機(jī)械外文翻譯 電梯基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)-1_曳引式電梯

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1、1 曳引式電梯 Traction lift 電梯是一種機(jī)電結(jié)合緊密地用電力拖動(dòng)的特殊升降設(shè)備，是一種現(xiàn)代生活中必不可少的，廣泛應(yīng)用的垂直交通運(yùn)輸工具，在現(xiàn)代城市文明中，電梯不但已成為高層建筑不可缺少的垂直運(yùn)輸設(shè)備，也將成為低層建筑中的代步工具。 在垂直交通運(yùn)輸工具中曳引式電梯是使用最普遍的一種電梯。因此，本文以介紹曳引式電梯為主。 Being a special system moving upwards and downwards by combining mechanics and electrics, lift has played an indispensable role

2、in our modern life by serving as widely-used vehicle that runs vertically; it is not only an important vertical vehicle for high-rise buildings, but for low-rising buildings. As a vertical vehicle, traction lift is the most commonly used lift; therefore, the following description will be based on

3、traction lift. 1-1 電梯的基本結(jié)構(gòu) Lift basic structure 1-1-1 曳引系統(tǒng) Traction system 曳引系統(tǒng)主要由曳引機(jī)、曳引鋼絲繩、導(dǎo)向輪及反繩輪等組成。 Traction system is composed of traction machine, traction rope, diverter pulley and counterweight sheave. 1-1-1-1曳引機(jī)有驅(qū)動(dòng)電動(dòng)機(jī)、制動(dòng)器、減速箱、機(jī)座、曳引輪等組成。它是電梯的動(dòng)力源。 驅(qū)動(dòng)電動(dòng)機(jī)為電梯專用交流電機(jī)或直流電機(jī)。 As the power p

4、rovider, traction machine is composed of drive motor, brake, geared machine, machine base and traction sheave. Drive motor is AC or DC motor for lift. 制動(dòng)器通常采用雙瓦塊常閉式電磁制動(dòng)器。電梯停止或電源斷電情況下制動(dòng)抱閘，以保證電梯不致移動(dòng)。 Usually adopted is double lined normally closed magnetic brake. Brake is activated to prevent lift

5、 from moving in case of lift stop or power failure. 減速機(jī)大多選用蝸輪蝸桿減速機(jī)，也有行星齒輪、斜齒輪減速機(jī)。無(wú)齒輪電梯不需減速機(jī)。 曳引輪即為曳引機(jī)上的繩輪，兩端借助曳引鋼絲繩分別懸掛轎廂和對(duì)重。 Usually adopted is worm geared machine, besides, star gear and slanting geared machine are also available. Gearless lift needs no geared machine. Traction sheave is a sh

6、eave on traction machine, on both sides of which can suspend car and counterweight by means of traction rope. 1-1-1-2 曳引鋼絲繩的兩端分別連接轎廂和對(duì)重（或兩端固定在機(jī)房上），依靠鋼絲繩與曳引輪繩槽之間的靜摩擦力來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)電梯轎廂的升降。 Both sides of the traction rope are connected with car and counterweight (or both sides are attached to the machine room)

7、. Car is moved upwards or downwards by means of static friction between traction rope and rope groove. 1-1-1-3導(dǎo)向輪又稱抗繩輪，因電梯轎廂尺寸一般都比較大，轎廂懸掛中心和對(duì)重懸掛中心間的距離往往大于設(shè)計(jì)上所允許的曳引輪直徑，因此對(duì)一般電梯而言需要設(shè)置導(dǎo)向輪，以保證兩股向下的曳引鋼絲繩之間的距離等于或接近轎廂懸掛中心和對(duì)重懸掛中心之間的距離，以分開(kāi)轎廂和對(duì)重的間距。 Deflector sheave is also called beam Pulley. Since car is

8、comparatively large in dimensions; the distance between car suspension center and counterweight suspension center is generally longer than the diameter of traction sheave, deflector sheave is usually used for lifts to ensure the distance between two ropes downwards to be equal or almost equal to the

