普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床設(shè)計(jì)
普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床設(shè)計(jì),普通,鉆床,改造,設(shè)計(jì)
湛江海洋大學(xué)
本科生畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))書
題目
普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床
(中英文)
ORDINARY DRILL ASSEMBLED A MULTIPLE DRILL
作者姓名
梁顯垣
所在專業(yè)
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動化
所在班級
2000機(jī)制3班
申請學(xué)位
學(xué)士學(xué)位
指導(dǎo)教師
劉杰華 招惠玲 陳敏華
職稱
教授
答辯時(shí)間
2004 年 6 月 9 日
畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))任務(wù)書
論文(設(shè)計(jì))
題 目
普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床
ORDINARY DRILL ASSEMBLED A MULTIPLE DRILL
工
院(系)
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動化
專業(yè)
2000
級
學(xué)生姓名
梁顯垣
指導(dǎo)教師
劉杰華 招惠玲 陳敏華
職稱
教授
起訖日期
2004年3月21-6月1日
地 點(diǎn)
湛江海洋大學(xué)
發(fā)任務(wù)書日期: 2004 年 3 月 21 日
畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))任務(wù)的內(nèi)容和要求
(包括原始數(shù)據(jù)、技術(shù)要求、工作要求)
概述:在一批鑄鐵零件上分別加工4-孔,在普通立式鉆床上進(jìn)行孔加工,通常是一個(gè)孔一個(gè)孔的鉆削,生產(chǎn)效率低。用非標(biāo)設(shè)備,即組合機(jī)床加工,生產(chǎn)效率高,但設(shè)備投資大。如果把普通話立式單軸鉆床改造成立式多軸鉆床,就可以同時(shí)完成多個(gè)孔的鉆削,生產(chǎn)效率高,投資少,生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備周期短,產(chǎn)品改型時(shí)設(shè)備損失小。
本設(shè)計(jì)的主要要求是:多軸箱拆裝組合靈活、方便、快速、重量輕。
本設(shè)計(jì)的主要內(nèi)容是:1、多軸箱齒輪傳動方案設(shè)計(jì);2、多軸箱內(nèi)齒輪設(shè)計(jì);3、多軸箱內(nèi)軸結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì);4、多軸箱導(dǎo)向裝置設(shè)計(jì);5、設(shè)計(jì)說明書;6、Pro/E實(shí)體。
本設(shè)計(jì)的原始參數(shù)是:1、工件尺寸為;2、工件硬度
;3、4-尺寸精度為。
圖紙內(nèi)容及張數(shù)
1、 多軸箱傳動系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)裝配圖:1張;
2、 傳動軸零件圖:若干張;
3、 多軸箱箱體零件圖:1張;
4、 齒輪零件圖:1張;
5、中間板零件圖:1張。
實(shí)物內(nèi)容及要求
1、多軸箱傳動系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)示意圖(Pre/E):1張。
參考文獻(xiàn)
1、王先逵主編.機(jī)械加工工藝設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)用手冊 (第二冊) .北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1998
2、李益民主編.機(jī)械制造工藝設(shè)計(jì)簡明手冊.湛江海洋大學(xué)印,2003
3、大連組合機(jī)床研究所主編.組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)(第一冊)機(jī)械部分.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1978
4、濮良貴,紀(jì)名剛編.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)(第七版).北京:高等教育出版社,2002
5、劉鴻文主編.材料力學(xué)(第三版上冊).北京:高等教育出版社,2001
6、李洪主編.實(shí)用機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)手冊.北京:遼寧科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,1999
7、馮炳堯,韓泰榮,蔣文森編.模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造簡明手冊(第二版).上海: 上海科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,2000
畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))進(jìn)度計(jì)劃
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工 作 內(nèi) 容
備注
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第17周
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完成設(shè)計(jì)方案的確定、初步計(jì)算、元件的選取工作;
完成有關(guān)計(jì)算,進(jìn)行多軸箱部裝配圖、各非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)零件力,實(shí)體等和設(shè)計(jì);
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普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床
外 文 文 獻(xiàn)
new-type inject by shaping technology
1. inject by shaping altogether( inject shaping of at core layers)
Adopt and inject shaping help and observe and make one unique structure altogether. " first" of plastic is injected and fill and enter some types first, then the plastic: " second" follow " first" inject person who enter one and keep initial to drive pressure field of flowing closely. At epidermis district and core the sizes of one, measure and publish" first" and the materials quantities of" second" according to correct proportionate relationship, Make one at" first" complete at" second" to make one parcel appearance core each. In addition, in cosmetics application, the material is put after" second" material injecting to have" first" of epidermis of the small part, So that the epidermis of the part of the runner can be totally closed. Inject making one of shaping altogether with the resin of 2 kinds of different colors, form a piece of a layer of blocks of epidermis and core apt to distinguish (Realize inject shaping one as much as all have and have and one very much important this core similar epidermis. )If there is not advanced detection technique, usually difficult to distinguish the epidermis - core area and boundary of layer. Inject shaping a new technology altogether. British ici company began to use this technology in the 1970s early, and had made the basic theory of including, Produce several patents, such as the products and machinery equipment,etc.. Now similar to " mould mould sandwiches" what has been adopted generally ici production technologies,last outer the materials of the epidermis at moulds and in layers is material different on core occasionally, So two a kind of material person who a certain one inclusives, and core require and have high radiations very, issue and steep shaping and retrieve performance of utilizing etc at 100% by layers of material. Should be fixed relatively by the excellent choice to select the material for use. After injecting the shaping technology and come out in 15 altogether, can really just popularize and popularize . One a kind of adoptions inject the thick teeth of shaping fails and produces horizontal cross-section altogether. Material to pack nylon epidermis, and pearl material pack the nylon at - - glass layers of material core. A rate that shrinks material of pearl of glass is extremely low in core one, have good size stabilities. Nylon prevent pearl from grains of material easy problem of denuding that produces by epidermis person who give good and lubricated tooth tooth gear wheel. Already developed several kinds and processed the method of improving new-typly at present on the basis of the basic theory of injecting shaping altogether. At however, in the mould"" and gas assist paint mould mould. Mould have and paint processing method to adopt low molecular weight polymers as the outer material, Gas assist mould mould shaping to adopt the nitrogen or another kind of gas as the core one( or core ones) material. Produce and process equipment constant to perfect and improve, satisfy of different use newly and the new technologies demands with product design, Inject technology and will become the rich and potential industrialized extensive production technology method altogether.
2. inject by - it compress shaping
Inject and compress shaping move perpendicular on dividing into mould line direction by medium-sized s of walls at -. Adopt the method at the shaping, fill mould stage and produce pressure drive melting body flow according to process, But this flowed the degree of depth of one melted variably. At flowing one deeply relatively, pressure drop relatively low, so that heavy areas make pieces of shaping excessive to pigeonhole melting body, And has prevented the material in the twinkling of an eye from responding, these 2 kinds of factors will hinder the flow of the melting body equally. It injects forming process type make pieces of the 14%s of thickness finally by s of degree of depth, After the plastic has been packed 60% - 75% of the type roughly, stop injecting, a of walls of mould is bulldozed at the same time , Until make the wall original shaping of one finally. The final size of making one is defined at this stage . If at mould wall at process fulling of more type before moving, this kind of technology is usually called and cast and press shaping. On the whole, cast and press shaping to adopt pressure that become to making one go on and protect and pigeonhole in one a piece of variable the type ones of volumeses. Cast and press stage to increase the stages of density, density and then in lying between and solid state plastic change melting body. Adopt and cast and press way shaping pre- pressing discs, remaining stress degree of minimising, Make pieces of have remain stress produce and become phenomenon of refracting. It cast and press shaping improvement type activities types types for kinds of new technology in s of walls,inject its make. Already someone call outside gas to assist shaping law the method, actually these are a kind of misunderstanding, Because the gas has not influenced the melting body flow in type of plastic . During routine inject shaping, protecting and press is while a of volume of keeping type does not change , Under the function that the pressure flows, add and enter more plastics. Unite, Being emerged by the runner position of the high pressure and making a defect probably.
