2727 工業(yè)機(jī)械手設(shè)計(jì)及運(yùn)動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)分析
2727 工業(yè)機(jī)械手設(shè)計(jì)及運(yùn)動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)分析,工業(yè),機(jī)械手,設(shè)計(jì),運(yùn)動(dòng),結(jié)構(gòu),分析
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文) 外文資料翻譯系 別 機(jī)電信息系 專 業(yè) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 班 級(jí) B07020337 姓 名 王海濤 學(xué) 號(hào) B07020337 外文出處 University Of Groningen 附 件 1. 原文; 2. 譯文 2011年 3月1Industrial to Robot ArmRobot is a type of mechantronics equipment which synthesizes the last research achievement of engine and precision engine, micro-electronics and computer, automation control and drive, sensor and message dispose and artificial intelligence and so on. With the development of economic and the demand for automation control, robot technology is developed quickly and all types of the robots products are come into being. The practicality use of robot products not only solves the problems which are difficult to operate for human being, but also advances the industrial automation program. Modern industrial robots are true marvels of engineering. A robot the size of a person can easily carry a load over one hundred pounds and move it very quickly with a repeatability of +/-0.006 inches. Furthermore these robots can do that 24 hours a day for years on end with no failures whatsoever. Though they are reprogrammable, in many applications (particularly those in the auto industry) they are programmed once and then repeat that exact same task for years. At present, the research and development of robot involves several kinds of technology and the robot system configuration is so complex that the cost at large is high which to a certain extent limit the robot abroad use. To development economic practicality and high reliability robot system will be value to robot social application and economy development. With the rapid progress with the control economy and expanding of the modern cities, the let of sewage is increasing quickly: With the development of modern technology and the enhancement of consciousness about environment reserve, more and more people realized the importance and urgent of sewage disposal. Active bacteria method is an effective technique for sewage disposal,The lacunaris plastic is an effective basement for active bacteria adhesion for sewage disposal. The abundance requirement for lacunaris plastic makes it is a consequent for the plastic producing with automation and high productivity. Therefore, it is very necessary to design a manipulator that can automatically fulfill the plastic holding. With the analysis of the problems in the design of the plastic holding manipulator and synthesizing the robot research and development condition in recent years, a economic scheme is concluded on the basis of the analysis of mechanical configuration, transform system, drive device and control system and guided by the idea of the characteristic and complex of mechanical configuration, electronic, software and hardware. In this article, the mechanical configuration 2combines the character of direction coordinate and the arthrosis coordinate which can improve the stability and operation flexibility of the system. The main function of the transmission mechanism is to transmit power to implement department and complete the necessary movement. In this transmission structure, the screw transmission mechanism transmits the rotary motion into linear motion. Worm gear can give vary transmission ratio. Both of the transmission mechanisms have a characteristic of compact structure. The design of drive system often is limited by the environment condition and the factor of cost and technical