9、 distance between car suspension center and counterweight suspension center, distancing car and counterweight. 對(duì)復(fù)繞的無(wú)齒輪電梯而言，改變復(fù)繞輪的位置同樣可以達(dá)到上述目的。采用復(fù)繞輪還可以增加曳引能力。 For gearless lift with compound wounding, changing the position of winding pulley can also achieve the above purpose, besides the applicatio

10、n of compound winding pulley can also increase traction capacity. 1-1-1-4 反繩輪 當(dāng)鋼絲繩的繞繩比大于1時(shí)，在轎廂頂和對(duì)重架上應(yīng)增設(shè)反繩輪。反繩輪的個(gè)數(shù)與曳引比有關(guān)，可以是1個(gè)、2個(gè)甚至是3個(gè)。 Diversion sheave: with suspension ratio > 1, diversion sheave should be installed on the top of car and counterweight frame. Related to suspension ratio, number o

11、f diversion sheave can be 1, 2 or even 3. 1-1-2 導(dǎo)向系統(tǒng) Diverter system 導(dǎo)向系統(tǒng)由導(dǎo)軌、導(dǎo)靴（圖1-3）和導(dǎo)軌架（圖1-4）等組成。它的作用是限制轎廂和對(duì)重的活動(dòng)自由度，使轎廂和對(duì)重只能沿著導(dǎo)軌做升降運(yùn)動(dòng)。 Composed of guide rails, guide shoes and rail frame, diverter system is used to limit the flexibility of car and counterweight, making car and counterweight mo

12、ve along the guide rail upwards and downwards. 導(dǎo)軌固定在導(dǎo)軌架上，導(dǎo)軌架是支撐導(dǎo)軌的組件，與井道壁聯(lián)接。 Guide rails are fixed on the rail frame that is used to support rails and connected with well wall. 導(dǎo)靴裝在轎廂和對(duì)重架上，與導(dǎo)軌配合，強(qiáng)制轎廂和對(duì)重的運(yùn)動(dòng)服從于導(dǎo)軌的走向。 Installed on car and counterweight frame, guide shoes are working together with g

13、uide rails, forcing car and counterweight to move in compliance with the direction of guide rails. 1-1-3 門(mén)系統(tǒng) Door system 門(mén)系統(tǒng)由轎廂門(mén)、層門(mén)、門(mén)機(jī)、聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)、門(mén)鎖等組成。 Door system is composed of car door, level door, door operator, interconnection and door lock. 轎廂門(mén)設(shè)在轎廂入口，有門(mén)扇、門(mén)導(dǎo)軌架、門(mén)靴和門(mén)刀等組成。 Located in the entrance

14、 to car, car door is composed of door fan, door guide rail frame, door shoe and door vane. 層門(mén)設(shè)在層站入口，有門(mén)扇、門(mén)導(dǎo)軌架、門(mén)靴、門(mén)鎖裝置及應(yīng)急開(kāi)鎖裝置組成。 Located in the entrance to landing, landing door is composed of door fan, door guide rail frame, door shoe, door lock and emergency unlocking device. 門(mén)機(jī)設(shè)在轎廂上，是轎門(mén)和層門(mén)開(kāi)啟和關(guān)閉的

15、動(dòng)力源。 Installed on the car, door operator is power provider for opening and closing car door and landing door. 1-1-4 轎廂 Car 轎廂是用以運(yùn)送乘客或貨物的電梯組件。它是由轎廂架和轎廂體組成。 Composed of car frame and car body, car is used to convey passengers or cargo. 轎廂架是轎廂體的承重架構(gòu)，由上橫梁、立柱、底梁和斜拉桿等組成。 As a support for car body,

16、 car frame is composed of top transom, side transom, bottom transom and brace rod. 轎廂體由轎廂底、轎廂壁、轎廂頂及照明、通風(fēng)裝置、轎廂裝飾件和操縱盤(pán)等組成。轎廂的大小由額定載重量和額定載客量決定。 Car boy is composed of car bottom, car wall, car top, ventilation, decoration profile and control panel. Car dimensions are determined by rated load and pas