3. computers supplementary shaping
Adopt computer assist project( cae) design and analyse and help and shorten design cycle and prevent cost from expensive mechanical fault processing. Commercial emulations daily to indicate size on flowing one code, melt material flows in flowing dishes of system and type with balance, The figure of offeredding and put bestly and runner defining runner at the same time . Calculate pressure of injecting and shut mould want at different processing terms and material fix by tonnage. And warping rate combine initial to flow into too very accurate to estimate out person who shrink. What is important is and want and make the design tool help and analyse personnel process and go on the operation judged while studying or in a certain plan of design skillfully. Understand at results and can't process in order that it is by research object /materials from prerequisite. After consider adopting this kind of method accurate data-in , can make enormous benefit . In addition, economic make design cycle not to be short and needs produce shorter time the analysis. The one that should point out is, commercial cae procedures usually can't be used directly. It fills and imitate and produce valuable experience but the result must rethink its limitation to estimate again . Use modern computers go on and inject shaping simulated test and limited to pure viscidity fluids only( include the melting plastic of viscoplasticity ). One actual flow form measurable melting body person who flow intoes and performance announce etc. structure by speed, If can carry on the viscoplasticity analysis of high accuracy . At present adopt any other to process way reach this advanced competences, And recent years, at emulation the industrial circle person who take the leads of equipment and the research groups of university already made good progress. Have several a of companies make great efforts and probe emulation technology, in order to be be able to be being explained moulding the sex instinct act and process the phenomenon of more reality correctly. For example, get together on the influence that the orientation of the possessive chain is distributed to some physics performance and performance . Processing physics is very complicated, but some viscoplasticity is embodied too alike to still totally understood , Perfect the rational processing way and taking shape slow at present even more. These stronger strong ways will be exceeded the production capacity that will be designed at present greatly .
4. reversal inject shaping
Comparatively speaking, it is that a relatively new inject shaping chooses parameters that the reversal is injected. The greatest difficult point of this technology is lain in when processing the condition suddenly changeses, To the thing that it will be known little about what kind of change behavior plastic melting body will demonstrate . About the rudimentary knowledge of melting body rheology, is not merely the regular shear . Say exactly , the melting body responds( the viscidity and elastic behavior) the characteristic needing expressing, Not only common stable state flow speed or shear speed and temperature, but also including pressure and flow the speed in the twinkling of an eye. These characteristics including a lot of content and very difficult to understand. However, if not in heterotypic materials inject respect make substantive progress, need and make and publish many kinds of different the concrete operational procedures of plasticses. Need and increase a in common use one tired to try on law is in order to getting ripe and accurate control method also another. During routine inject shaping, the type immobilizes in a of walls, some situations are left, Still utilize and filling on the mould and protect and press and fall section and move the mould wall . Can adopt 2 kinds of different methods : Person who move s of perpendicular on dividing into mould line direction wall; Rotate a of walls of the slipping type . Fill stage rotatory type cores with increasing mould. Through this kind of processing technology, the crooked performance and other mechanical performance of making one has gotten great improvement. Polyphenyl drink the water and polypropylene syringe adopt cup the processing method get great to change and break through the ground 2 a piece of products just by second.
新型注射成型技術(shù)
1. 共注射成型(芯層注射成型)
????采用共注射成型有助于觀察到制件中獨(dú)特的結(jié)構(gòu)。塑料“甲”先注射充入部分型腔,然后塑料:“乙”緊跟著“甲”注射進(jìn)入型腔并保持初始推動流動壓力場。根據(jù)表皮區(qū)和芯層的尺寸大小,按正確的比例關(guān)系計(jì)量出“甲”和“乙”的用料量,可制得1個(gè)內(nèi)芯層為“甲”外表完全由“乙”包裹的制件。
????另外,在化妝品應(yīng)用方面,有小部分的表皮“甲”料放在“乙”料之后注射,以使?jié)部诓糠值谋砥つ芡耆]合。用2種不同顏色的樹脂進(jìn)行共注射成型的制件,形成一個(gè)容易區(qū)分的表皮和芯層區(qū)間(認(rèn)識到所有的注射成型件中存在有類似的表皮和芯層這一點(diǎn)非常重要。)如果沒有先進(jìn)的檢測技術(shù),通常難以區(qū)分表皮—芯層的區(qū)域及其分界面。
????共注射成型并非一門新的工藝技術(shù)。英國ici公司早在70年代就開始應(yīng)用這一技術(shù),并取得了包括基礎(chǔ)理論,生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品及機(jī)器設(shè)備等幾項(xiàng)專利?,F(xiàn)普遍采用的ici生產(chǎn)工藝類似“三明治模塑”,由于模塑外層表皮的材料與中間或芯層的材料不同,因此兩種材料必須有一定的相容性,并且芯層材料要求具有可高度輻射、發(fā)泡成型和100%回收利用等性能。選用材料應(yīng)經(jīng)多種選擇比較而定。 共注射成型工藝問世15年后,才真正得以普及推廣。一種采用共注射成型的厚齒輸制作橫截面。