lever. ''''The step motor can receive digital signal directly and has the ability to response outer environment immediately and has no accumulation error, which often is used in driving system. In this driving system, open-loop control system is composed of stepping motor, which can satisfy the demand not only for control precision but also for the target of economic and practicality. On this basis,the analysis of stepping motor in power calculating and style selecting is also given. The analysis of kinematics and dynamics for object holding manipulator is given in completing the design of mechanical structure and drive system. Kinematics analysis is the basis of path programming and track control. The positive and reverse analysis of manipulator gives the relationship between manipulator space and drive space in position and speed. The relationship between manipulator’s tip position and arthrosis angles is concluded by coordinate transform method. The geometry method is used in solving inverse kinematics problem and the result will provide theory evidence for control system. The f0unction of dynamics is to get the relationship between the movement and force and the target is to satisfy the demand of real time control. in this chamfer, Newton-Euripides method is used in analysis dynamic problem of the cleaning robot and the arthrosis force and torque are given which provide the foundation for step motor selecting and structure dynamic optimal ting. Control system is the key and core part of the object holding manipulator system design which will direct effect the reliability and practicality of the robot system in the division of configuration and control function and also will effect or limit the development cost and cycle. With the demand of the PCL-839 card, the PC computer which has a. tight structure and is easy to be extended is used as the principal computer cell and takes the function of system initialization, data operation and dispose, step motor drive and error diagnose and so on. A t the same time, the configuration structure features, task principles and the position function with high precision of the control card PCL-839 are analyzed. Hardware is the matter 3foundation of the control. System and the software is the spirit of the control system. The target of the software is to combine all the parts in optimizing style and to improve the efficiency and reliability of the control system. The software design of the object holding manipulator control system is divided into several blocks such as system initialization block, data process block and error station detect and dispose model and so on. PCL-839 card can solve the communication between the main computer and the control cells and take the measure of reducing the influence of the outer signal to the control system. The start and stop frequency of the step motor is far lower than the maximum running frequency. In order to improve the efficiency of the step motor, the increase and decrease of the speed is must considered when the step motor running in high speed and start or stop with great acceleration. The increase and decrease of the motor’s speed can be controlled by the pulse freque ncy sent to the step motor drive with a rational method. This can be implemented either by hardware or by software. A step motor shift control method is proposed, which is simple to calculate, easy to realize and the theory means is straightforward. The motor'''' s acceleration can fit the torque-frequency curve properly with this method. And the amount of calculation load is less than the linear acceleration shift control method and the method which is based on the exponential rule to change speed. The method is