Chapter 1 International Trade Terms and Customs 國際貿易術語與國際貿易慣例 國際貿易實務雙語教案

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1、Chapter 1 International Trade Terms and Customs 國際貿易術語與國際貿易慣例 1.1 Trade Terms and Customs 國際貿易術語與國際貿易慣例 Definitions and functions of international trade terms 國際貿易術語的概念及作用 International commodity prices are consisted of not only unit price and amount but also related liabilities, costs and

2、risks between the seller and buyer. 國際貿易商品價格構成中，除了要表明每一計量單位的價格、金額外，還要表明買賣雙方在貨物交接過程中有關責任、費用、風險的劃分問題。 Definition Trade terms, also called price terms or price conditions, are abbreviations of letters or words specifying specific certain liabilities, costs and risks between the seller and buyer.

3、國際貿易術語（Trade Terms） 也稱為價格術語、價格條件，它是指用短語或英文縮寫來說明商品的價格構成及買賣雙方在貨物的交接過程中有關的風險、責任和費用劃分問題的專門用語。 It covers two basic elements: 1) trade terms indicate commodity price composition, for instance, whether the seller’s quotation includes freight, insurance premium or discharge. FOB excludes freight and insu

4、rance premium which are paid by the buyer. And CIF is the opposite. 2) Trade terms are specified terms concerning place of delivery, risks, obligations and costs during delivery of goods between the seller and the buyer. 這一定義包含兩層意思，第一層含義：貿易術語說明了商品的價格構成，賣方所報價格是否包含運費、保費、裝缷費是離岸價還是到目的港的價格。如用FOB，不包含運費、保

5、費，稱離岸價，運、保費要由買方出。CIF則相反：運費、保費都已在包含在貨價中，由賣方承擔。第二層含義：國際貿易術語是買賣雙方在貨物交接過程中，關于交貨地點，風險、責任、費用如何劃分的專門用語。 Function國際貿易術語的作用 Trade terms, which are used as united and specific language for worldwide merchants, take shape gradually in international practice and greatly simplify dealing procedures, improving

6、efficiency and play significant roles in international trade. 國際貿易術語是在長期的國際貿易實踐中逐漸發(fā)展形成的，作為全世界國際貿易商人的統(tǒng)一專門用語，大大簡化了交易程序，提高了交易效率，降低了交易成本，有力地促進了國際貿易的發(fā)展，在國際貿易中具有重要的作用。 International trade customs有關國際貿易術語的國際貿易慣例 Definition國際貿易慣例的概念 International trade customs are universally recognized customary ways f

7、or doing business as well as explanation evolving in the long process of trade development. It has been compiled by relative international organizations into rules and regulations which are acquainted, recognized and adopted by many trading organizations in most countries. 國際貿易慣例是在國際貿易的長期實踐中逐步發(fā)展、

8、形成的具有普遍意義的一些習慣做法和解釋，經(jīng)過有關國際組織的編纂與解釋成為規(guī)則、條文，并為較多的國家或貿易團體所熟悉、承認和采用。 Nature 國際貿易慣例的性質 1. International trade customs are not compulsory since they are neither legislations for all countries, nor laws of a certain country. 它不是各國的共同立法，也不是某一國的法律，不具有法律的強制性。 2. When both parties cite one internationa

9、l custom, it becomes legally valid and both parties are subject to it. 當買賣雙方在合同中援引某項慣例時，則該慣例即具有法律效力，對雙方均有約束力，有法律強制性。 3. Even if the contract does not indicate which custom the contract is subject to, the custom still has binding force. 合同中未引入某項慣例，慣例仍有約束力。 When disputes arise during the c

10、ontract execution, court of justice or arbitration agencies usually makes ruling according to the customs, thus the customs are influential to some extent. Especially lately, some international conventions and laws endow the customs legality. China’s laws indicates what the law fails to cover are su

11、bject to international trade customs. CISG stipulates that the commonly used and universally known customs which are not excluded from the contract are binding to both parties. 在執(zhí)行合同中發(fā)生爭議時，法院判決、仲裁機構仲裁往往以慣例作為準則進行裁決，因此這些慣例實際上有一定的影響力，特別是目前的新的趨勢，某些國際公約或某些國家以立法的形式直接賦予慣例法律效力。如我國的法律規(guī)定：凡是中國法律沒有規(guī)定的適用國際貿易