????表皮材料是非填充尼龍,而芯層材料是玻璃-珠料-填充尼龍。芯層中玻璃珠粒料收縮率極低,具有良好的尺寸穩(wěn)定性。尼龍表皮賦予齒輪齒牙良好的潤滑性并避免了珠粒料容易產(chǎn)生的磨蝕問題。
????基于共注射成型的基礎(chǔ)理論目前已開發(fā)出幾種新型加工改進(jìn)方法。例如,模內(nèi)“上漆”和氣體輔助模塑成型擴(kuò)大了采用這種工藝的范圍。模內(nèi)上漆加工方法是采用低分子量聚合物作為外層材料,而氣體輔助模塑成型是采用氮?dú)饣蛄硪环N氣體作為芯層(或部分芯層)材料。隨著產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)與生產(chǎn)加工設(shè)備的不斷完善改進(jìn),將滿足各種新應(yīng)用和新技術(shù)的需求,共注射技術(shù)必將成為富有潛力的工業(yè)化大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)工藝方法。
2. 注射—壓縮成型
????注射—壓縮成型中型腔壁移動方向垂直于分模線。采用這種方法成型時(shí),在充模階段,按工序產(chǎn)生壓力驅(qū)熔體流動,但這一個(gè)流道的深度是可變化的。在較深的流道中,壓力下降得較低,以使大面積的制件成型中熔體沒有過度受壓,并避免了瞬間的材料響應(yīng),這2種因素同樣會阻礙熔體的流動。注射成型過程中,型腔深度可能是最終制件厚度的14%,在塑料填充了大致60%—75%的型腔后,停止注射,模腔壁周圍同時(shí)受到推壓,直至最終制件的壁原成型為止。制件的最終尺寸在這階段確定。
????如果在模壁按工序移動之前充滿了型腔,該種工藝通常稱為鑄壓成型。大體上,鑄壓成型是在一個(gè)可變體積的型腔內(nèi)采用不變的壓力對制件進(jìn)行保壓。鑄壓階段是增加密度的階段,密度緊接著在介于熔體和固態(tài)塑料之間起變化。采用鑄壓方式成型致密圓盤,可把殘留應(yīng)力減至最低程度,制件上的殘留應(yīng)力可產(chǎn)生變折射現(xiàn)象。
????鑄壓成型的改進(jìn)型活動式型腔壁是一種新技術(shù),其由注射全體制件固化階段通過多孔的金屬型腔壁以“保壓”制件。這種方法已有人稱為外部氣體輔助成型法,其實(shí)這是一種誤解,因?yàn)闅怏w并沒有影響塑料熔體在型腔內(nèi)的流動。在常規(guī)的注射成型當(dāng)中,保壓就是在保持型腔體積不變的同時(shí),在壓力流的作用下,添加入更多的塑料。 聯(lián)同在型腔內(nèi)的保壓流形成了不均勻的壓力分布,有可能在受高壓的澆口位置產(chǎn)生制件缺陷。
3. 計(jì)算機(jī)輔助成型
????采用計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工程(cae)對加工設(shè)計(jì)及分析有助于縮短設(shè)計(jì)周期并可避免代價(jià)昂貴的機(jī)械失誤。商業(yè)性仿真代碼常用于流道上標(biāo)明尺寸,以平衡熔料在流道系統(tǒng)及型腔內(nèi)的流動,同時(shí)確定澆口的最佳開設(shè)置和澆口的數(shù)目。計(jì)算注射壓力和合模噸位要根據(jù)不同的加工條件和材料而定。收縮率及翹曲率結(jié)合初始流向也可準(zhǔn)確估算出來。重要的是要使得這種設(shè)計(jì)工具幫助熟練分析人員在某個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)方案或加工研究時(shí)進(jìn)行判斷的操作。結(jié)果必須理解為以研究對象和加工/材料為前提。當(dāng)考慮采用這種方法準(zhǔn)確輸入數(shù)據(jù)后,可取得巨大的效益。另外,這種分析經(jīng)濟(jì)性可使設(shè)計(jì)周期更短和所需的生產(chǎn)時(shí)間更短。
????應(yīng)該提醒注意的是,商業(yè)性的cae程序通常是不可直接使用的。充模仿真可產(chǎn)生有價(jià)值的見識,但結(jié)果必須重新對其局限性進(jìn)行重新考慮估計(jì)。應(yīng)用現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行注射成型模擬試驗(yàn),僅限于純粘性流體(不包括粘彈性的熔融塑料)??深A(yù)測熔體流入型腔的實(shí)際流動速率組成結(jié)構(gòu)和性能公布等,如可進(jìn)行高精度的粘彈性分析。目前所采用的任何其它加工方式都不可能達(dá)到這種先進(jìn)水平,并且最近幾年來,由仿真設(shè)備的工業(yè)界帶頭者和大學(xué)里的研究小組已取得了良好的進(jìn)展。有幾家公司正在努力探索仿真技術(shù),以求能正確地解釋更多現(xiàn)實(shí)的塑性行為和加工現(xiàn)象。例如,聚合物主鏈的取向?qū)植康奈锢硇阅芎托阅芊植嫉挠绊憽<庸の锢韺W(xué)是非常復(fù)雜的,而某些粘彈性體現(xiàn)象仍然沒有完全弄清楚,更完善合理的加工方式目前正緩慢形成。這些更強(qiáng)的有力的方式將獲得大大超過目前所設(shè)計(jì)的生產(chǎn)能力。
4. 交變注射成型
????相比較而言,交變注射是一個(gè)比較新的注射成型選擇參數(shù)。這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的最大難點(diǎn)在于當(dāng)加工條件突然改變時(shí),對塑料熔體將呈現(xiàn)出怎樣的變化行為知之甚少。有關(guān)熔體流變學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)知識,不僅僅是固定的剪切粘度。確切地說,熔體響應(yīng)(粘性和彈性行為)需要表達(dá)的特性,不僅是通常的穩(wěn)態(tài)流動速率或剪切速率及溫度,也包括壓力及瞬間流動速率。這些特性包括很多內(nèi)容而且十分難于弄清楚。然而,如果在異型材注射方面取得實(shí)質(zhì)性進(jìn)展,將需制訂出多種不同塑料的具體操作規(guī)程。另還需增加通用的累試法,以求得到成熟和精確的控制方法。
????在常規(guī)的注射成型中,型腔壁固定不變,某些情況下,還有利用在充模和保壓陷段移動模壁。可采用2種不同的方法:移動型腔壁方向垂直于分模線;旋轉(zhuǎn)或滑動型腔壁。在充模階段旋轉(zhuǎn)型芯以增加對制件尤其是表皮部分分子的變軸取向。通過這種加工工藝,制件的彎曲性能與其它機(jī)械性能得到了極大的提高。聚苯乙飲水杯和聚丙烯注射器就是采用這種加工方法獲得重大改變突破地2個(gè)產(chǎn)品。
5
普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床1目目 錄錄目錄目錄1中文摘要中文摘要2ABSTRACTABSTRACT2第第 1 1 章章 緒綸緒綸31 1 多軸加工應(yīng) 31 2 多軸加工的設(shè)備 41 3 多軸加工的趨勢 5第第 2 2 章章 普普通通鉆鉆床床改改為為多多軸軸鉆鉆床床 62 1 生產(chǎn)任務(wù) 622 普通立式鉆的選型6第第 3 3 章章 多多軸軸齒齒輪輪傳傳動動箱箱的的設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì) 7 31 設(shè)計(jì)前的準(zhǔn)備7普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床2第第 4 4 章章 多多軸軸箱箱的的結(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)與與零零部部件件圖圖的的繪繪制制14 41 箱蓋、箱體和中間板結(jié)構(gòu)14 42 多軸箱軸的設(shè)計(jì). . . .14 43 軸坐標(biāo)計(jì)算30第第 5 5 章章 導(dǎo)導(dǎo)向向裝裝置置的的設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)31第第 6 6 章章 接接桿桿刀刀具具31外外文文文文獻(xiàn)獻(xiàn) 31總總 結(jié)結(jié)36鳴鳴謝謝 37參參考考文文獻(xiàn)獻(xiàn) 37中文摘要中文摘要本設(shè)計(jì)是關(guān)于普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床的設(shè)計(jì)。普通鉆床為單軸機(jī)床,但安裝上多軸箱就會成為多軸的鉆床,改造成多軸鉆床后,能大大地縮短加工時(shí)間,提高生產(chǎn)效率。因此本設(shè)計(jì)的重點(diǎn)是多軸箱的設(shè)計(jì),設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容包括齒輪分布與選用、軸的設(shè)計(jì)、多軸箱的選用、導(dǎo)向裝置設(shè)計(jì)等。關(guān)鍵詞:關(guān)鍵詞: 多軸鉆床;生產(chǎn)效率;多軸箱AbstractThe design is about reconstructing the ordinary drill to a multiple drill. The ordinary drill is a single drill. It will improve its productive efficiency, shorten its processing time if assembled a multiple spindle case on. That so calls a multiple drill. Hereby, the keystone of this design paper is how to design 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床3a multiple spindle heads. The design subjects include the selection and distribution of gear wheel, the design of spindle, and the guiding equipment and selection of the multiple spindle heads, etc.Key words: multiple drill; productive efficiency; multiple spindle heads普通鉆床該為多軸鉆床專業(yè):機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動化, 學(xué)號:2000121316, 姓名:梁顯垣指導(dǎo)教師:劉杰華,招惠玲,陳敏華 第 1 章 緒論1.1 多軸加工應(yīng)用據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),一般在車間中普通機(jī)床的平均切削時(shí)間很少超過全部工作時(shí)間的 15%。