tested by experiment. A t last, the research content and the achievement are sum up and the problems and shortages in main the content are also listed. The development and application of robot in the future is expected.The purpose of manipulator control is to maintain the dynamic response of a computer-based manipulator in accordance with some prespecified system performance and desired goals. In general, the dynamic performance of a manipulator directly depends on the efficiency of the control algorithms and the dynamic model of the manipulator. The control problem consists of obtaining dynamic models of the physical robot arm system and then specifying corresponding control laws or strategies to achieve the desired system response and performance. Current industrial approaches to robot arm control treat each joint of the robot arm as a simple joint servomechanism. The servomechanism approach models the varying dynamics of a manipulator inadequately because it neglects the motion and configuration of the whole arm mechanism. These changes in the parameters of the controlled system sometimes are significant enough to render conventional feedback control strategies ineffective. The result is reduced servo response speed and damping, 4limiting the precision and speed of the end-effector and making it appropriate only for limited-precision tasks. Manipulators controlled in this manner move at slow speeds with unnecessary vibrations. Any significant performance gain in this and other areas of robot arm control require the consideration of more efficient dynamic models, sophisticated control approaches, and the use of dedicated computer architectures and parallel processing techniques. In the industrial production and other fields, people often endangered by such factors as high temperature, corrode, poisonous gas and so forth at work, which have increased labor intensity and even jeopardized the life sometimes. The corresponding problems are solved since the robot arm comes out. The robot arms can catch, put and carry objects, and its movements are flexible and diversified. It applies to medium and small-scale automated production in which production varieties can be switched. And it is widely used on soft automatic line. The robot arms are generally made by withstand high temperatures, resist corrosion of materials to adapt to the harsh environment. So they reduced the labor intensity of the workers significantly and raised work efficiency. The robot arm is an important component of industrial robots, and it can be called industrial robots on many occasions. Industrial robot is set machinery, electronics, control, computers, sensors, artificial intelligence and other advanced technologies in the integration of multidisciplinary important modern manufacturing equipment. Widely using industrial robots, not only can improve product quality and production, but also is of great significance for physical security protection, improvement of the environment for labor, reducing labor intensity, improvement of labor productivity, raw material consumption savings and lowering production costs. There are such mechanical components as ball footbridge, slides, an air control mechanical hand and so on in the design. A programmable controller, a programming device, stepping motors, stepping motors drives, direct current motors, sensor, switch power supply, an electromagnetism valve and control desk are used in electrical connection. The programmable controller output two lines pulses to stepping motors drives to drive the two stepping motors drives on beam and vertical axis; direct current motors drive the rotation of the base and the hand; sensors send signals of location to the