12、慣例?！豆s》規(guī)定：合同沒有排除的慣例，已經(jīng)知道或應當知道的慣例和經(jīng)常使用反復遵守的慣例對雙方當事人均有約束力。 UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON CONTRACTS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS (1980) [CISG] Article 9: 1) The parties are bound by any usage to which they have agreed and by any practices which they have established between themselves. (2)

13、 The parties are considered, unless otherwise agreed, to have impliedly made applicable to their contract or its formation a usage of which the parties knew or ought to have known and which in international trade is widely known to, and regularly observed by, parties to contracts of the type involve

14、d in the particular trade concerned. （《公約》第九條：“（1）雙方當事人業(yè)已同意的任何慣例和他們之間確立的任何習慣做法，對雙方當事人均有約束力。（2）除非另有協(xié)議，雙方當事人應視為已默示地同意對他們的合同或合同的訂立使用雙方當事人已知道或理應知道的慣例，而這種慣例，在國際貿易上，已為有關特定貿易所涉同類合同的當事人所廣泛知道并為他們所經(jīng)常遵守。”）。 Therefore, it is of great significance to get familiar with the customs and carry out trade practice

15、s. 因此熟悉并掌握有關的國際貿易慣例并按照慣例來進行國際貿易業(yè)務的操作，具有非常重要的意義。 4. If the contract clauses conflict with customs, the contract is to be followed as a basic principle. 如果合同的條款與慣例有沖突，將遵循合同優(yōu)先慣例的原則。 5. Both parties could make out some clause different from customs when signing a contract on the principle of c

16、ontract first and contract freedom. 遵循契約至上、契約自由的原則，合同雙方當事人在簽訂合同時也可以作出與慣例不同的規(guī)定 Three main international rules on trade terms三個主要國際貿易慣例 1. “WARSAW-OXFORD RULES 1932”《1932年華沙——牛津規(guī)則》 They are rules for CIF contracts drafted at a conference of the international law association in Warsaw. In the mi

17、d 1900th, CIF is widely applied in international trade, however, there are no unified explanations or rules on each party’s obligations, misunderstandings and disputes frequently arise. International law association drafted and adopted rules for CIF contracts in the capital of Poland, Warsaw in 1928

18、. After that, this rule is combined into 21 provisions in oxford conference in 1932 and renamed as Warsaw-oxford rules 1932 used till now. 這是國際法協(xié)會制定的，專門解釋了CIF這一貿易術語。19世紀中葉起，CIF貿易術語在國際貿易中得到了廣泛應用，由于這一貿易術語中買賣雙方各自承擔的義務沒有統(tǒng)一的規(guī)定和解釋，在交易中經(jīng)常發(fā)生爭議和糾紛。國際法協(xié)會于1928年在波蘭首都華沙起草并制定CIF統(tǒng)一規(guī)則。其后，于1932年牛津會議上，將此規(guī)則定為21條，更名為《

19、1932年華沙——牛津規(guī)則》，沿用至今。 Warsaw-oxford rules state that this rule is not legally binding and are to both parties’ option; once this rule is explicitly adopted, both parties shall be subject to it. In sales contract, the clauses could be different from the rule and each rule could be altered or added

20、according to both parities’ agreement. If conflicts arise between the clauses and the rules, refer to the clauses. If the contract contains no relating clauses, refer to the rules. 《華沙——牛津規(guī)則》在總則中說明，這一規(guī)則并無法律約束力，僅供雙方自愿使用，凡明示采用本規(guī)則的，合同當事人應按照本規(guī)則的規(guī)定辦理。在買賣合同中，經(jīng)雙方當事人協(xié)議，也可以作出與該規(guī)則不同的規(guī)定，也可以對本規(guī)則的任何一條進行變更、修改或增添

21、。如本規(guī)則與合同發(fā)生沖突，以合同為準。但合同中沒有規(guī)定的事項，應按本規(guī)則辦理。 2. Revised American foreign trade definition 1941 《1941年美國對外貿易定義修訂本》 The constitutors are Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America, American importers association (AIA) and national foreign trade council, etc. 制定人----美國九個貿易團體：美國商會、美國進口商協(xié)會、美國

22、對外貿易協(xié)會等。 It includes 6 terms, namely, EX (Point of Origin), FOB (Free on Board), FAS, C&F, CIF and EX DOCK and is used in some North American and Latin American countries. 內容-------六種術語：EX (Point of Origin) 產(chǎn)地交貨; FOB (Free on Board) 在運輸工具上交貨; FAS (Free Alongside) 在運輸工具旁邊交貨; C&F (cost and freight