其余時(shí)間是看圖、裝卸工件、調(diào)換刀具、操作機(jī)床、測量以及清除鐵屑等等。使用數(shù)控機(jī)床雖然能提高 85%,但購置費(fèi)用大。某些情況下,即使生產(chǎn)率高,但加工相同的零件,其成本不一定比普通機(jī)床低。故必須更多地縮短加工時(shí)間。不同的加工方法有不同的特點(diǎn),就鉆削加工而言,多軸加工是一種通過少量投資來提高生產(chǎn)率的有效措施。普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床41.1.1 多軸加工優(yōu)勢雖然不可調(diào)式多軸頭在自動線中早有應(yīng)用,但只局限于大批量生產(chǎn)。即使采用可調(diào)式多軸頭擴(kuò)大了使用范圍,仍然遠(yuǎn)不能滿足批量小、孔型復(fù)雜的要求。尤其隨著工業(yè)的發(fā)展,大型復(fù)雜的多軸加工更是引人注目。例如原子能發(fā)電站中大型冷凝器水冷壁管板有 15000 個(gè) 20 孔,若以搖臂鉆床加工,單單鉆孔與锪沉頭孔就要 842.5 小時(shí),另外還要劃線工時(shí) 151.1 小時(shí)。但若以數(shù)控八軸落地鉆床加工,鉆锪孔只要 171.6 小時(shí),劃線也簡單,只要 1.9 小時(shí)。因此,利用數(shù)控控制的二個(gè)坐標(biāo)軸,使刀具正確地對準(zhǔn)加工位置,結(jié)合多軸加工不但可以擴(kuò)大加工范圍,而且在提高精度的基礎(chǔ)上還能大大地提高工效,迅速地制造出原來不易加工的零件。有人分析大型高速柴油機(jī) 30 種箱形與桿形零件的 2000 多個(gè)鉆孔操作中,有 40%可以在自動更換主軸箱機(jī)床中用二軸、三軸或四軸多軸頭加工,平均可減少 20%的加工時(shí)間。1975 年法國巴黎機(jī)床展覽會也反映了多軸加工的使用愈來愈多這一趨勢。1.2 多軸加工的設(shè)備多軸加工是在一次進(jìn)給中同時(shí)加工許多孔或同時(shí)在許多相同或不同工件上各加工一個(gè)孔。這不僅縮短切削時(shí)間,提高精度,減少裝夾或定位時(shí)間,并且在數(shù)控機(jī)床中不必計(jì)算坐標(biāo),減少字塊數(shù)而簡化編程。它可以采用以下一些設(shè)備進(jìn)行加工:立鉆或搖臂鉆上裝多軸頭、多軸鉆床、多軸組合機(jī)床心及自動更換主軸箱機(jī)床。甚至可以通過二個(gè)能自動調(diào)節(jié)軸距的主軸或多軸箱,結(jié)合數(shù)控工作臺縱橫二個(gè)方向的運(yùn)動,加工各種圓形或橢圓形孔組的一個(gè)或幾個(gè)工序。現(xiàn)在就這方面的現(xiàn)狀作一簡介。1.2.1 多軸頭從傳動方式來說主要有齒輪傳動與萬向聯(lián)軸節(jié)傳動二種。這是大家所熟悉的。前者效率較高,結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,后者易于調(diào)整軸距。從結(jié)構(gòu)來說有不可調(diào)式與可調(diào)式二種。前者軸距不能改變,多采用齒輪傳動,僅適用于大批量生產(chǎn)。為了擴(kuò)大其贊許適應(yīng)性,發(fā)展了可調(diào)式多軸頭,在一定范圍內(nèi)可調(diào)整軸距。它主要裝在有萬向.二種。 (1)萬向軸式也有二種:具有對準(zhǔn)裝置的主軸。主軸裝在可調(diào)支架中,而可調(diào)支架能在殼體的 T 形槽中移動,并能在對準(zhǔn)的位置以螺栓固定。 (2)具有公差的圓柱形主軸套。主軸套固定在與式件孔型相同的模板中。前一種適用于批量小且孔組是規(guī)則分布的工件(如孔組分布在不同直徑的圓周上) 。后一種適用于批量較大式中小批量的輪番生產(chǎn)中,剛性較好,孔距精度亦高,但不同孔型需要不同的模板。多軸頭可以裝在立鉆式搖臂鉆床上,按鉆床本身所具有的各種功能進(jìn)行工作。這種多軸加工方法,由于鉆孔效率、加工范圍及精度的關(guān)系,使用范圍有限。1.2.2 多軸箱普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床5也象多軸頭那樣作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)部件生產(chǎn)。美國 Secto 公司標(biāo)準(zhǔn)齒輪箱、多軸箱等設(shè)計(jì)的不可調(diào)式多軸箱。有 32 種規(guī)格,加工面積從 300300 毫米到 6001050 毫米,工作軸達(dá) 60 根,動力達(dá) 22.5 千瓦。Romai 工廠生產(chǎn)的可調(diào)多軸箱調(diào)整方便,只要先把齒輪調(diào)整到接近孔型的位置,然后把與它聯(lián)接的可調(diào)軸移動到正確的位置。因此,這種結(jié)構(gòu)只要改變模板,就能在一定范圍內(nèi)容易地改變孔型,并且可以達(dá)到比普通多軸箱更小的孔距。根據(jù)成組加工原理使用多軸箱或多軸頭的組合機(jī)床很適用于大中批量生產(chǎn)。為了在加工中獲得良好的效果,必需考慮以下數(shù)點(diǎn):(1)工件裝夾簡單,有足夠的冷卻液沖走鐵屑。 (2)夾具剛性好,加工時(shí)不形變,分度定位正確。 (3)使用二組刀具的可能性,以便一組使用,另一組刃磨與調(diào)整,從而縮短換刀停機(jī)時(shí)間。 (4)使用優(yōu)質(zhì)刀具,監(jiān)視刀具是否變鈍,鉆頭要機(jī)磨。(5)尺寸超差時(shí)能立即發(fā)現(xiàn)。1.2.3 多軸鉆床這是一種能滿足多軸加工要求的鉆床。諸如導(dǎo)向、功率、進(jìn)給、轉(zhuǎn)速與加工范圍等。巴黎展覽會中展出的多軸鉆床多具液壓進(jìn)給。其整個(gè)工作循壞如快進(jìn)、工進(jìn)與清除鐵屑等都是自動進(jìn)行。值得注意的是,多數(shù)具有單獨(dú)的變速機(jī)構(gòu),這樣可以適應(yīng)某一組孔中不同孔徑的加工需要。1.2.4 自動更換主軸箱機(jī)床為了中小批量生產(chǎn)合理化的需要,最近幾年發(fā)展了自動更換主軸箱組合機(jī)床。(1) 自動更換主軸機(jī)床自動更換主軸機(jī)床頂部是回轉(zhuǎn)式主軸箱庫,掛有多個(gè)不可調(diào)主軸箱??v橫配線盤予先編好工作程序,使相應(yīng)的主軸箱進(jìn)入加工工位,定位緊并與動力聯(lián)接,然后裝有工件的工作臺轉(zhuǎn)動到主軸箱下面,向上移動進(jìn)行加工。當(dāng)變更加工對象時(shí),只要調(diào)換懸掛的主軸箱,就能適應(yīng)不同孔型與不同工序的需要。(2) 多軸轉(zhuǎn)塔機(jī)床轉(zhuǎn)塔上裝置多個(gè)不可調(diào)或萬向聯(lián)軸節(jié)主軸箱,轉(zhuǎn)塔能自動轉(zhuǎn)位,并對夾緊在回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺的工件作進(jìn)給運(yùn)動。通過工作臺回轉(zhuǎn),可以加工工件的多個(gè)面。因?yàn)檗D(zhuǎn)塔不宜過大,故它的工位數(shù)一般不超過 46 個(gè)。且主軸箱也不宜過大。當(dāng)加工對象的工序較多、尺寸較大時(shí),就不如自動更換主軸箱機(jī)床合適,但它的結(jié)構(gòu)簡單。(3) 自動更換主軸箱組合機(jī)床它由自動線或組合機(jī)床中的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)部件組成。不可調(diào)多軸箱與動力箱按置在水平底座上,主軸箱庫轉(zhuǎn)動時(shí)整個(gè)裝置緊固在進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)的溜板上。主軸箱庫轉(zhuǎn)動與進(jìn)給動作都按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)子程序工作。換主軸箱時(shí)間為幾秒鐘。工件夾緊于液壓分度回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺,以便加工工件的各個(gè)面。好果普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床6回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺配以卸料裝置,就能合流水生產(chǎn)自動化。在可變生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)中采用這種裝置,并配以相應(yīng)的控制器可以獲得完整的加工系統(tǒng)。(4) 數(shù)控八軸落地鉆床大型冷凝器的水冷壁管板的孔多達(dá) 15000 個(gè),它與支撐板聯(lián)接在一起加工??讖綖?20 毫米,孔深 180 毫米。采用具有內(nèi)冷卻管道的麻花鉆,57 巴壓力的冷卻液可直接進(jìn)入切削區(qū),有利于排屑。鉆尖磨成 90供自動定心。它比普通麻花鉆耐用,且進(jìn)給量大。為了縮短加工時(shí)間,以 8 軸數(shù)控落地加工。13 多軸加工趨勢多軸加工生產(chǎn)效率高,投資少,生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備周期短,產(chǎn)品改型時(shí)設(shè)備損失少。而且隨著我國數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展,多軸加工的范圍一定會愈來愈廣,加工效率也會不斷提高。 第 2 章 普通鉆床改為多軸鉆床2.1 生產(chǎn)任務(wù)在一批鑄鐵連接件上有同一個(gè)面上有多個(gè)孔加工。在普通立式鉆床上進(jìn)行孔加工,通常是一個(gè)孔一個(gè)孔的鉆削,生產(chǎn)效率低,用非標(biāo)設(shè)備,即組合機(jī)床加工,生產(chǎn)效率高,但設(shè)備投資大。但把一批普通立式普通單軸鉆床改造為立式多軸鉆床,改造后的多軸鉆床,可以同時(shí)完成多個(gè)孔的鉆、擴(kuò)、鉸、等工序。設(shè)計(jì)程序介紹如下:2.2 普通立式鉆床的選型2.2.1計(jì)算所需電機(jī)功率零件圖如圖 1 所示:普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床7 圖 1 為工件零件圖,材料:鑄鐵 HT200;料厚:5mm;硬度:HBS170-240HBS;年產(chǎn)量:1000萬件;4-6.7 尺寸精度 IT13.(1) 確定四個(gè)孔同時(shí)加工的軸向力,公式:FFFFFFknVYZdC0式中:=365.9,=,=0.661,=1.217,=0.361,=1.1,FC0d310FZFYFnFk=0.35m/s(表 15-37)文獻(xiàn) 1V則FN09. 