mainframe, and the mainframe sends directive to control the extension and contraction, up and down, moves location; the mainframe send signals to control the opening and closing of the hand to carry objects. Related parameters can be 5changed according to request of the changes of the objects and movement flow at any time change the relevant parameters in the design, so it has great flexibility and operability.6工業(yè)機(jī)械手機(jī)器人是典型的機(jī)電一體化裝置,它綜合運(yùn)用了機(jī)械與精密機(jī)械、微電子與計(jì)算機(jī)、自動(dòng)控制與驅(qū)動(dòng)、傳感器與信息處理以及人工智能等多學(xué)科的最新研究成果,隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和各行各業(yè)對(duì)自動(dòng)化程度要求的提高,機(jī)器人技術(shù)得到了迅速發(fā)展,出現(xiàn)了各種各樣的機(jī)器人產(chǎn)品?,F(xiàn)代工業(yè)機(jī)器人是人類真正的奇跡工程。一個(gè)像人那么大的機(jī)器人可以輕松地抬起超過(guò)一百磅并可以在誤差+-0.006 英寸誤差范圍內(nèi)重復(fù)的移動(dòng)。更重要的是這些機(jī)器人可以每天 24小時(shí)永不停止地工作。在許多應(yīng)用中(特別是在自動(dòng)工業(yè)中)他們是通過(guò)編程控制的,但是他們一旦編程一次,他們可以重復(fù)地做同一工作許多年。機(jī)器人產(chǎn)品的實(shí)用化,既解決了許多單靠人力難以解決的實(shí)際問(wèn)題,又促進(jìn)了工業(yè)自動(dòng)化的進(jìn)程。 目前,由于機(jī)器人的研制和開(kāi)發(fā)涉及多方面的技術(shù),系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,開(kāi)發(fā)和研制的成本普遍較高,在某種程度上限制了該項(xiàng)技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用,因此,研制經(jīng)濟(jì)型、實(shí)用化、高可靠性機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)具有廣泛的社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)意義和經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。由于我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)和城市化的快速發(fā)展,城市污水排放量增長(zhǎng)很快,污水處理己經(jīng)擺在了人們的議事日程上來(lái)。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和人類知識(shí)水平的提高,人們?cè)絹?lái)越認(rèn)識(shí)到污水處理的重要性和迫切性,科學(xué)家和研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)塑料制品在水中是用于污水處理的很有效的污泥菌群的附著體。塑料制品的大量需求,使得塑料制品生產(chǎn)的自動(dòng)化和高效率要求成為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的必然。 本文結(jié)合塑料一次擠出成型機(jī)和塑料抓取機(jī)械手的研制過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題,綜述近兒年機(jī)器人技術(shù)研究和發(fā)展的狀況,在充分發(fā)揮機(jī)、電、軟、硬件各自特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)勢(shì)互補(bǔ)的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)物料抓取機(jī)械手整體機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)、傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置和控制系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了分析和設(shè)計(jì),提出了一套經(jīng)濟(jì)型設(shè)計(jì)方案。采用直角坐標(biāo)和關(guān)節(jié)坐標(biāo)相結(jié)合的框架式機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)形式,這種方式能夠提高系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性和操作靈活性。傳動(dòng)裝置的作用是將驅(qū)動(dòng)元件的動(dòng)力傳遞給機(jī)器人機(jī)械手相應(yīng)的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu),以實(shí)現(xiàn)各種必要的運(yùn)動(dòng),傳動(dòng)方式上采用結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、傳動(dòng)比大的蝸輪蝸桿傳動(dòng)和將旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換為直線運(yùn)動(dòng)的螺旋傳動(dòng)。機(jī)械手驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)往往受到作業(yè)環(huán)境條件的限制,同時(shí)也要考慮價(jià)格因素的影響以及能夠達(dá)到的技術(shù)水平。由于步進(jìn)電機(jī)能夠直接接收數(shù)字量,響應(yīng)速度快而且工作可靠并無(wú)累積誤差,常用作數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的動(dòng)力元件,因此,在驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置中采用由步進(jìn)電機(jī)構(gòu)成的開(kāi)環(huán)控制方式,這種方式既能滿足控制精度的要求,又能達(dá)到經(jīng)濟(jì)性、實(shí)用化目的,在此基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)步進(jìn)電機(jī)的功率計(jì)一算及選型問(wèn)題經(jīng)行了分析。 7在完成機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)和驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)物料抓取機(jī)械手運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)和動(dòng)力學(xué)進(jìn)行了分析。