17、senger flow. 1-1-5 重量平衡系統(tǒng) Weight balance system 該系統(tǒng)由對(duì)重和重量補(bǔ)償裝置組成。 Such system is composed of counterweight and weight compensation device. 對(duì)重由對(duì)重架和對(duì)重塊組成。對(duì)重將平衡轎廂自重和部分的額定載重。 Counterweight is composed of counterweight and counterweight filler. Counter weight is used to offset car weight and partia

18、l rated load. 重量補(bǔ)償裝置是補(bǔ)償高層電梯中轎廂與對(duì)重側(cè)曳引鋼絲繩長(zhǎng)度變化對(duì)電梯平衡影響的裝置。 Weight compensation device is used to offset the influence on the lift balance arising from the changing rope length of car and counterweight. 1-1-6 電力拖動(dòng)系統(tǒng) Electrical driving system 該系統(tǒng)由曳引電機(jī)、供電系統(tǒng)、速度反饋裝置、調(diào)速裝置等組成。對(duì)電梯實(shí)行速度控制。 Composed of tract

19、ion machine, power supply system, speed feedback device and speed-adjusting device, such system is used to control lift speed. 曳引電機(jī)是電梯的動(dòng)力源，根據(jù)電梯配置可用交流電機(jī)或直流電機(jī)。 Traction machine is the power provider for lift. AC or DC motor can be selected based on lift configuration. 供電系統(tǒng)是為電機(jī)提供電源的裝置。 Power suppl

20、y system provides power for motor. 速度反饋裝置是為調(diào)速系統(tǒng)提供電梯運(yùn)行速度信號(hào)。一般采用測(cè)速發(fā)電機(jī)或速度脈沖發(fā)生器，與電機(jī)相連。 Speed feedback device is used to provide lift speed signal for speed-adjusting system. Connected with motor, tachogenerator or speed pulse generator is usually adopted. 調(diào)速裝置對(duì)曳引電機(jī)實(shí)行調(diào)速控制。 Speed adjusting device is

21、used to control speed of traction motor. 1-1-7 電氣控制系統(tǒng) Electrical control system 電氣控制系統(tǒng)由操縱裝置、位置顯示裝置、控制裝置、平層裝置、選層器等組成。它的作用是對(duì)電梯的運(yùn)行實(shí)行操縱和控制。 Composed of operation device, position indicator device, control device, leveling device and selector, electrical control system is used to operate and control

22、lift. 操縱裝置包括轎廂操縱盤(pán)或手柄開(kāi)關(guān)箱、層站召喚按鈕、轎頂和機(jī)房中的檢修或應(yīng)急操縱箱。 控制裝置安裝在機(jī)房中，由各類電氣控制元件（或板）組成，是電梯實(shí)行電氣控制的集中組件。 Operation device is composed of operation panel or handle switch tank, landing call button, inspection or emergency control box. Installed in the machine room, as the integrated unit for electrical control

23、, control device is composed of electrical control components (or panels). 位置顯示裝置裝在轎廂內(nèi)和大廳內(nèi)，顯示電梯的運(yùn)行層站和方向及載客量等信息。 Position indicator is installed in car and landing, indicating such information as lift running landing, direction and passenger flow. 選層器可由機(jī)械式、繼電器或電子式組成，起指示和反饋轎廂位置、決定運(yùn)行方向、發(fā)出減速信號(hào)等作用。 H

24、aving mechanic, relay or electronic types, selector is used to indicate and feedback car position, determine running direction and give out reduction signal. 1-1-8 安全保護(hù)系統(tǒng) Safety protection system 電梯上設(shè)有機(jī)械和電氣各類保護(hù)系統(tǒng)，以保證電梯安全使用。 Lift is equipped with mechanic and electrical protection systems to ensu