41 . 1361. 035. 0217. 1661. 0109 .3653所需電機(jī)功率:KWVFP4 . 135. 009. 42.2.2 立式鉆床的確定根據(jù)上面計(jì)算所需電機(jī)的功率,現(xiàn)選用 Z525 立式鉆床,其主要技術(shù)參數(shù)如表 1 所示:表 1 Z525 立式鉆床主要技術(shù)參數(shù)型 號技 術(shù) 規(guī) 格Z525最大鉆孔直徑(mm)25主軸端面至工作臺距離(mm)0-700主軸端面至底面距離(mm)750-110普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床8主軸中心至導(dǎo)軌距離(mm)250主軸行距(mm)175主軸孔莫氏解錐度3 號主軸最大扭轉(zhuǎn)力矩(Nm)245.25主軸進(jìn)給力(N)8829主軸轉(zhuǎn)速(r/mm)97-1360主軸箱行程(mm)200進(jìn)給量(mm/r)0.1-0.8工作臺行程(mm)325工作臺工作面積(mm2)500375主電動機(jī)功率(kw)2.8第第 3 3 章章 多軸齒輪傳動箱的設(shè)計(jì)多軸齒輪傳動箱的設(shè)計(jì) 3.1設(shè)計(jì)前的準(zhǔn)備(1)大致了解工件上被加工孔為 4 個(gè) 10 的孔。毛坯種類為灰鑄鐵的鑄件,由于石墨的潤滑及割裂作用,使灰鑄鐵很易切削加工,屑片易斷,刀具磨損少,故可選用硬質(zhì)合金錐柄麻花鉆(GB10946-89)文獻(xiàn) 2(2)切削用量的確定根據(jù)表 27文獻(xiàn)?,切削速度,進(jìn)給量.min/21mVcrmmf/17. 0則切削轉(zhuǎn)速min/9987 . 614. 32110001000rdVns根據(jù) Z525 機(jī)床說明書,取min/960rns故實(shí)際切削速度為: min/2 .2010009607 . 614. 31000mdnVwc(3)確定加工時(shí)的單件工時(shí)圖 2 為鉆頭工作進(jìn)給長度,普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床9一般為 5-10mm,取 10mm,切入L文獻(xiàn) 3 mmdL2 .10837 . 68331切出mmL5加工加工一個(gè)孔所需時(shí)間:min15. 017. 09602 .251fnLLLtwm切出加工切入單件時(shí)工時(shí):min6 . 015. 0441 tmtm3.2 動系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)算(1) 選定齒輪的傳動方式:初定為外嚙合。(2) 齒輪分布方案確定:根據(jù)分析零件圖,多軸箱齒輪分布初定有以下圖 3,圖 4 兩種形式根據(jù)通常采用的經(jīng)濟(jì)而又有效的傳動是:用一根傳動軸帶支多根主軸。因此,本設(shè)計(jì)中采用了圖 3 所示的齒輪分布方案。(3)明確主動軸、工作軸和惰輪軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)方向,并計(jì)算或選定其軸徑大小。普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床10因?yàn)樗x定的 Z535 立式鉆床主軸是左旋,所以工作軸也為左旋,而惰輪軸則為右旋。根據(jù)表 2 確定工作軸直徑機(jī)械制造.8/97:43表 2加工孔徑與工作軸直徑對應(yīng)表(mm)加工孔徑1212161620工作軸直徑152025因?yàn)榧庸た讖綖?10mm,所以工作軸直徑選 15mm.主動軸和惰輪軸的直徑在以后的軸設(shè)計(jì)中確定。(4)排出齒輪傳動的層次,設(shè)計(jì)各個(gè)齒輪。 本設(shè)計(jì)的齒輪傳動為單層次的齒輪外嚙合傳動,傳動分布圖如圖 4 所示。 在設(shè)計(jì)各個(gè)齒輪前首先明確已知條件:電機(jī)輸入功率,齒輪轉(zhuǎn)速KWP8 . 21, 齒輪轉(zhuǎn)速,假設(shè)齒輪、的傳動比均為min/13601rn min/9603rn i=0.84,即齒輪比 u=1.2,工作壽命 15 年(每年工作 300 天) ,兩班制。 選定齒輪類型,精度等級,材料及齒數(shù)選用直齒輪圓柱齒輪傳動;多軸箱為一般工作機(jī)器,速度不高,故選用 7 級精度(GB10095-88);材料選擇由表 10-1文獻(xiàn) 4選擇齒輪材料為 40Cr(調(diào)質(zhì)) ,硬度為 280HBS,齒輪材料為 45(調(diào)質(zhì)) ,硬度為 240HBS,齒輪材料為 45(?;?,硬度 210HBS;選齒輪齒數(shù),齒輪齒數(shù),取.241Z8 .282 . 12412uZZ292Z 按齒面接觸強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì)由設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算公式進(jìn)行試算,3211132. 2HEdttZuuTKd 確定公式內(nèi)的各計(jì)算數(shù)值1)試選載荷系數(shù);3 . 1tK2)計(jì)算齒輪傳遞的轉(zhuǎn)矩普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床11mmNnPT45115110966. 11360/8 . 2105 .95/105 .953)由表 10-7文獻(xiàn) 4選取齒寬系數(shù)=0.5d4)由表 10-6文獻(xiàn) 4 查得材料的彈性影響系數(shù)2/18 .189 MPaZE5)由表 10-21d文獻(xiàn) 4 按齒面硬度查得齒輪的接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度極限?;齒輪MPaH6001lim的接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度極限?;MPaH5502lim6)由表 10-13文獻(xiàn) 4 計(jì)算應(yīng)力循環(huán)次數(shù):91110875. 51530082113606060hjLnN99210896. 42 . 1/10875. 5N7)由表 10-19文獻(xiàn) 4 查得接觸疲勞壽命系數(shù),;90. 01HNK95. 02HNK8)計(jì)算接觸疲勞許用應(yīng)力:取失效概率為 1%,安全系數(shù),由式(10-12) 文獻(xiàn) 4 得:1SMPaSKHHH54016009 . 01lim1lim1;MPaSKHHNH5 .522155095. 02lim22計(jì)算1)試算小齒輪分度圓直徑,代入中較小的值:td1H2432115 .5228 .1892 . 12 . 2110966. 13 . 132. 2132. 2HEdttZuuTKdmm649.532)計(jì)算圓周速度 V:smndVt/81. 31000601360649.5314. 3100060113)計(jì)算齒bmmdbHd82.26649.535 . 04)計(jì)算齒寬與齒高之比hb/模數(shù):mmzdmtt235. 224/649.53/11齒高:029. 5235. 225. 225. 2tmh普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床12 3 . 5029. 5/649.53/hb5)計(jì)算載荷系數(shù)根據(jù) v=3.81m/s,7 級精度,由圖 10-8文獻(xiàn) 4 查得動載系數(shù) Kv=1.14,直齒輪,假設(shè),由表 10-3文獻(xiàn) 4 查得;mmNbFKta/100/2 . 1FHKK由表 10-2文獻(xiàn) 4 查得使用系數(shù);1AK由表 10-4文獻(xiàn) 4 查得 7 級精度齒輪相對支承非對稱布置時(shí),bKddH3221023. 06 . 0118. 012. 1將數(shù)據(jù)代入后得:;182. 1649.531023. 0116 . 0118. 012. 1322HK由,查圖 10-13文獻(xiàn) 4得,;182. 1, 3 . 5/HKhb15. 1FK故載荷系數(shù)574. 1182. 12 . 111. 11HHVAKKKKK6)按實(shí)際的載荷系數(shù)校正所算得的分度圓直徑,由式(10-10a)文獻(xiàn) 4 得,=53.649x=57.18mmtdd113/ KtK33 . 1/574. 17)計(jì)算模數(shù) mm=d1/Z1=57.18/24=2.4mm,圓整為 m=25mm.按齒根彎曲強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì)由式(10-5)文獻(xiàn) 4 得彎曲強(qiáng)度的設(shè)計(jì)公式為 m32112FSaFadYYzkT確定公式內(nèi)的各計(jì)算數(shù)值1) 由圖 10-20文獻(xiàn) 4 查得齒輪的彎曲疲勞極限=500Mpa;1FE齒輪的彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度極限=380Mpa;2FE2)由圖 10-18文獻(xiàn) 4 查得彎曲疲勞壽命系數(shù);88. 0,85. 021FNFNKK3)計(jì)算彎曲疲勞許用應(yīng)力取彎曲疲勞安全系數(shù) S=1.4,由式(10-12)文獻(xiàn) 4 得:1=303.57MpaFSKFEFN114 . 150085. 0普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床13=238.86MPa2FSKFEFN224 . 138088. 04)計(jì)算載荷系數(shù)532. 115. 12 . 111. 11FFVAKKKKK5) 查取齒形系數(shù)由表 10-5文獻(xiàn) 4 查得53. 2,65. 221FaFaYY6)查取應(yīng)力校正系數(shù)由表 10-5文獻(xiàn) 4 查得62. 1,58. 121sasaYY7)計(jì)算齒輪、的并加以比較FSaFaYY=0.01379111FSaFaYY57.30358. 165. 2=0.01716222FSaFaYY86.23862. 153. 2齒輪的數(shù)值大。設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算m32401716. 0245 . 010966. 1532. 125 . 1mm對比計(jì)算結(jié)果,由齒面接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度計(jì)算的模數(shù) m 大于由齒根彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度計(jì)算的模數(shù),由于齒輪模數(shù) m 的大小主要取決于彎曲強(qiáng)度所決定的承載能力,而齒面接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度所決定的承載能力,僅與齒輪直徑(即模數(shù)與齒數(shù)的乘積)有關(guān),可取由彎曲強(qiáng)度算得的模數(shù) 1.5。