運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)分析是路徑規(guī)劃和軌跡控制的基礎(chǔ),對(duì)操作臂進(jìn)行了運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)正、逆問(wèn)題的分析可以完成操作空間位置和速度向驅(qū)動(dòng)空間的映射,采用齊次坐標(biāo)變換法得到了操作臂末端位置和姿態(tài)隨關(guān)節(jié)夾角之間的變換關(guān)系,采用幾何法分析了操作臂的逆向運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)方程求解問(wèn)題,對(duì)控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)提供了理論依據(jù)。機(jī)器人動(dòng)力學(xué)是研究物體的運(yùn)動(dòng)和作用力之間的關(guān)系的科學(xué),研究的目的是為了滿足是實(shí)時(shí)性控制的需要,本文采用牛頓-歐拉方法對(duì)物料抓取機(jī)械手動(dòng)力學(xué)進(jìn)行了分析,計(jì)算出了關(guān)節(jié)力和關(guān)節(jié)力矩,為步進(jìn)電機(jī)的選型和動(dòng)力學(xué)分析與結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化提供理論依據(jù)。 控制部分是整個(gè)物料抓取機(jī)械手系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)關(guān)鍵和核心,它在結(jié)構(gòu)和功能上的劃分和實(shí)現(xiàn)直接關(guān)系到機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)的可靠性、實(shí)用性,也影響和制約機(jī)械手系統(tǒng)的研制成本和開(kāi)發(fā)周期。在控制主機(jī)的選用上,采用結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、擴(kuò)展功能強(qiáng)和可靠性高的 PC工業(yè)控制計(jì)算機(jī)作為主機(jī),配以PCL-839卡主要承擔(dān)系統(tǒng)功能初始化、數(shù)據(jù)運(yùn)算與處理、步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)以及故障診斷等功能;同時(shí)對(duì) PCL-839卡的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)、功能原理和其高定位功能等給與了分析。硬件是整個(gè)控制系統(tǒng)以及極限位置功能賴以存在的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),軟件則是計(jì)算機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)中樞,軟件設(shè)計(jì)的目的是以最優(yōu)的方式將各部分功能有機(jī)的結(jié)合起來(lái),使系統(tǒng)具有較高的運(yùn)行效率和較強(qiáng)的可靠性。在物料抓取機(jī)械手軟件的設(shè)計(jì)上,采用的是模塊化結(jié)構(gòu),分為系統(tǒng)初始化模塊、數(shù)據(jù)處理模塊和故障狀態(tài)檢測(cè)與處理等幾部分。主控計(jì)算機(jī)和各控制單元之間全部由 PCL-839卡聯(lián)系,并且由該卡實(shí)現(xiàn)抗干擾等問(wèn)題,減少外部信號(hào)對(duì)系統(tǒng)的影響。 步進(jìn)電機(jī)的啟停頻率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)小于其最高運(yùn)行頻率,為了提高工作效率,需要步進(jìn)電機(jī)高速運(yùn)行并快速啟停時(shí),必須考慮它的升,降速控制問(wèn)題。電機(jī)的升降速控制可以歸結(jié)為以某種合理的力一式控制發(fā)送到步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)器的脈沖頻率,這可由硬件實(shí)現(xiàn),也可由軟件方法來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。本文提出了一種算法簡(jiǎn)單、易于實(shí)現(xiàn)、理論意義明確的步進(jìn)電機(jī)變速控制策略:定時(shí)器常量修改變速控制方案。該方法能使步進(jìn)電機(jī)加速度與其力矩——頻率曲線較好地?cái)M合,從而提高變速效率。而且它的計(jì)算量比線性加速度變速和基于指數(shù)規(guī)律加速度的變速控制小得多。通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)證明了該方法的有效性。 最后,對(duì)論文主要研究?jī)?nèi)容和取得的技術(shù)成果進(jìn)行了總結(jié),提出了存在的問(wèn)題和不足,同時(shí)對(duì)機(jī)器人技術(shù)的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用進(jìn)行了展望。 研究機(jī)械手控制的目的是保持以計(jì)算機(jī)為基礎(chǔ)的機(jī)械手的動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng),以便與一些預(yù)先設(shè)定的系統(tǒng)性能和理想目標(biāo)保持一致。一般情況下,機(jī)械手的動(dòng)態(tài)性能直接依賴于控制算法的效率和機(jī)械手的動(dòng)態(tài)模型??刂茊?wèn)題包括獲得自然8的機(jī)械手系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)態(tài)模型,然后指定相應(yīng)的控制規(guī)則或步驟以達(dá)到想要的系統(tǒng)響應(yīng)和性能。目前的工業(yè)機(jī)械臂控制將每一個(gè)機(jī)械臂的聯(lián)合看做一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的聯(lián)合伺服。伺服方法不能充分地模仿不同的動(dòng)力學(xué)機(jī)械手,因?yàn)樗雎粤藱C(jī)械手整體的運(yùn)動(dòng)和配置。這些控制系統(tǒng)的參數(shù)的變化有時(shí)是足夠重要,以至于使常規(guī)的反饋控制方法失效。其結(jié)果是減少了伺服響應(yīng)的速度和阻尼,限制了精度和最終效應(yīng)的速度,使系統(tǒng)僅適用于有限精度的工作。機(jī)械手以這種方式控制速度降低而沒(méi)有不必要的震動(dòng)。任何在這一領(lǐng)域和其它領(lǐng)域的機(jī)械臂性能增益要求更有效率的動(dòng)態(tài)模型、精密的控制方法、專門的計(jì)算機(jī)架構(gòu)和并行處理技術(shù)。在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)和其他領(lǐng)域內(nèi),由于工作的需要,人們經(jīng)常受到高溫、腐蝕及有毒氣體等因素的危害,增加了工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,甚至于危及生命。自從機(jī)械手問(wèn)世以來(lái),相應(yīng)的各種難題迎刃而解。機(jī)械手可在空間抓、放、搬運(yùn)物體,動(dòng)作靈活多樣,適用于可變換生產(chǎn)品種的中、小批量自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn),廣泛應(yīng)用于柔性自動(dòng)線。機(jī)械手一般由耐高溫,抗腐蝕的材料制成,以適應(yīng)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)惡劣的環(huán)境,大大降低了工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,提高了工作效率。機(jī)械手是工業(yè)機(jī)器人的重要組成部分,在很多情況下它就可以稱為工業(yè)機(jī)器人。