making your pu

9、rchase. If you can, wait for sales when you can get better discounts. However, sales where prices are marked down incredibly can sometimes tempt you to buy things which you don't really need. Therefore, be careful and don't give in to temptation.,Your summary must :,,*,not be more than 60 words,, in

10、cluding the 10 words given below,：,To manage your money sensibly, you must first start with ...,10,整理課件,,Answer,：,,To manage your money sensibly, you must first start with a plan. Write out your budget and put aside a set amount for savings. You can save money by eating in and carpooling. Besides th

11、at, before buying household items, compare prices first. If possible, wait for sales but do not be tempted to buy what you do not need. ( 59 words ),11,整理課件,Write a summary on how we can attract more tourists to our country,,One of the many sources of revenue for the country is tourism. Malaysia has

12、 lots to offer the world. We have beautiful beaches, lush jungles, cool mountain retreats and modern cities. However, to further capitalize on tourism, there are a few areas that must be looked into. Firstly, we must expose people from foreign countries to what we can offer. We can do this by holdin

13、g exhibitions overseas. Organizers of such exhibitions can offer a glimpse into what we have in our country. They can offer attractive four packages that would definitely lure tourists here. The mass media too can play an important role. The Internet, television and the newspaper offer an alternativ

14、e mode of advertising the country to the world. Besides that, newspapers and television can be used to show the world the wonders found in our country.,,12,整理課件,On the homeground, multiethnic cultural shows can be presented to woo foreign tourists to the country. People who come from other countries

15、 would definitely like to see the different cultural and traditional practices here. However, what is most important is to make sure that the facilities in our country, like public transport and accommodation, are of a reasonable and respectable standard. this is to ensure a pleasant and memorable s

16、tay for our visitors.,,Your summary must :,,*,not be more than 60 words,, including the 10 words given below:,There are many ways of attracting tourists to our country .....,13,整理課件,,Answer,：,,There are many ways of attracting tourists to our country. For one, we can organize exhibitions abroad. Thr

17、ough these fairs, we can offer attractive tour packages. Besides that, the mass media plays an important role in promoting Malaysia's holiday destinations. In Malaysia itself, we can hold cultural shows. Most importantly, we must ensure that our facilities are up to standard. ( 60 words ),14,整理課件,De

18、scribing and explaining(Exposion,說明文）,Some of the words and phrases which introduce this type of description are:,Explain the causes/reasons..../ Account for.... / Analyse the causes.... / Comment on (the reasons for).... / Show that.... / Show why.../ Examine the effect of.... / Suggest reasons for

19、.... / Why did...?,What are the implications of...? / Discuss the causes of..../ Discuss the reasons for....,When we are asked to describe or explain causes, factors, functions or results, the examiner wants us to group our facts. Similar causes are put together, for instance the economic causes of

20、a situation. There are basically two main ways to organise this type of essay,.,15,整理課件,,Plan,1. Introduction + Cause1 with examlpe and effects1 + Cause2 with examlpe and effects2 + Cause3 with examlpe and effects3 + Conslusion,2. Introduction to causes of A + Causes with examples + Transition + Eff

21、ects + Conclusion,16,整理課件,Examples,In the following paragraph, the effect, given in the first sentence, is followed by the causes:,,,During holidays, the traffic in big cities is always particularly heavy. This is mainly because most citizens do not have to work in these days and they ride their bic

22、ycles to the streets to do shopping. Farmers in the country also flood into the cities by bus or by their own motorcycles. The streets are full of buses, taxicabs, trolley buses, minibuses and pedestrians. The streets seem narrower. As a result, traffic jams often occur.,17,整理課件,The following paragr

23、aph lists the causes before the effect:,,,,Perhaps the invention of agriculture marked the beginning of a differentiation between men,’,s and women,’,s roles. Men continued to hunt, and women became food gatherers and tended the field. Men later became agriculturists as well, when the hunt no longer

24、 provided enough sustenance for the community. The biological fact that women bear children, and that each time they give birth they are unable, for a time, fully to play their role in the provision of food and other work for the family, slowly gave rise to more distinct men,’,s and women,’,s roles.