25、re lift safe operation. 機(jī)械方面有限速器、安全鉗、緩沖器、漸進(jìn)式行程開(kāi)關(guān)等。 Mechanical devices include overspeed governor, safety gear, buffer and progressive travel switch. 電氣方面設(shè)有一系列安全開(kāi)關(guān)保護(hù)電梯的各個(gè)運(yùn)行環(huán)節(jié)，例如，電源斷路保護(hù)器，轎頂急停開(kāi)關(guān)，底坑急停開(kāi)關(guān)，極限開(kāi)關(guān)，緊急出口接點(diǎn)，超速保護(hù)開(kāi)關(guān)，安全鉗開(kāi)關(guān)，門(mén)保護(hù)開(kāi)關(guān)，檢修開(kāi)關(guān)等。 Electrical devices include a series of safety switches to p

26、rotect every operation stages, such as power cut-off protector, emergency stop switch on top of the car and in the pit, limit switch, emergency exit contact, overspeed protection switch, safety gear switch, door protection switch and inspection switch. 1-2 電梯的分類 Lift types 電梯的定義：用電力拖動(dòng)的轎廂運(yùn)行于鉛垂的或與鉛

27、垂方向傾斜不大于15o的兩列剛性導(dǎo)軌之間運(yùn)送乘客或貨物的固定設(shè)備。目前不論其驅(qū)動(dòng)方式如何，將電梯作為建筑物內(nèi)垂直交通運(yùn)輸工具的總稱。 Lift is defined as a fixed device that hoists a car traveling vertically or not exceeding 15°vertically between two rigid rails, to convey passengers or cargo. Whatever drive type lift has, it is a collective term for vehicle trave

28、ling within a building. 根據(jù)建筑物的高度、用途及客流量（或物流量）不同，而設(shè)置不同種類的電梯。目前電梯的基本分類方法大致如下： Based on the building’s height, application and passenger flow（or cargo flow), different types of lifts are used. Currently, lifts are classified based on the following criteria: 1-2-1 按驅(qū)動(dòng)方式分類 Classified by drive type

29、 1-2-1-1 交流電梯 AC lift 用交流感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)作為驅(qū)動(dòng)力的電梯。根據(jù)拖動(dòng)方式又可分為交流單速、交流雙速、交流調(diào)壓調(diào)速、交流調(diào)頻調(diào)壓調(diào)速電梯。 AC motor is used in lift. Based on traction types, lifts can be classified as AC single-speed, AC double-speed, AC speed / voltage-viable, AC viable speed / frequency lifts. 1-2-1-2 直流電梯 DC lift 用直流電動(dòng)機(jī)作為驅(qū)動(dòng)力的電梯，這類電梯

30、的額定速度都在2m/s以上。 DC motor is used in lift whose rated speed is above 2m/s. 1-2-1-3 液壓電梯 Hydraulic lift 利用電動(dòng)泵驅(qū)動(dòng)液體流動(dòng)，由柱塞使轎廂升降的電梯。 By means of electrical pump driving fluid, lift is moved upwards or downwards through plunders. 1-2-1-4 齒輪齒條電梯 Gear rack lift 將導(dǎo)軌加工成齒條，轎廂裝上與齒條嚙合的齒輪, 電動(dòng)機(jī)帶動(dòng)齒輪旋轉(zhuǎn)使轎廂升降的電梯

31、。 Rails are made into gear racks. Car is equipped with gears that are engaged with racks. Lift is moved upwards or downwards by means of the rotation of gears driven by motor. 1-2-1-5 螺桿式電梯 Spiral lever lift 將直頂式電梯的柱塞加工成矩形螺紋，再將帶有推力軸承的大螺母安裝于油缸頂，然后通過(guò)電機(jī)經(jīng)減速機(jī)（或皮帶）帶動(dòng)大螺母旋轉(zhuǎn)，從而使螺桿頂升轎廂上升或下降的電梯。 In spir

32、al level lifts, plunders of straightly-pushed lifts are made into rectangular threads; big nuts with pushing bearings are installed on the top of the cylinder. Through motor, the big nuts rotate with geared machine (or belt). Therefore, supported by the spiral lever, lifts can move upward or downwa

33、rds. 1-2-1-6直線電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)的電梯 Machine driven by lineal motor 其動(dòng)力源是直線電機(jī)。 Lift is powered by lineal motor. 1-2-2 按用途分類 Classified by applications 1-2-2-1 乘客電梯 Passenger lift 為運(yùn)送乘客設(shè)計(jì)的電梯，要求有完善的安全設(shè)施及一定的轎廂內(nèi)裝飾。 Passenger lift is designed to convey passengers and required to have perfect safety facilit