工業(yè)機(jī)器人是集機(jī)械、電子、控制、計(jì)算機(jī)、傳感器、人工智能等多學(xué)科先進(jìn)技術(shù)于一體的現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)重要的自動(dòng)化裝備。廣泛采用工業(yè)機(jī)器人,不僅可以提高產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量與產(chǎn)量,而且對(duì)保障人身安全,改善勞動(dòng)環(huán)境,減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率,節(jié)約原材料消耗以及降低生產(chǎn)成本,有著十分重要的意義。本設(shè)計(jì)所用機(jī)械部件有滾珠絲杠、滑軌、氣控機(jī)械抓手等。電氣方面有可編程控制器(PLC)、編程器、步進(jìn)電機(jī)、步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)器、直流電機(jī)、光電傳感器、開(kāi)關(guān)電源、電磁閥、旋轉(zhuǎn)碼盤、操作臺(tái)等部件??删幊炭刂破靼l(fā)出兩路脈沖到步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)器,分別驅(qū)動(dòng)橫軸、豎軸的步進(jìn)電機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn);直流電機(jī)拖動(dòng)底座和手爪的旋轉(zhuǎn);接近開(kāi)關(guān)、微動(dòng)開(kāi)關(guān)、旋轉(zhuǎn)碼盤將位置信號(hào)反饋給主機(jī),由主機(jī)發(fā)出指令來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)手臂的伸縮、上下、轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)位置的控制;主機(jī)發(fā)信號(hào)到氣動(dòng)電磁閥,以控制手爪的張合來(lái)抓放物體。本設(shè)計(jì)可根據(jù)工件的變化及運(yùn)動(dòng)流程的要求隨時(shí)更改相關(guān)參數(shù),具有很大的靈活性和可操作性。XXXX 大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目:工業(yè)機(jī)械手設(shè)計(jì)及運(yùn)動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)分析系 別: 機(jī)電信息系 專 業(yè):機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 班 級(jí): 1230203 學(xué) 生: XXXX 學(xué) 號(hào): 123020337 指導(dǎo)教師: XXXX 2011 年 05 月畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)書(shū)系別 機(jī)電信息系 專業(yè) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 班 123020337 姓名 XXXX 學(xué)號(hào) 123020337 1.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目: 工業(yè)機(jī)械手設(shè)計(jì)及運(yùn)動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)分析 2.題目背景和意義: 機(jī)械手是模仿著人手的部分動(dòng)作,按給定程序、軌跡和要求實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)抓取、搬運(yùn)或操作的自動(dòng)機(jī)械裝置。在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用的機(jī)械手被稱為“工業(yè)機(jī)械手” 。生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用機(jī)械手可以提高生產(chǎn)的自動(dòng)化水平和勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率:可以減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度、保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、實(shí)現(xiàn)安全生產(chǎn);尤其在高溫、高壓、低溫、低壓、粉塵、易爆、有毒氣體和放射性等惡劣的環(huán)境中,它代替人進(jìn)行正常的工作,意義更為重大。 ,通過(guò)該設(shè)計(jì)旨在鍛煉學(xué)生運(yùn)用現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法基本原理進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)和工程分析,使學(xué)生受到機(jī)械工程師基本訓(xùn)練。 3.設(shè)計(jì)(論文) 的主要內(nèi)容(理工科含技術(shù)指標(biāo)):題目?jī)?nèi)容主要包括三個(gè)方面,專用機(jī)械手設(shè)計(jì),建模和工程分析: A. 在設(shè)計(jì)方面要求依據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù),設(shè)計(jì)生產(chǎn)線專用機(jī)械手的方案,結(jié)構(gòu)。 B.在建模方面要求建立專用機(jī)械手等的實(shí)體裝配模型。對(duì)實(shí)體裝配模型進(jìn)行工程簡(jiǎn)化。 C. 在工程分析方面要求合理確定約束條件,分析機(jī)械手手指在生產(chǎn)中的變形量并對(duì)強(qiáng)度進(jìn)行校核。 D. 運(yùn)動(dòng)分析方面要求提取六自由度機(jī)械手手指的速度,加速度,特性。并輸出運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)律曲線 E. 整個(gè)機(jī)械臂安裝在一個(gè)回轉(zhuǎn)支座上,回轉(zhuǎn)角度范圍為 360 度;大臂可做升降運(yùn)動(dòng);小臂相對(duì)于大臂可擺動(dòng),擺動(dòng)范圍為 60-120 度;小臂末端的手腕也可以擺動(dòng),擺動(dòng)范圍為-60度到+60 度;手腕的末端安裝一機(jī)械手,機(jī)械手具有開(kāi)閉能力,用于直徑 30-45mm 工件的抓取,工件長(zhǎng)度 350mm,重量 8kg。 4.設(shè)計(jì)的基本要求及進(jìn)度安排(含起始時(shí)間、設(shè)計(jì)地點(diǎn)): 地點(diǎn):校內(nèi) 第 1 周:收集資料,借閱參考書(shū),下載相關(guān)英文文獻(xiàn)。 第 2~8 周:要求依據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù),設(shè)計(jì)生產(chǎn)線專用機(jī)械手的方案,結(jié)構(gòu)。選擇驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)。第 8~14 周:建立專用機(jī)械手等的實(shí)體裝配模型。對(duì)實(shí)體裝配模型進(jìn)行工程簡(jiǎn)化。 第 14~16 周:要求合理確定約束條件,分析機(jī)械手在生產(chǎn)中的變形量并對(duì)強(qiáng)度進(jìn)行校核。 第 16~18 周:分析結(jié)論撰寫論文。 5.