25、 Men who are physically stronger took on such,“,natural,”,roles as warriors, and in most cases men became chiefs, commanders, and kings. As a result, in the course of history, as matriarchal systems became minorities in many cultures, the roles of men and women in many societies became increasingly

26、gender-oriented and differentiated.,18,整理課件,The argument essay,There are two main methods of presenting an argument, and in general the one you choose will depend on exactly how the essay title is worded.,a. The balanced view,If the essay title begins with something like:,Give the arguments for and

27、against....,Assess the importance of....,Examine the arguments for and against....,What are the advantages and disadvantages of...?,Evaluate....,Critically examine the statement that....,To what extent is...true?,Discuss....,19,整理課件,Then it is clear that a balanced essay is required. That is to say

28、you should present both sides of an argument, without necessarily committing yourself to any points of view, which should always be based on evidence, until the final paragraph.,At its simplest your essay plan will be as follows:,1. Introduce the argument to the reader. e.g. why it is particularly r

29、elevant topic nowadays or refer directly to some comments that have been voiced on it recently.,2. Reasons against the argument,3. Reasons in favour of the argument,4. After summarising the two sides, state your own point of view, and explain why you think as you do,20,整理課件,Language,Presenting anoth

30、er point of view,,Some peopleXIn a study of Y, X,maintain(s)say(s)argue(s)assert(s)believe(s)claim(s)point(s) outis/are of the opinionseem(s) to believe,that,…,It is the view of XThe opinion of X isIt can be arguedIt has been suggestedIt might be said,,,,,21,整理課件,Commenting on another

31、point of view,Negatively,,TheyHeSheXThis approach/position/methods/beliefs,is/aremay beseem(s) to bewould seem to be,somewhatrather-,mistaken.wrong.rigid.inadequate.,,,,22,整理課件,This/These views is/are open to doubt/not always the case/not necessarily true/unlikely to be true/highly de

32、batable/incorrect/highly speculative.,Serious doubts/reservations can /may be raised against this.,I disagree with X when he writes/says that,…,However, it is clear that,…,One of the main argumentsagainstX is that,…,One disadvantage of X is,…,Another point against X is,…,,A further argument against

33、X is,…,,One other disadvantage of X is,…,,One objection to this argument is,…,23,整理課件,,Positively,I agree with X when he writes/says that,…,X is certainly correct,X may be correct when he says /in saying that,…,One advantage of X is,…,,Another point in favour of X is,…,,A further argument supporting

34、 X is,…,,One other advantage of X is,…,,One of the main arguments in favour of X is,…,,,24,整理課件,Presenting own point of view,There are many reasons why,…,,It isimportant/true/necessary/essential to remember/bear in mind/point out that,…,The first thing/ First of all,we have/I would like to consider

35、is,…,The first thing to be considered is,…,It is a fact,…,There is no doubt,…,I believethat,…,25,整理課件,b. The persuasive essay,This second type of argumentative essay involves stating your own point of view immediately, and trying to convince the reader by reasoned argument that you are right. Perhap

36、s the essay title will begin with something like:,Give your views on....,What do you think about...?,Do you agree that...?,Consider whether....,Or perhaps the title itself will be so controversial that everyone will hold a definite opinion in one direction or another.,,26,整理課件,Plan:,Paragraph One: I

37、ntroduce the topic briefly in general terms,and then state your own opinion. Explain what you plan to prove in the essay.,Paragraph Two: Reasons against the argument. Dispose briefly of the main objections to your case.,Paragraph Three: Reasons for your argument, the arguments to support your own vi

38、ew, with evidence and examples.,Paragraph Four: Conclusion - Do not repeat your point of view again. End your essay with something memorable, e.g. a quotation or a direct question.,27,整理課件,,Methods Of Persuasion,How to persuade?,Facts are most frequently used as evidence of persuasion in essays. The

39、y may include names, dates, events and other specific pieces of information.,Each item of,“,evidence,”,must lend support to your thesis statement. It also must be related in some way to your topic question.,28,整理課件,Evidence is organized into distinct units called paragraphs.,A paragraph contains one

40、 important idea that supports your argument. That idea, in turn, is supported by specific facts.,E.g.,The topic,sentence,is a general statement, or argument, that you intend to prove in the body of a paragraph. Most of the time, it is the first sentence of a paragraph.,Your evidence is contained in

41、 the body of the paragraph. It must support both your topic sentence and your overall argument.,When organizing your evidence within the paragraphs, start with the most general statements and conclude with the most specific facts.,,29,整理課件,thesis statement,A thesis statement,often,lists the subdivi

42、sions of the topic or subtopics. Each subtopic will become the topic of a separate paragraph.,Here are a few points to remember about thesis statements:,1. The thesis statement should be expressed in a complete sentence. And since it makes a statement, it should not be written as a question.,Example