34、ies and necessary decoration in the car. 1-2-2-2 載貨電梯 Cargo lift 主要為運(yùn)送貨物而設(shè)計(jì)的電梯，有司機(jī)載貨電梯允許司機(jī)及裝卸人員隨同上下；無(wú)司機(jī)載貨電梯僅允許裝卸人員在裝卸貨物時(shí)出入轎廂，但不允許隨貨物一同上下，更不準(zhǔn)運(yùn)載乘客。 Cargo lift is designed to convey cargo and classified into 2 types: Lift with driver: driver and servicemen are allowed to be with the cargo in the

35、moving car. Lift without driver: only servicemen are allowed to enter the car to load or unload cargo at the landing, but not allowed to be with the cargo in a moving car; passengers are not allowed to enter the car either. 1-2-2-3 病床電梯（醫(yī)用梯） Hospital lift (medical lift) 為運(yùn)送病床、擔(dān)架、醫(yī)用車而設(shè)計(jì)的電梯，轎廂具有長(zhǎng)而

36、窄的特點(diǎn)。 Characteristic of being long and narrow, it is designed to convey patient bed, stretcher, and medical vane. 1-2-2-4 服務(wù)電梯（雜物梯） Service lift (dumbwaiter lift) 供圖書(shū)館、辦公樓、飯店、食品等設(shè)計(jì)的電梯。這類電梯無(wú)安全設(shè)施，轎廂內(nèi)嚴(yán)禁載人。 Service lift is designed for library, office building and hotel. Without safety facilities,

37、 such lift is not allowed to convey passengers. 1-2-2-5 觀光電梯 Sightseeing lift 轎廂壁透明，供乘客觀光用的電梯。 With transparent car wall, sightseeing lift is designed for tourists. 1-2-2-6 車輛電梯 Vehicle lift 用作裝運(yùn)車輛的電梯。 Vehicle lift is designed to convey vehicles. 1-2-2-7 船舶電梯 Ship lift 船舶上使用的電梯。 Ship lif

38、t is designed for ship. 1-2-2-8 建筑施工電梯 Construction lift 建筑施工與維修用的電梯。 Construction lift is designed for construction and maintenance. 別墅電梯 裝在別墅內(nèi)的家用電梯， 1-2-2-9 其他 Others 除上述常用電梯外，還有些特殊用途的電梯，如冷庫(kù)電梯、防爆電梯、礦井電梯、電站電梯、消防員用的電梯等。 Besides the above mentioned lifts, there are lifts for special applica

39、tions, such as freezer lift, explosion-proof lift, mine lift, power station lift and fireman lift. 1-2-3 按速度分類 Classified by speed 電梯無(wú)嚴(yán)格的速度分類，一般習(xí)慣上如下分類 Lifts fall into the following categories: 1-2-3-1 低速梯：常指速度低于/s的電梯； Low-speed lift is defined as lift with speed less than /s. 1-2-3-2 快速梯：常指

40、速度在1.0～/s的電梯； Fast-speed lift is defined as lift with speed ranging from /s to /s. 1-2-3-3 高速梯：常指速度大于/s的電梯 High-speed lift is defined as lift with speed more than /s. 1-2-4 按電梯有無(wú)司機(jī)分類 Classified by lift with or without driver 1-2-4-1 有司機(jī)電梯 Lift with attendant 電梯的運(yùn)行方式由專職司機(jī)操縱來(lái)完成。 Lift running

41、 is operated by an attendant. 1-2-4-2 無(wú)司機(jī)電梯 Lift without attendant 乘客進(jìn)入電梯轎廂，按下操縱箱上所需要去的層樓按鈕，電梯自動(dòng)運(yùn)行到達(dá)目的層樓。這類電梯具有集選功能。 Lift without attendant: Entering the car and operating floor button to select a floor desired, passenger can be conveyed to a landing desired. Such lift is featured collective-se