在零件圖中可知,主動軸與惰輪軸的中心距為 51mm,即齒輪、完全嚙合的中心距,得:m()=51221ZZ 1.5x()=5122 . 111ZZ Z1=31, Z2=37惰輪軸與工作軸的中心距為 61.5mm,即齒輪與齒輪完全嚙合時(shí)中心距,即普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床14m()=61.5231ZZ 1. 5()=61.52373ZZ3=45幾何尺寸計(jì)算計(jì)算分度圓直徑:d1=Z1m=31x1.5=46.5mmd2=Z2m=37x1.5=55.5mmd3=Z3m=45x1.5=67.5mm計(jì)算中心中距a =51mm,a=61.5mm計(jì)算齒輪齒寬mmdbd75.335 .675 . 01取mmBmmBmmB25,30,35323驗(yàn)算Ft=819.2N112dT0 .4810966. 124=35.66N/mm100N/mm 合格bFKtA252 .8191第第 4 4 章章 多軸箱的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)與零部件的繪制多軸箱的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)與零部件的繪制多軸箱的傳動方式為外嚙合,齒輪傳動的排列層次為一層。4.1 箱蓋、箱體和中間板結(jié)構(gòu)(1)箱體選用 240mmx200mm 長方形箱體,箱蓋與之匹配。箱體材料為 HT20-40, 箱蓋為 HT15-33.(2)中間板的作用:箱內(nèi)部分是軸承的支承座,伸出箱外的部分是導(dǎo)向裝置中的滑套支承座,為普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床15便于設(shè)計(jì)人員選用,已將中間板規(guī)范為 23mm 和 28mm 兩種厚度的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),現(xiàn)選用 23mm 厚的中間板,材料為 HT15-33。4.2 多軸箱軸的設(shè)計(jì)(1)主動軸的設(shè)計(jì)軸材料的選擇表 15-3文獻(xiàn) 4 軸材料選用 45 鋼,調(diào)質(zhì)處理。軸徑的確定根據(jù)公式 dA0(15-2) 文獻(xiàn) 4 3nP式中 A0=,查表 15-3文獻(xiàn) 4 ,A0取 110 2 . 09550000Td110 x=13.9mm,取 d=25mm313608 . 2軸結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)選擇滾動軸承因?yàn)檩S承同時(shí)受有徑向載荷及軸向載荷,故前、后端均選用單列向心球軸承,由表 1-14文獻(xiàn) 3 ,選用 7204c 軸承。 軸上各段直徑,長度如圖 5 所示。普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床16鍵的確定因?yàn)辇X輪寬為 35mm,所以選用 8x7x22 平鍵,表 6-1文獻(xiàn) 4 確定軸上圓角和倒角尺寸參考表 15-2文獻(xiàn) 4 ,取軸端倒角 2x450,各軸肩的圓角半徑為 R=1.0mm.按彎扭合成校核軸的強(qiáng)度作出軸的計(jì)算簡圖軸上扭轉(zhuǎn)力矩為M=9549x=9549x=19.7nP13608 . 2mmN 周向力為Py=1970NdM2310207 .192徑向力為Pz=0.48 Py=0.48x1970=945.6N普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床17根據(jù)軸的計(jì)算簡圖,分別作出軸的扭矩圖、垂直圖的彎矩 My 圖和水平平面內(nèi)的彎矩 Mz 圖,如圖 7 所示。從圖中可知,截面 E 為危險(xiǎn)截面,在截面 E 上,扭矩 T 和合成彎矩 M 分別為T=19.7;mN M=39.322zyMM224 .3517 mN 軸材料選用 45 鋼,=355Mpa,許用應(yīng)力=文獻(xiàn) 5,為許用應(yīng)力安全系數(shù),取=1.5,則sssnss=237Mpa5 . 1355按第三強(qiáng)度理論進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度校核公式,W122TMW 為軸的抗彎截面系數(shù),W=-(表 15-4) 文獻(xiàn) 4 323ddtdbt22W=1533.2-105.8=1427.425222525322514. 323=W122TM 2323107 .19103 .394 .14271=30.8MpaS=1.5 故安全22SSSS226 .351 . 76 .351 . 7截面 E 右側(cè)面校核:抗彎截面系數(shù) W 為:W=0.1d3=0.1x203=800mm3抗扭截面系數(shù) WT為:WT=0.2d3=0.2x203=1600mm3彎矩 M 及彎曲應(yīng)力為:M=39300 x=35496.85 .775 . 75 .77mmN =44.4MpabWM8008 .35496普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床19扭矩 T3及扭轉(zhuǎn)應(yīng)力為:T3=19700 TmmN =12.3MpaTTWT3160019700截面上由于軸肩而形成的理論應(yīng)力集中系數(shù) a及 a 按附表 3-2 查取文獻(xiàn) 4 ,因=0.05,=1.25,經(jīng)插值后可查得:a,adr200 . 1dD202533. 266. 1又由附圖 3-1文獻(xiàn)?可得軸提材料的敏性系數(shù)為:q,q75. 081. 0故有效應(yīng)力集中系數(shù)按式(附 3-4)文獻(xiàn) 4 為:k2133. 275. 0111aqk53. 1166. 181. 0111aq由附圖 3-2文獻(xiàn) 4 得尺寸系數(shù)1由附圖 3-3文獻(xiàn) 4 得扭轉(zhuǎn)尺寸系數(shù)97. 0軸按磨削加工,由附圖 3-4文獻(xiàn) 4 得表面質(zhì)量系數(shù)為=0.92軸未經(jīng)表面強(qiáng)化處理,即,則按式(3-12)及(3-12)文獻(xiàn) 4 ,得綜合系數(shù)值為:1qK=-1=+=2.09112192. 01K =+-1=+=1.67197. 053. 1192. 01計(jì)算安全系數(shù):S=2.96maK101 . 04 .4409. 2275S =14.7maK123 .1205. 023 .1267. 1155Sca=2.9S=1.522SSSS227 .1496. 27 .1496. 2故該軸在截面右側(cè)面是安全的,又因?yàn)檩S無大的瞬時(shí)過載及嚴(yán)重的應(yīng)力循環(huán)不對稱性,故可略普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床20去靜強(qiáng)度校核。軸承的校核機(jī)床一般傳動軸的滾動軸承失效形式,主要是疲勞破壞,故應(yīng)進(jìn)行疲勞壽命計(jì)算。滾動軸承疲勞壽命計(jì)算公式:(10-5)文獻(xiàn) 4PCnLh60106式中:)(hLh額定壽命min)/(rn轉(zhuǎn)速,表 3.8-50文獻(xiàn) 6)(nC額定動載荷動載荷P3因?yàn)樗艿妮S向力太小,所以忽略不計(jì),Fa=0所受徑向力 Fr=945.6/2=472.8N 表 3.8-50文獻(xiàn) 6 P=0.41Fr+0.87Pa=0.41x472.8=193.8=30000h(表 13-3) 文獻(xiàn) 6 hLh6410988 .193145001360601036hL軸承安全(2)惰軸的設(shè)計(jì)軸材料的選擇表 15-3文獻(xiàn) 4 軸材料選用 45 鋼,調(diào)質(zhì)處理。軸徑的確定根據(jù)公式 dA0(15-2) 文獻(xiàn) 4 3nP=110,取 d=20mm8 .1484. 01360%998 . 23普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床21軸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì):選擇滾動軸承因?yàn)檩S承同時(shí)受有徑向載荷及軸向載荷,選用單列向心球軸承,由表 1-14文獻(xiàn) 3,選用 7002c軸承。軸上各段直徑,長度如圖 8 所示。鍵的確定因?yàn)辇X輪寬為 30mm,所以選用 6x6x18 平鍵,表 6-1文獻(xiàn) 4 軸上圓角和倒角尺寸參考表 15-2文獻(xiàn) 4 ,取軸端倒角 2x450,各軸肩的圓角半徑為 R=1.0mm.扭合成校核軸的強(qiáng)度作出軸的計(jì)算簡圖普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床22軸上扭轉(zhuǎn)力矩為M=9549x=9549x=23.2nP84. 01360%998 . 2mN 周向力為Py=2320NdM2310202 .232徑向力為 Pz=0.48 Py=0.48x2320=1113.6N根據(jù)軸的計(jì)算簡圖,分別作出軸的扭矩圖、垂直圖的彎矩 My 圖和水平平面內(nèi)的彎矩 Mz 圖,如圖 10 所示。從圖中可知,截面 E 為危險(xiǎn)截面,在截面 E 上,扭矩 T 和合成彎矩 M 分別為T=23.2;mN M=32.822zyMM222 .324 .15mN 按第三強(qiáng)度理論進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度校核文獻(xiàn) 5:公式,W122TMW 為軸的抗彎截面系數(shù),W=-(表 15-4) 文獻(xiàn) 4 323ddtdbt22W=785-81=70420222026322014. 323=W122TM 2323102 .23108 .327041=70MpaS=1.5 故安全22SSSS228 . 18 . 68 . 18 . 6截面 E 右側(cè)面校核:抗彎截面系數(shù) W 為:W=0.1d3=0.1x153=337.5mm3抗扭截面系數(shù) WT為:WT=0.2d3=0.2x153=675mm3彎矩 M 及彎曲應(yīng)力為:M=32800 x=22707.7391239mmN =67.3MpabWM5 .3377 .22707扭矩 T3及扭轉(zhuǎn)應(yīng)力為:T3=23200TmmN =34.4MpaTTWT367523200截面上由于軸肩而形成的理論應(yīng)力集中系數(shù) a及 a 按附表 3-2 查取文獻(xiàn) 4 ,因=0.07,=1.33,經(jīng)插值后可查得:a,adr150 . 