43、: * My fear of the dark.,My fear of the dark has made my life miserable.,30,整理課件,2. A thesis statement expresses an opinion, attitude, or idea; it does not simply announce the topic the essay will develop.,Example: * I,’,m going to discuss the effects of radiation.,The effects of radiation are often

44、 predictable.,3. A thesis statement should express an opinion, it should not express a fact.,Example: * Cows produce milk.,The milk cows produce is not always fit for human consumption.,* There are many advantages and disadvantages to going to college.,The advantages to going to college far outweigh

45、 the disadvantages.,,31,整理課件,,4. A thesis statement should express only one idea toward one topic; if a thesis statement contains two or more ideas, the essay runs the risk of lacking unity and coherence.,Example: * Going to college in the Midwest can be fun, and I have found that living in a suburb

46、 of a large city is the best way to live while at college.,Going to college in the Midwest can be fun.,or,I have found that living in a suburb of a large city is the best way to live while at college.,32,整理課件,Exercises,Study the following statements carefully. If the statement is a thesis statement,

47、 write YES; if it is not a thesis statement, write NO.,1.The advantages of majoring in engineering.,2.I would like to discuss my views on the Olympic Games.,3.Students should be allowed to manage the bookstore.,4.My vacation in San Francisco was a lot of fun, and I liked visiting the wine country in

48、 California, too.,5.Why do I want to be a lawyer?,,33,整理課件,,6.The differences between Mandarin and Hunan cuisine.,7.You can find some colorful people on the bus.,8.Being honest is important.,9.I am going to describe my home.,10.There are many similarities and differences between Boston and Seattle.

49、,,34,整理課件,NOTES FOR ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY / PERSUASIVE ESSAY WRITING,FIRST PARAGRAPH,THE INTRODUCTION,Hook the reader with an interesting beginning. In other words, a good lead-in-statement.,Describe or give background information on the topic.,An issue raised as a question.,Define what will be discus

50、sed.,State why the topic is important.,Briefly outline the counterarguments.,Thesis statement indicating content and organization.,35,整理課件,,SECOND PARAGRAPH,THE COUNTER-ARGUMENTS,Outline some of the arguments that are against your own opinion.,You should include all these into just one paragraph wit

51、h appropriate referencing where necessary.,THIRD PARAGRAPH,THE TRANSITION,A short paragraph in which you briefly acknowledge the opposing argument, but indicate that your own arguments, which will be provided below, are far more compelling.,36,整理課件,FOURTH PARAGRAPH,THE FIRST ARGUMENT,Show the first

52、argument that supports your opinion. Include a topic sentence that refers to the thesis statement. Supporting details with relevant facts and examples must be included and referenced.,The remaining arguments(PARAGRAPHS,…,),FINAL PARAGRAPH,THE CONCLUSION,Restate your position.,Review, in brief, why y

53、our opinion is the best , most correct, or morally right.,Resolution to the problem.,Prediction for the future.,End with a statement that might be a satisfying closure for the reader.,37,整理課件,Example,The Necessity of Korean Foreign Language Education for Korean-American Children,Korean permanent res

54、idents in the U.S. face the problem of children who do not speak their native language. (,Lead-in statement),While the new immigrants feel relieved from their hard lives, the speed of their English proficiency is slow like a turtle,’,s pace; on the other hand, that of their children is as fast as a

55、rabbit. Here the necessity of Korean language education becomes an object of controversy. (,Background information),Do they need to introduce their children to Korean language? (,An issue raised as a question,) Some parents do not want their children to learn Korean; they want their children to lear

56、n English. (,Brief counterargument),In my opinion, Korean language education not only promotes the development of children, but also brings domestic peace, which is a common aim of immigrant homes; furthermore, Korean language education makes the children understand the culture of their ancestors.(,

57、Thesis statement),38,整理課件,2nd Paragraph (The counter Arguments ),Topic Sentence: Some parents insist that they need not to teach Korean language to their children.,3rd Paragraph (Transition),Although their arguments are not completely baseless, we should have nothing to worry about those points. In

58、fact, their children will benefit more by learning Korean as well as English.,4th Paragraph (1st Supporting Argument),Topic Sentence: First of all, according to psychological research, children who learn two (or more) languages at the same time can improve their thinking faculties and creative abili

59、ties.,5th Paragraph (2nd Supporting Argument),Topic Sentence:Apart from that, Korean language education can be positively related to domestic peace.,6th Paragraph (3rd Supporting Argument),Topic Sentence: Moreover, Koreans are a minority in the U.S., and keeping in touch with their culture and ances