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)的工作量要求① 實(shí)驗(yàn)(時(shí)數(shù)) *或?qū)嵙?xí)(天數(shù)): 2 周 ② 圖紙(幅面和張數(shù)) *: A01.5 張 ③ 其他要求: 論文(字?jǐn)?shù)):20000 字左右;外文翻譯(字?jǐn)?shù)): 不少于 1500 英文單詞 ;參考文獻(xiàn)(篇數(shù)):不少于 15 篇(其中期刊文獻(xiàn)不少于 5 篇,外文文獻(xiàn)不少于 3 篇,其中一篇外文文獻(xiàn)為外文翻譯內(nèi)容),要求在正文中標(biāo)注。 指導(dǎo)教師簽名: 年 月 日學(xué)生簽名: 年 月 日 系主任審批: 年 月 日說(shuō)明:1 本表一式二份,一份由學(xué)生裝訂入冊(cè),一份教師自留。2 帶*項(xiàng)可根據(jù)學(xué)科特點(diǎn)選填。I工業(yè)機(jī)械手設(shè)計(jì)及運(yùn)動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)分析摘 要在加速科技進(jìn)步中,機(jī)械制造業(yè)的發(fā)展起著關(guān)鍵的作用,其任務(wù)是在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中迅速將工藝裝備的獨(dú)立單元變?yōu)樽詣?dòng)化綜合體(自動(dòng)化工段,生產(chǎn)線和自動(dòng)化車間) ,將來(lái)甚至實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化工廠。這種自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)最重要的特點(diǎn)是具有柔性,它能預(yù)料到,在節(jié)省勞力(或無(wú)人)情況下,根據(jù)工藝條件調(diào)整裝配,以適應(yīng)多種產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)。當(dāng)代柔性自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)的建立和廣泛應(yīng)用,取決于作為科技進(jìn)步的催化劑的機(jī)床制造、機(jī)械手技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、微電子技術(shù)、儀器制造等技術(shù)的加速發(fā)展。工業(yè)機(jī)械手是多品種的經(jīng)常更換產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)過(guò)程自動(dòng)化的通用手段。在機(jī)械制造中,工業(yè)機(jī)械手既有效地用于柔性生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)組成工藝裝備的基本工序中,也有效地用于輔助操作中。工業(yè)機(jī)械手與傳統(tǒng)自動(dòng)化手段不同之處,首先在于它在各種生產(chǎn)功能上的通用性和重新調(diào)整的柔性。在柔性生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)中,工業(yè)機(jī)械手廣泛應(yīng)用于數(shù)控機(jī)床、鍛壓機(jī)床、鑄造機(jī)械和倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)設(shè)備上,以完成傳送裝備和其它操作。工業(yè)機(jī)械手和基本工藝裝備、輔助手段以及控制裝置一起形成各種不同形式的機(jī)械手技術(shù)綜合體—柔性生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)基本結(jié)構(gòu)模塊。隨著工業(yè)技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)的驚人發(fā)展,工業(yè)機(jī)械手技術(shù)也將得到迅速發(fā)展。應(yīng)用工業(yè)機(jī)械手是提高生產(chǎn)過(guò)程自動(dòng)化,改善勞動(dòng)環(huán)境條件,提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和生產(chǎn)效率手段之一。本次設(shè)計(jì)是根據(jù)對(duì)工業(yè)六自由度機(jī)械手的總體結(jié)構(gòu)及傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的分析和探討,進(jìn)行六自由度工業(yè)機(jī)械手的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)。在設(shè)計(jì)中 XXXX 老師給予了很大的指導(dǎo)和幫助,在此謹(jǐn)致謝意。限于水平,本設(shè)計(jì)難免有缺點(diǎn)、錯(cuò)誤,懇請(qǐng)各位老師批評(píng)指正。關(guān)鍵詞:自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn);工業(yè)機(jī)械手;六自由度IIIndustrial Robot Design And Sports Structure AnalysisAbstractTechnological advances in accelerating the development of the manufacturing industry, mechanical plays a key role, its duty is in industrial production in the process equipment quickly independent modules into automation complexes, production line and automation sections of automation, workshop) even realizes automatic factory in the future. The automation production of the most important features is a flexible, it can predict that the labor-saving (or unmanned) cases, according to the process conditions adjustment to adapt to the various product assembly production. The establishment of contemporary flexible automation production and application, as the catalyst and technological progress depends on the machine manufacturing, manipulator technology, computer technology, microelectronics technology, equipment manufacturing techniques, such as accelerating. Industrial manipulator is varieties replace frequently production process automation general means. In mechanical manufacturing, industrial robots effectively already for a flexible manufacturing system composition technological equipment basic working procedure, also effectively used to assist the operation. Industrial robots and traditional automation means differences in various production is firstly it on the function of universality and readjust the flexible. In