1dD152012. 260. 1又由附圖 3-1文獻(xiàn)?可得軸提材料的敏性系數(shù)為:q,q75. 081. 0故有效應(yīng)力集中系數(shù)按式(附 3-4)文獻(xiàn) 4 為:k84. 1112. 275. 0111aqk49. 1160. 181. 0111aq由附圖 3-2文獻(xiàn) 4 得尺寸系數(shù)1由附圖 3-3文獻(xiàn) 4 得扭轉(zhuǎn)尺寸系數(shù)0 . 1軸按磨削加工,由附圖 3-4文獻(xiàn) 4 得表面質(zhì)量系數(shù)為=0.92軸未經(jīng)表面強(qiáng)化處理,即,則按式(3-12)及(3-12)文獻(xiàn) 4 ,得綜合系數(shù)值為:1qK=-1=+=1.931184. 1192. 01K =+-1=+=1.581149. 1192. 01計(jì)算安全系數(shù):普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床25S=2.12maK101 . 03 .6793. 1275S =5.53maK124 .3405. 024 .3458. 1155Sca=1.99S=1.522SSSS2253. 512. 253. 512. 2故該軸在截面右側(cè)面是安全的,又因?yàn)檩S無大的瞬時(shí)過載及嚴(yán)重的應(yīng)力循環(huán)不對稱性,故可略去靜強(qiáng)度校核。軸承的校核因?yàn)樗艿妮S向力太小,所以忽略不計(jì),Fa=0所受徑向力 Fr=1113.6/2=556.8nP=0.41Fr+0.87Pa=0.41x556.8=228.3N7002c 向心球軸承校核=30000h(表 13-3) 文獻(xiàn) 6 hLh3486043 .228660084. 01360601036hL軸承安全(3)工作軸的設(shè)計(jì)軸材料的選擇表 15-3文獻(xiàn) 4 軸材料選用 45 鋼,調(diào)質(zhì)處理。軸徑的確定在傳動系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)算中已的工作軸的直徑定為 d=15mm。軸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì):普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床26擇滾動軸承因?yàn)檩S承同時(shí)受有徑向載荷及軸向載荷,故前、后端均選用單列向心球軸承,又因工作軸用于鉆削,在后端加單向推力球軸承。由表 1-14文獻(xiàn) 3,單列向心球軸承選用 102 軸承,后端單向推力球軸承選用 8102 軸承。各段直徑,長度如圖 11 所示。鍵的確定因?yàn)辇X輪寬為 25mm,所以選用 5x5x20 平鍵,表 6-1文獻(xiàn) 4 軸上圓角和倒角尺寸參考表 15-2文獻(xiàn) 4 ,取軸端倒角 2x450,各軸肩的圓角半徑為 R=0.8mm.扭合成校核軸的強(qiáng)度作出軸的計(jì)算簡圖軸上扭轉(zhuǎn)力矩為M=9549x=9549x=27.3nP960%99%998 . 2mN 周向力為Py=3640NdM2310153 .272徑向力為普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床27Pz=0.48 Py=0.48x3640=1754.5N根據(jù)軸的計(jì)算簡圖,分別作出軸的扭矩圖、垂直圖的彎矩 My 圖和水平平面內(nèi)的彎矩 Mz 圖,如圖 13 所示。從圖中可知,截面 E 為危險(xiǎn)截面,在截面 E 上,扭矩 T 和合成彎矩 M 分別為T=27.3;mN M=54.622zyMM222 .497 .23mN 按第三強(qiáng)度理論進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度校核文獻(xiàn) 5:公式,W122TMW 為軸的抗彎截面系數(shù),W=-(表 15-4) 文獻(xiàn) 4 323ddtdbt22W=331.2-56.3=274.915221525321514. 323=W122TM 2323103 .27106 .549 .2741=222MpaS=1.5 故安全22SSSS2248. 485. 148. 485. 1截面 E 左側(cè)面校核:抗彎截面系數(shù) W 為:W=0.1d3=0.1x153=337.5mm3抗扭截面系數(shù) WT為:WT=0.2d3=0.2x153=675mm3彎矩 M 及彎曲應(yīng)力為:M=54600mmN =161。8MpabWM5 .33754600扭矩 T3及扭轉(zhuǎn)應(yīng)力為:T3=27300TmmN =40.4MpaTTWT367527300在附表 3-4文獻(xiàn) 4 用插入法求得軸上鍵槽處的有效應(yīng)力集中系數(shù):k,k054. 1由附圖 3-2文獻(xiàn) 4 得尺寸系數(shù)88. 0由附圖 3-3文獻(xiàn) 4 得扭轉(zhuǎn)尺寸1軸按磨削加工,由附圖 3-4文獻(xiàn) 4 得表面質(zhì)量系數(shù)為=0.92軸未經(jīng)表面強(qiáng)化處理,即,則按式(3-12)及(3-12)文獻(xiàn) 4 ,得綜合系數(shù)值為:1qK=-1=0+=0.091192. 01K =+-1=+=1.631154. 1192. 01計(jì)算安全系數(shù):S=18.89maK101 . 08 .16109. 0275S =4.57maK124 .4005. 024 .4063. 1155普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床30Sca=4.4S=1.522SSSS2257. 489.1857. 489.18故該軸在截面右側(cè)面是安全的,又因?yàn)檩S無大的瞬時(shí)過載及嚴(yán)重的應(yīng)力循環(huán)不對稱性,故可略去靜強(qiáng)度校核。軸承的校核機(jī)床一般傳動軸的滾動軸承失效形式,主要是疲勞破壞,故應(yīng)進(jìn)行疲勞壽命計(jì)算。1)36102 向心球軸承校核由第一章可知主動軸的軸向力 Fa=4.091N所受徑向力 Fr=1754.5/2=877.25N (表 3.8-50) 文獻(xiàn) 6P=0.41Fr+0.87Pa=0.41x877.25+0.87x4.091=363.2N=30000h(表 13-3) 文獻(xiàn) 6 hLh8838392 .3636250960601036hL軸承安全2)8102 推力球軸承校核P=Fa (表 3.8-54)jj P=4.091N=30000h(表 13-3) 文獻(xiàn) 6 36091. 4105009606010hLhL軸承安全4.3軸坐標(biāo)計(jì)算為方便在多軸箱上鏜孔,因此進(jìn)行軸坐標(biāo)計(jì)算是十分重要的。建立如圖 14 坐標(biāo)系,多軸箱里尺寸如圖示為 220 x180mm,在多軸箱中心安裝主動軸,則主動軸坐標(biāo)可知(110,90) ,則根據(jù)零件圖,可算出其他各軸坐標(biāo),分別如圖所示。普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床31第第 5 5 章章 導(dǎo)向裝置的設(shè)計(jì)導(dǎo)向裝置的設(shè)計(jì)51 導(dǎo)向裝置組成導(dǎo)向裝置主要由導(dǎo)柱、導(dǎo)套、彈簧組成。導(dǎo)柱的上端與多軸箱中間板上的導(dǎo)套滑動配合,下端安裝在夾具的鉆模板上。(1)選擇彈簧 用四根彈簧支撐整個(gè)多軸箱,粗略估算多軸箱重量:NG9 .4978 . 9105058200240108 . 993每根彈簧負(fù)荷:F=124.5N選圓柱螺旋壓縮彈簧(表 12) 文獻(xiàn) 7 ,彈簧中徑,節(jié)距,彈簧絲直徑mmD0 .162mmt640. 6,工作圈數(shù),自由高度.mmd8 . 130nmmHo140(3) 導(dǎo)柱、導(dǎo)套的選擇導(dǎo)柱材料為直徑 16mm,長 303mm,15rGc導(dǎo)套材料為 20 號鋼。第第 6 6 章章 接桿刀具接桿刀具接桿一端為梯形螺紋,與主動軸的內(nèi)孔滑動配合,通過鍵傳遞扭矩。在梯形螺紋段并設(shè)計(jì)有斜面,以便調(diào)整接桿的延伸量來補(bǔ)償?shù)毒叩哪p量。接桿另一端的莫氏錐孔與刀具的莫氏錐柄相配合。外外 文文 文文 獻(xiàn)獻(xiàn)普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床32ItIt isis thethe new-typenew-type injectinject byby shapingshaping technologytechnology1.inject by shaping altogether( inject shaping of at core layers) Adopt and inject shaping help and observe and make one unique structure altogether. first of plastic is injected and fill and enter some types first, then the plastic: second follow first inject person who enter one and keep initial to drive pressure field of flowing closely. At epidermis district and core the sizes of one, measure and publish first and the materials quantities of second according to correct proportionate relationship, Make one at first complete at second to make one parcel appearance core each. In addition, in cosmetics application, the material is put after second material injecting to have first of epidermis of the small part, So that the epidermis of the part of the runner can be totally closed. Inject making one of shaping altogether with the resin of 2 kinds of different colors, form a piece of a layer of blocks of epidermis and core apt to distinguish (Realize inject shaping one as