23、) 成本加運費; CIF (cost, insurance and freight) 成本加保險費、運費; EX DOCK (named port of importation)目的港碼頭交貨。 該慣例適用地區(qū)：北美、一些拉丁美洲國家。 3. INCOTERMS 2010《2010年國際貿易術語解釋通則》 Incoterms 2010, "International rules for the interpretation of trade terms", are the most widely used, most influential and most important

24、international practices published by ICC and all trade terms in this textbook are subject to it. INCOTERMS was first created in 1936 and has been regularly updated to keep pace of the development of the international trade. The latest version, INCOTERMS 2010 came into force on 1st January 2011. 《國

25、際貿易術語解釋通則2010》簡稱“Incoterms 2010”是目前使用最廣泛、影響最大、最重要的一個國際貿易慣例，本課程所提到的貿易術語的解釋都以該通則為準。通則最早發(fā)布于1936年，后經(jīng)多次修訂。最新的一次修訂是2011年1月1日生效的《2010通則》。 a. It is created and has been regularly updated by ICC, International Chamber of Commerce. 制定人------國際商會 b. It entries into force since January 1, 2011 This is th

26、e seventh revision for INCOTERMS. 2010版生效時間-----2011年1月1日，目前最新的一次修改為第七次修改。 c. INCOTERMS 1990 consists 13 trade rules. INCOTERMS 2000 groups the 13 rules into 4 categories. INCOTERMS 2010 updates and consolidates the ‘delivered’ rules, reducing the total number of rules from 13 to 11. The Incot

27、erms 2010 rules, DAF, DES, DEQ and DDU are replaced by two new Incoterms rules DAT and DAP. INCOTERMS 2010 presents 11 rules in two distinct classes: Rules for any mode or modes of transportation, EXW、FCA、CPT、CIP、DAT、DAP and DDP; Rules for sea and inland waterway transportation, FAS、FOB、CFR and CIF.

28、 1990年修訂時主要內容包含13個貿易術語?！?000通則》保留了這13個貿易術語，并把貿易術語分成4組?！?010通則》 改為11個貿易術語，刪去了原來D組的DAF、DES、 DEQ和DDU, 新增加了DAT和DAP。2010年版通則把這11個貿易術語分成兩組。一組是可以適用于任何運輸方式或多種運輸方式的術語：EXW、FCA、CPT、CIP DAT、DAP與DDP。另一組為適用于海運及內河水運的術語：FAS、FOB、CFR與CIF。 d. One of the main features of the Incoterms 2010 is that they are availa

29、ble for application to both international and domestic sale contracts. The forming of various trade blocs, like the European Union, has made it a must for the rules to be applicable for both international and domestic trade. 《2010通則》的一個很重要的特點是其中所涉及的國際貿易術語對國際和國內貨物買賣合同均可適用。由于像歐盟這樣的貿易同盟的出現(xiàn)使國際貿易術語必須在適

30、用與國際貿易的同時也能適用于國內貿易。 1.2 FOB, CIF and CFR 裝運港交貨的三種常用貿易術語 Among the 11 trade terms, FOB, CFR and CIF are the most commonly used terms. Nowadays, they are used as trade terms for symbolic delivery, which means documents sales replace goods sales, and the seller delivers the documents instead of

31、 the goods while the buyer pays according to the documents. Symbolic delivery creates a new epoch of international trade. And symbolic delivery is the basic of understanding modern international settlement and credit dealings. 在國際貿易中，我們使用最多的貿易術語是FOB、CFR、CIF。這三個貿易術語是國際貿易史上淵源最久遠的貿易術語。在現(xiàn)代的國際貿易中，它們已經(jīng)升華

32、為象征性交貨的貿易術語。所謂象征性交貨，也就是以單據(jù)的買賣代替了貨物的買賣，賣方以交單代替了交貨，買方憑單付款。象征性交貨開創(chuàng)了國際貿易的新紀元。理解什么是象征性交貨才能理解現(xiàn)代的國際結算、信用證交易。 FOB, CFR and CIF are classified into one group as they are alike in characters from the below 6 aspects: 1) They are used for port-to-port waterway transportation 2) Place of delivery of the se

33、ller is on board a ship in the export country 3) Risks are borne by the seller until the goods are on board the vessel. 4) Symbolic trade terms, or, documents instead of goods dealing is the core of selling and buying 5) The risks are transferred to the buyer once the seller delivers the goods o