42、lection. 1-2-4-3 有/無(wú)司機(jī)電梯 Lift with / without attendant 這類電梯可變換控制電路，平時(shí)由乘客操縱，如遇客流量大或必要時(shí)改由司機(jī)操作。 Lift with/without attendant is operated by passengers usually. In cased of big passenger flow or necessary circumstance, it will be operated by the attendant. 1-2-5 按操縱控制方式分類 Classified by control mo

43、de 1-2-5-1 手柄開(kāi)關(guān)操縱 Handle- operated 電梯司機(jī)在轎廂內(nèi)控制操縱箱手柄開(kāi)關(guān)，實(shí)現(xiàn)電梯的起動(dòng)、上升、下降、平層、停止的運(yùn)行狀態(tài)。它要求轎廂門(mén)上裝有透明玻璃窗口或使用柵欄轎門(mén)，井道壁上有層樓標(biāo)記和平層標(biāo)記，電梯司機(jī)根據(jù)這些標(biāo)記判斷層樓數(shù)及控制電梯平層。 By operating the handle of the control box in the car, the driver can make the lift start up, move upwards, move downwards, level and stop. It is required

44、the car door equipped with transparent glass window or grid car door; well wall is required to be have floor or leveling flag, by which the driver can determine floor number and control leveling. 1-2-5-2 按鈕控制電梯 Button-controlled 是一種簡(jiǎn)單的自動(dòng)控制電梯，據(jù)有自動(dòng)平層功能，常見(jiàn)以下兩種控制方式： With automatic leveling function

45、, button-controlled lift is simple and automatic, which has 2 control modes: 1-2-5-2-1 轎廂外按鈕控制 Button outside car 轎廂由安裝在各樓層門(mén)口的按鈕箱進(jìn)行操縱。操縱內(nèi)容通常為召喚電梯、指令運(yùn)行方向和?？繕菍印ｋ娞菰诮邮芰四骋粚訕堑牟倏v指令，在沒(méi)有完成指令前是不接受其他樓層的操縱指令的。這種操作方式通常用于服務(wù)梯或?qū)诱旧俚呢浱荨? Car is controlled by the button box equipped in landing door. Car call, r

46、unning direction and parking can be controlled. Lift will not execute any new command from other landings until it finishes executing a previous command. Such control mode is usually applicable to service lift or cargo lift with not more than 10 landings. 1-2-5-2-2轎廂內(nèi)按鈕控制 按鈕箱在轎廂內(nèi)，有司機(jī)操作。電梯只接受轎廂內(nèi)按鈕

47、指令，層站的召喚按鈕只燃亮轎內(nèi)指示燈（或起動(dòng)電鈴），不能截停和操縱電梯。 Button inside car: buttons inside car are operated by the driver. Lift only accepts command inside car; landing call button can only light up indicators inside car (or start alarm), can not stop or operate lift. 1-2-5-3 信號(hào)控制電梯 Signal-controlled lift 這是一種自動(dòng)控制

48、程度較高的有司機(jī)電梯。除具有自動(dòng)平層，自動(dòng)開(kāi)門(mén)功能外，尚具有轎廂命令登記，層站召喚登記，自動(dòng)停層，順向截車和自動(dòng)換向等功能。司機(jī)只要將需要停站的層樓按鈕逐一按下，再按下啟動(dòng)按鈕，電梯就自動(dòng)關(guān)門(mén)運(yùn)行。在這中間，司機(jī)只需操縱起動(dòng)按鈕，一直到預(yù)先登記的指令全部執(zhí)行完畢。在運(yùn)行中，電梯能被符合運(yùn)行方向的層站召喚信號(hào)截停。采用這種控制方式的常為有司機(jī)客梯。 It is a highly automated lift with driver. Besides having automatic leveling and door-opening, it has such functions as com

49、mand register, landing call register, automatic landing, on-the-way stop and automatic return. Just pressing the desired floor buttons one by one and start-up button, the driver can make the lift close the door and operate. 1-2-5-4 集選控制電梯 Collective selective control lift 是一種在信號(hào)控制基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來(lái)的全自動(dòng)控制