much as all have and have and one very much important this core similar epidermis. )If there is not advanced detection technique, usually difficult to distinguish the epidermis - core area and boundary of layer. Inject shaping a new technology altogether. British ici company began to use this technology in the 1970s early, and had made the basic theory of including, Produce several patents, such as the products and machinery equipment,etc. Now similar to mould mould sandwiches what has been adopted generally ici production technologies,last outer the materials of the epidermis at moulds and in layers is material different on core occasionally, So two a kind of material person who a certain one inclusives, and core require and have high radiations very, issue and steep shaping and retrieve performance of utilizing etc at 100% by layers of material. Should be fixed relatively by the excellent choice to select the material for use. After injecting the shaping technology and come out in 15 altogether, can really just popularize and popularize . One a kind of adoptions inject the thick teeth of shaping fails and produces horizontal cross-section altogether. Material to pack nylon epidermis, and pearl material pack the nylon at - - glass layers of material core. A rate that shrinks material of pearl of glass is extremely low in core one, have good size stabilities. Nylon prevent pearl from grains of material easy problem of denuding that produces by epidermis person who give good and lubricated tooth tooth gear wheel. Already developed several kinds and processed the method of improving new-typly at present on the basis of the basic theory of injecting shaping altogether. At however, in the mould and gas assist paint mould mould. Mould have and paint processing method to adopt low molecular weight polymers as the outer material, Gas assist mould mould shaping to adopt the nitrogen or another kind of gas as the core one( or core ones) material. Produce and process equipment constant to perfect and improve, satisfy of different use newly and the new technologies demands with product design, Inject technology and will become the rich and potential industrialized extensive production technology method altogether.2.inject by - it compress shaping Inject and compress shaping move perpendicular on dividing into mould line direction by medium-sized s of walls at -. Adopt the method at the shaping, fill mould stage and produce pressure drive melting body flow according to process, But this flowed the degree of depth of one melted variably. At 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床33flowing one deeply relatively, pressure drop relatively low, so that heavy areas make pieces of shaping excessive to pigeonhole melting body, And has prevented the material in the twinkling of an eye from responding, these 2 kinds of factors will hinder the flow of the melting body equally. It injects forming process type make pieces of the 14%s of thickness finally by s of degree of depth, After the plastic has been packed 60% - 75% of the type roughly, stop injecting, a of walls of mould is bulldozed at the same time , Until make the wall original shaping of one finally. The final size of making one is defined at this stage . If at mould wall at process fulling of more type before moving, this kind of technology is usually called and cast and press shaping. On the whole, cast and press shaping to adopt pressure that become to making one go on and protect and pigeonhole in one a piece of variable the type ones of volumeses. Cast and press stage to increase the stages of density, density and then in lying between and solid state plastic change melting body. Adopt and cast and press way shaping pre- pressing discs, remaining stress degree of minimising, Make pieces of have remain stress produce and become phenomenon of refracting. It cast and press shaping improvement type activities types types for kinds of new technology in s of walls,inject its make. Already someone call outside gas to assist shaping law the method, actually these are a kind of misunderstanding, Because the gas has not influenced the melting body flow in type of plastic . During routine inject shaping, protecting and press is while a of volume of keeping type does not change , Under the function that the pressure flows, add and enter more plastics. Unite, Being emerged by the runner position of the high pressure and making a defect puters supplementary shaping Adopt computer assist project( cae) design and analyse and help and shorten design cycle and prevent cost from expensive mechanical fault processing. Commercial emulations daily to indicate size on flowing one code, melt material flows in flowing dishes of system and type with balance, The figure of offeredding and put bestly and runner defining runner at the same time . Calculate pressure of injecting and shut mould want at different processing t
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