34、n board the vessel. 6) Contracts signed under the 3 terms are referred to shipment contracts, in other words, the seller is only responsible for punctual shipment and disregard when it arrives. 我們把FOB、CFR、CIF作為一個章節(jié)來論述，是因為這三個貿易術語在性質上是一樣的，有著它們共同的規(guī)律，可以從以下六個方面來看： 第一，這三個貿易術語都是適用于港到港的海洋運輸。 第二，賣方的交貨地點都

35、是在出口國的裝運港船上。 第三，風險的劃分都是在出口國裝運港以貨物裝上船為界。 第四，都是象征性交貨的貿易術語，也就是說是以單據(jù)的買賣為核心，以交單代替了交貨。 第五，都是屬于裝運港交貨條件的術語，也就是說賣方只要在裝運港把貨物裝上船就完成了交貨義務，風險就轉移給了買方。 第六，以這三個貿易術語簽訂的買賣合同都是屬于裝運合同，也就是賣方只管按時裝運，不管何時到達。 FOB Free on Board …（ named port of shipment) 中譯名：“裝運港船上交貨”“離岸價”“船上交貨” (加注裝運港名稱) It shall be followed

36、 by the name of port of shipping, like FOB FUZHOU. 采用此術語時后面一定要加注裝運港名稱，如FOB FUZHOU Definition The seller is responsible for shipping the contracted goods on board the ship dominated by the buyer at the port of shipment within specific period and bearing all costs and risks before the goods are on

37、board the vessel. 賣方在合同規(guī)定的裝運港和期限內把合同規(guī)定的貨物裝到買方指定的船上，并負擔貨物裝上船為止的一切費用和風險。 The buyer is responsible for the freight and insurance premium from port of shipment to port of destination. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel. 到目的港的運輸和投保由買方自行安排，承擔運費和保費

38、。風險劃分是在貨物裝上船時，風險即由賣方轉移至買方。 The seller should notify the buyer promptly as the buyer shall cover the risks under FOB terms. If the buyer fails to cover the risks as a result of deferred notice by the seller and once accidents happen, the seller is responsible. 裝船后及時通知買方，是因為FOB貿易術語是由買方自己投保的，如果賣方裝船

39、后沒有及時通知買方，致使買方?jīng)]有投保，一旦發(fā)生風險或事故，由賣方承擔責任事故。 Obligations買賣雙方義務 The Seller’s Obligations賣方義務 a. Ship the goods on board the ship at port of shipment within due time and notify the buyer promptly b. All costs and risks before the goods are loaded on board the ship c. Clear export customs and provide

40、related documents and certificates d. Provide related shipping documents or EDI electronic information l 負責在合同規(guī)定的裝運港和規(guī)定的期限內(日期內)，將貨物裝上買方指定的船只并及時通知買方。 l 負擔貨物裝上船前的一切費用和風險。 l 負責辦理出口報關手續(xù)，提供出口國政府或有關方面簽署的證件。 l 負責提供有關貨運單據(jù)或EDI電子信息。 The Buyer’s Obligations買方義務 a. Book space and pay the freight a

41、nd notify the seller sailing date and name of sailing vessel b. Bear all costs and risks after the goods are loaded on board the ship c. Accept related documents provided by the seller and pay duly according to the contract l 負責租船或訂艙，支付運費，并將船期、船名及時通知賣方。 l 負責貨物裝上船后的一切費用和風險。 l 接受賣方提供的有關貨運單據(jù)，并按合同規(guī)

42、定支付貨款。 Some points for attention about FOB 要注意的幾個問題 The cancellation of the concept “cross the rail” “船舷為界”概念的取消 It is a historic practice before INCOTERMS 2010 to regard the rail as the boundary. However, some defects were found in practical application. Moreover, the meaning of it is obscu

43、re. “Revised American Foreign Trade Definition 1941” has stipulated that the risk transfers when the goods are on board the ship. INCOTERMS 2010 specified that the risk of loss of and damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel, and the buyer bears all costs from that moment on

44、wards. It could be an engagement that both parties agree to regard boarding on ship as the boundary. The concept of “cross the rail” was cancelled thereafter. 以船舷作為劃分風險的界限是《2010通則》以前長期沿用的一種慣例，但是在實際應用中有很多缺陷，不是很確切?！?941年美國對外貿易定義》是以貨物裝上船作為風險劃分的界限，有它的科學性。Incoterms2010在關于FOB風險劃分時就做了重新規(guī)定：取消了以船舷為界劃分風險的