50、的電梯。與信號(hào)控制的主要區(qū)別在于能實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)司機(jī)操縱。其主要特點(diǎn)是：把轎廂內(nèi)選層信號(hào)和各層外呼信號(hào)集合起來(lái)，自動(dòng)決定上、下運(yùn)行方向，順序應(yīng)答。這類電梯需在轎廂上設(shè)置稱重裝置，以免電梯超載。轎門(mén)上需設(shè)有保護(hù)裝置，防止乘客出入轎廂時(shí)被軋傷。 Evolving from signal control lift, collective selective control lift is fully automatic. Compared with the former, it can achieve driverless control. Its main characteristic is the

51、 combination of car call and landing call, so as to automatically control upward and downward movement, and sequent response. Load-weight device should be installed in the car to avoid overload. Also protection device is needed on the car door to protect passengers against body injury during getti

52、ng in and out from the car. 集選控制又分為全集選（雙向）控制和上或下（單向）集選控制。全集選控制的電梯，無(wú)論在上行或下行時(shí)，全部應(yīng)答層站的召喚指令。而單向集選，只能應(yīng)答層站一個(gè)方向（上或下）的召喚信號(hào)。一般下集選控制方式用得較多，如住宅樓內(nèi)。 Collective selective control is classified into whole (two-way) and upward or downward (one-way) collective selective control. In the mode of whole collective se

53、lective control, lift will respond to all landing calls no matter in upward or downward movement. In the mode of one-way collective selective control, lift will only respond to landing call from upward or downward. Generally speaking, collective selective control downward is used more frequently,

54、for instance, for residential building. 1-2-5-5 并聯(lián)控制電梯 Parallel control lift 2～3臺(tái)電梯的控制線路并聯(lián)起來(lái)進(jìn)行邏輯控制，共用層站外召喚按鈕，電梯本身都具有集選功能。 PLC is executed through parallel circuit for the control of two to three lifts, with landing call button shared. Lift has collective selective function. 兩臺(tái)并聯(lián)集選控制組成的電梯，基站設(shè)在大

55、樓的底層，當(dāng)一臺(tái)電梯執(zhí)行指令完畢后，自動(dòng)返回基站。另一臺(tái)電梯在完成其所有任務(wù)后，就停留在最后?？康膶訕亲鳛閭溆锰?，準(zhǔn)備接受基站以上出現(xiàn)的任何指令而運(yùn)行?；咎菘蓛?yōu)先供進(jìn)入大樓的乘客服務(wù)，備用梯主要應(yīng)答其他層樓的召喚。當(dāng)重新出現(xiàn)召喚指令時(shí)，備用梯首先應(yīng)答、啟動(dòng)、運(yùn)行。當(dāng)備用梯運(yùn)行后方出現(xiàn)召喚信號(hào)時(shí)，則基站梯接受信號(hào)啟動(dòng)出發(fā)。基站梯和備用梯不是固定不變的，而是跟據(jù)運(yùn)行的實(shí)際情況確定。備用梯也有可能在執(zhí)行轎廂內(nèi)乘客的指令后停留在基站，優(yōu)先應(yīng)答基站召喚。 For two lifts with parallel collective selective control, since home land

56、ing is on the bottom of the building, after one lift has executed command, it will return to the home landing as home landing lift. Finishing all tasks, the other lift will dwell in the latest landing as a stand-by lift to wait for further command from landings above the home landing. Receiving ca

57、ll command, the stand-by lift will respond, start up and run. If any call gives out after the operation of the stand-by lift, the home landing lift will receive the call and start. Home landing lift and stand-by lift are changeable according to actual circumstances. Stand-by lift can also park i

58、n the home landing after executing commands from passengers in the car, responding to home landing preferably. 三臺(tái)并聯(lián)集選組成的電梯，有兩臺(tái)電梯作為基站梯，一臺(tái)為備用梯。運(yùn)行原則類同于兩臺(tái)并聯(lián)控制電梯。 For three lifts with parallel collective selective control, two of them will serve as home landing lifts, with the remaining one as stand-b