60、tors is necessary on order to keep their pride and security.,39,整理課件,專業(yè)英語四級作文評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),(standards of grading),一星級,第,1,級者得,3-5,分,,,其特征是,:,“,幾乎無交流,”,,,具體表,現(xiàn)為,“,根本沒有滿足寫作要求。既無結(jié)構(gòu),,,又無內(nèi)在邏輯。,幾乎所有的句子都存在單詞,,,拼寫,,,標(biāo)點或句法方面的錯誤。,缺乏準(zhǔn)確地使用語言的能力。即使相當(dāng)努力地閱讀,,,大部分行文仍然難以理解。,”,40,整理課件,二星級,第,2,級者得,6-8,分,,,其特征是,:,“,錯誤頻出,,,交流有礙,

61、”,,,具體表現(xiàn)為,“,文章只是滿足了部分寫作要求。文章結(jié)構(gòu)差,,,在流暢,,,清晰,,,一致和支撐諸方面時有缺欠。在單詞,,,拼寫,,,標(biāo)點或句法方面錯誤百出。表明作者準(zhǔn)確地使用語言的能力有限。全文閱讀有一定的障礙。,”,41,整理課件,三星級,第,3,級者得,9-11,分,,,其特征是,:,“,交流尚可,,,稍有錯,誤,”,,,具體表現(xiàn)為,“,文章正確地滿足了大部分的寫作要求。,盡管在流暢,,,清晰,,,一致和支撐方面偶有欠缺,,,總體而言,,,結(jié)構(gòu)展開充分。盡管文章在單詞,,,拼寫,,,標(biāo)點或句法方面偶有錯誤,,,并時而導(dǎo)致語意模糊,,,但作文在一定程度上表明作者具有比較準(zhǔn)確地使用語言的

62、能力。全文閱讀偶有障礙。,”,42,整理課件,四星級,第,4,級者得,14 - 12,分,,,其特征是,:,“,近乎無誤的良好交流,”,,,具體表現(xiàn)為,“,盡管各部分之間有所起伏,,,但文章正確地滿足了幾乎所有的寫作要求。一般地講,,,有主題,,,有論證,,,結(jié)構(gòu)展開充分,,,邏輯嚴(yán)緊。相對來講,,,很少單詞,,,拼寫,,,標(biāo)點或句法方面的錯誤。作文表明作者具有準(zhǔn)確地使用語言的能力。全文閱讀很少障礙。,”,43,整理課件,,五星級,第,5,級者得,15,分,,,其特征是,:,“,準(zhǔn)確高效的交流,”,,,具體表現(xiàn)為,“,文章富有成效地滿足了寫作要求。結(jié)構(gòu)展開充分,,,邏輯嚴(yán)緊,,,主題明確,,,

63、論證充分詳實。無單詞,,,拼寫,,,標(biāo)點或句法方面的錯誤。作文表明作者具有相當(dāng)?shù)臏?zhǔn)確地使用語言的能力。全文閱讀無障礙。,”,44,整理課件,Structure,Title,：,The first letters of the first word and all the content words should be capitalized,e.g.,Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment?,(,Title,),Part,I:Introduction,Part,II:Body,Part,II:Conclusion,,45,整理課件,,In the

64、first part, you should state specifically,what your opinion is.,In the second part,,provide one or two reasons to support your opinion.,In the last part, bring what your have written to a natural,conclusion or make a summary.,46,整理課件,MORE,Handwriting,Clear structure (3 or 4 paragraphs),No spelling m

65、istakes,No or less grammar mistakes,Avoid complex sentences,Check,,,47,整理課件,寫作構(gòu)思示意圖,標(biāo)題,,引論,正文,結(jié)論,1,回應(yīng)論題或者闡述別人觀點,2,話題一轉(zhuǎn)，闡述自己的看法,觀點,1,觀點,2,同上,1,觀點陳述,2,例子,一句話總結(jié)。指出問題所在，提出建議。,,,觀點,3,不推薦,,,,,48,整理課件,Example (TEM 4 2009),Tourism is a booming business in China. However, some people worry that too many tour

66、ists may bring harm to the environment, while others don't think so. What is your opinion? Write on ANSWER SHEET THREE a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:,Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment?,,49,整理課件,Model Essay,范文,Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment?,(,Title,),50,整理課件,Introduction,,In recent years, tourism has developed rapidly in China. Many people believe that tourism produce positive effects on economic growth and we should try our best to promote tourism.