45、概念，明確規(guī)定以貨物裝上船作為風險劃分的界限。 Shipping charges關于FOB的裝船費用 Dividing the shipping charges on the basis of the rail is unscientific as shipping goods is a continuous action. INCOTERMS 2010 section 6 stipulates that the seller shall pay all related expenses until the goods are delivered by placing them on

46、board the vessel nominated by the buyer at the loading point, if any, indicated by the buyer at the named port of shipment or by procuring the goods so delivered. Generally, the seller is responsible for shipping charges; excluding stowage charges and trimming charges after the goods are loaded on b

47、oard the ship. 《2010通則》的解釋賣方義務的第六條規(guī)定：“賣方必須支付按貨物裝上船，或以取得已經(jīng)在船上交付的貨物的方式交貨前的費用?！边@就說明了，在一般情況下，賣方要承擔裝船的費用，而不包括貨物裝上船后的理艙費和平艙費。 CIF Cost Insurance and Freight (….Named port of Destination) 中譯名：成本加保費、運費（指定目的港） It shall be followed by the name of port of destination, like CIF London. 這個貿易術語在后面要加注目的港

48、名稱：如CIF London . CIF is a typical symbolic delivery term and contracts under this term are shipment contracts. As the same with FOB, place of delivery of CIF is port of shipment in export country but not port of destination. 以CIF術語簽訂的買賣合同為裝運港交貨條件，屬于“裝運合同”，CIF是典型的象征性交貨術語。 過去有人把它稱為“到岸價”是不正確的。

49、因為CIF貿易術語和FOB貿易術語一樣，賣方的交貨地點是在出口國裝運港，并不是在目的港交貨。 Definition The seller is responsible for booking space and delivering the goods on board the vessel sailing for the destination in due time according to the contract and covering the risks and expenses during carriage. The risks of loss or damage to t

50、he goods pass when the goods are on board the vessel. 賣方負責租船訂艙，并按照合同規(guī)定的裝運期或期限內將合同規(guī)定的貨物裝上運往約定目的港的船上，辦理保險手續(xù)，負責支付運費和保險費并負擔貨物在裝運港裝上船前的一切費用和風險。貨物滅失或損壞的風險在貨物交到船上時轉移。 Notably, the boundary for risk transfer is the same for FOB, CIF and CFR. 需要注意的是：FOB 、CIF與CFR三個貿易術語風險轉移的界線是一樣的。 Obligations雙方義務 T

51、he Seller’s Obligations賣方義務 a. Book shipping space and sign shipment contracts from designated port of shipment to destination; load the goods on board the ship in contracted time and port and pay the freight; notify the buyer after shipment promptly. 負責租船訂艙，簽訂從指定裝運港承運貨物的合同。在合同規(guī)定的時間和港口，將合同要求的貨物裝

52、上船并支付至目的港的運費；裝船后須及時通知買方。 b. Bear all expenses and risks before the goods are on board the vessel at port of shipment. 負擔貨物在裝運港裝上船前的一切費用和風險。 c. Cover the insurance and pay insurance premium as the contract stipulates. 按照買賣合同的規(guī)定，負責辦理運輸保險，支付保費。 d. Clear export customs and bear all relating

53、risks and expenses; get export license or other official permission documents. 負責辦理出口報關手續(xù)，并自負風險和費用，取得出口許可證或其它官方批準文件，負責辦理貨物出口所需的一切海關手續(xù)。 e. Provide relating shipping documents, commercial invoices or equivalent eclectic information or e-documents. 提供有關貨運單據(jù)，商業(yè)發(fā)票，或相等的電子信息，電子單據(jù)。 The Buyer’s Oblig

54、ations買方義務 a. All expenses and risks after the goods delivered on board at port of shipment. b. Accept related documents provided by the seller and take delivery the goods and pay for them. c. Clear import customs at port of destination; bear all expenses and risks; get import license or

55、other official permissions. l 負擔貨物裝上船后的一切費用和風險； l 接受賣方提供的有關單據(jù)，受領貨物，并按合同規(guī)定支付貨物。 l 辦理在目的港收貨物進口報關手續(xù)。（按通則規(guī)定由買方辦）自負風險和費用，取得進口許可證或其它官方證件， 所需報關手續(xù)。 Some Points for attention about CIF注意的問題 Insurance coverage保險險別問題 As explained by INCOTERMS 2010, the seller acts for the buyer to cover insurance