59、y lift. Operation principle is same as that of two lifts. 1-2-5-6 群控電梯 Group control lifts 群控是用微機(jī)控制和統(tǒng)一調(diào)度多臺(tái)集中并列的電梯。群控可以有： Group control lifts are several lifts controlled and coordinated by computer. 1-2-5-6-1 梯群的程序控制 控制系統(tǒng)按預(yù)先編制好的交通模式程序集中調(diào)度和控制。如將一天中客流分成上行客流量高峰狀態(tài)，客流量平衡狀態(tài)，下行客流量高峰狀態(tài)，上行客流量較下行大的狀態(tài)，

60、下行客流量較上行大的狀態(tài)，空閑時(shí)的客流量狀態(tài)。電梯在工作中，按照當(dāng)時(shí)客流情況，以轎廂的負(fù)載、層站的召喚頻繁程度，運(yùn)行一周的時(shí)間間隔等為依據(jù)，自動(dòng)選擇或人工變換控制程序，如在上行高峰期，對(duì)電梯實(shí)行下行直駛控制等。 Program control: Coordination and control are made through programmed traffic mode. For instance, passenger flow in one day is classified into the following statuses: upward peak traffic, bala

61、nced traffic, downward peak traffic, upward traffic flow more than downward traffic flow, downward traffic flow more than upward traffic flow, idle traffic. For lift in service, based on passenger flow, car load, landing call frequency, running interval for one week, it is possible to select automa

62、tic or manual control program, for instance, during upward peak traffic, downward running with non-stop is possible for lift. 1-2-5-6-2梯群智能控制電梯 智能控制電梯有數(shù)據(jù)的采集、交換、存儲(chǔ)功能，還有進(jìn)行分析、篩選、報(bào)告的功能?？刂葡到y(tǒng)可以顯示出所有電梯的運(yùn)行狀態(tài)，同過(guò)專用程序可分析電梯的工作效率、評(píng)價(jià)電梯的服務(wù)水平。計(jì)算機(jī)根據(jù)當(dāng)前的客流情況，自動(dòng)選擇最佳的運(yùn)行控制程序。最新研制出的大樓管理系統(tǒng)，包括了大樓中所有服務(wù)設(shè)備，如鍋爐、暖通、空調(diào)、電梯的群控和管理的

63、智能化系統(tǒng)。 Intelligence controlled lift: It has such functions as data collection, data exchange, saving, analysis, screening and report. Control panel can display operation status of all lifts；lift-specific program can analyze lift efficiency and evaluate lift service quality. Based on current passe

64、nger flow, computer can select optimum operation control program. The latest developed building management system includes all service facilities, such as boiler, heating system, air-conditioning system, group control and management intelligence system. 1-2-6 按曳引機(jī)有無(wú)減速機(jī)分類 Classified by traction ma

65、chine with or without geared machine 1-2-6-1 有齒輪電梯 電梯曳引輪的轉(zhuǎn)速與電動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速不相等（電動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速大于曳引輪轉(zhuǎn)速）中間有渦輪蝸桿減速機(jī)或齒輪減速機(jī)（行星齒輪、斜齒輪）。一般電梯的額定速度≤2m/s。 traction machine with geared machine: The speed of traction machine is not equal to that of motor (the speed of motor is more than that of traction machine.). There a worm

66、geared machine or gearless machine (star gear, slanting gear). Normally rated speed of lift is ≤2m/s. 1-2-6-2 無(wú)齒輪電梯 電梯曳引輪轉(zhuǎn)速與電動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速相等，中間無(wú)渦輪蝸桿減速機(jī)或齒輪減速機(jī)。對(duì)于此類電梯，要求電動(dòng)機(jī)具有低轉(zhuǎn)速、大轉(zhuǎn)矩特性。電梯的額定速度≥2m/s。 Gearless lift: The speed of traction machine is equal to that of motor. There is no worm geared machine or gearless machine. For such lifts, the motor should be of low speed, big torque, with rated speed equal to or more than 2m/s. 1-2-7按機(jī)房位置分類 Classified by machine room position 1-2-7-1 上置式機(jī)房 機(jī)房在井道的頂部；