56、. If there is no stipulation on the contract, the lowest level of insurance could be covered, however, a higher level may be covered at the buyer’s requirement. Revised American foreign trade definition 1941 states both parties agree to cover WPA or FPA while Warsaw-oxford rules1932 states “insuranc

57、e shall be covered according to practices of specific industry”. 按“2010通則”解釋：賣方還要為買方在運輸途中貨物的滅失或損壞風險辦理保險。買方應注意到，在CIF下賣方僅需投保最低險別。如買方需要更多保險保護的話，則需與賣方達成明確協(xié)議，或者自行做出額外的保險安排。如買方有要求，由買方付費，可加保較高險別?！?941年美國對外貿易定義修訂本》的解釋，對于保險險別雙方共同明確是投保水漬險或平安險。《1932年華沙-----牛津規(guī)則》的規(guī)定賣方“應按照特定行業(yè)慣例或在規(guī)定航線上應投保的一切風險，辦理投保手續(xù)”。 Booki

58、ng shipping space by the seller賣方租船訂艙問題 As INCOTERMS 2010 states, the seller is liable for shipping the goods with routine marine vessels. The buyer has no right to dominate the vessel age, vessel model or shipping company. The seller has the right to refuse the buyer’s requirement about vessel a

59、ge, vessel shape and ship classification. 按照《2010通則》的規(guī)定，賣方只負擔將貨物按慣常路線用通常類型可供裝載該合同貨物的海上航行船只即可。至于船齡、船型、船公司，買方無權指定。對買方關于船齡、船型、船級的特別要求，賣方有權拒絕。 Symbolic delivery象征性交貨問題 CIF is a typical term for symbolic delivery, in comparison with physical delivery. Symbolic delivery refers to that the seller fulfil

60、ls obligation on condition that the seller ships the goods on board the vessel as the contract stipulates at port of shipment within due time and delivers related entitled documents as stipulated on the contract. The risks are transferred when the goods are on board the vessel. The seller is liable

61、for loading the goods in due time and has no guarantee for the arrival of goods. The core of Symbolic delivery is the buying and selling of related documents instead of physical goods, in other words, delivering the documents is delivering goods by the seller to the buyer. The seller delivers the go

62、ods against documents and the buyer pay for the goods against the documents. As long as the seller provides all sets of qualified documents in due time and even if the goods are damaged of lost during shipment, the buyer shall pay. Reversely, if the seller provides wrong documents and even if the go

63、ods are in good shape, the buyer may refuse to pay. CIF貿易術語是一個典型的象征性交貨（Symbolic Delivery）的貿易術語。所謂象征性交貨是針對實際交貨（Physical Delivery）而言。象征性交貨是指賣方只要按照合同規(guī)定的時間在裝運港把貨物裝上船并向買方提交了合同規(guī)定的代表貨物所有權憑證的有關單據(jù)，就算完成了交貨義務。風險在貨物裝上船時由賣方轉移給買方，賣方只負責按時裝運，無需負責保證到貨。象征性交貨的核心是單據(jù)的買賣，雙方交易的是單據(jù)而不是貨物，也就是說賣方只要向買方交單就是向買方交貨。賣方是憑單交貨，買方是憑單付

64、款。只要賣方如期向買方提交了全套合格單據(jù)，即使貨物在運輸途中損壞或滅失，買方也必須履行付款義務。相反的，如果賣方提交的單據(jù)不符合要求，即使貨物完好無損的到達目的地，買方仍有權拒絕付款。實際交貨是指賣方要在合同規(guī)定的時間和地點，將符合合同規(guī)定的貨物提交給買方或其指定的人。而不能以交單代替交貨。 Physical delivery refers to that the seller deliver the goods to the buyer in due time and at due place as agreed in the contract. The seller fulfills

65、 obligation on condition that the seller ships the goods on board the vessel as the contract stipulates at port of shipment within due time and has no guarantee for the arrival of goods. The seller delivers the goods against documents and the buyer pay for the goods against the documents. 按期在約定裝運港船

66、上裝運，并向買方提交合同規(guī)定的包括物權憑證在內的有關單據(jù)就算完成了交貨義務，無需保證到貨。賣方憑單據(jù)交貨，買方憑單據(jù)付款。 CFR CFR 全稱：Cost and Freight （….Named Port of Destination） 中譯名：成本加運費（指定目的港） It shall be followed by the name of port of destination, like CFR London. 采用這術語后加注目的港：如CFR London Definition The seller is responsible for booking space and delivering the goods on board the vessel sailing for the destination in due time according to the contract and covering the risks and expenses during carriage(the risks are transferre