flexible production systems, industrial robots are widely used in nc machine tools, forming machins tooles, casting machinery and warehousing equipment to complete transmission equipment and other operations. Industrial robots and basic technology and equipment, the auxiliary means and control devices formed together various forms of manipulator - flexible production technology complex basic system structure module. With the industrial technology and the impressive economic development of industrial robots technology will also, rapid development. Application of industrial robots is to improve the production process automation, improve working conditions, improve product quality and production efficiency means one. The design is based on industrial six degrees of freedom of the manipulator general structure and the transmission system is analyzed and discussed, the structure of the manipulator of industrial design. Mr Qian gave great learning the guidance and assistance in this to cause gratitude. Limited to level, this design has to avoid shortcoming, the error, ask everybody the teacher criticism and corrections. 1Key Words: Automation production; Special manipulator; Six degrees of freedom 1目 錄1 概述 .................................................................................................................................................................11.1 工業(yè)機(jī)械手的含義及技術(shù)概述 ............................................................................................11.2 工業(yè)機(jī)械手的組成 ................................................................................................................11.3 工業(yè)機(jī)械手的現(xiàn)狀及國(guó)內(nèi)外發(fā)展趨勢(shì) ................................................................................21.4 設(shè)計(jì)的任務(wù)要求 ...................................................................................................................32 機(jī)械手的結(jié)構(gòu)分析................................................................................................................................42.1 總體結(jié)構(gòu)的概述......................................................................................................................................42.2 第一軸(大臂)的結(jié)構(gòu) ........................................................................................................................52.3 傳動(dòng)方案的確定......................................................................................................................................63 設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 .....................................................................................................................................................84 傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 ........................................................................................................................104.1 第一軸的傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) ......................................................................................................................104.2 斜齒輪傳動(dòng)軸上的軸承 ......................................................................................................................225 機(jī)械手各零部件的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) ........................................................................................................245.1 轉(zhuǎn)角范圍的控制設(shè)計(jì) ..........................................................................................................................245.2 主要零部件的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)(第一臂與底座) .................................................................................255.2.1 第一軸轉(zhuǎn)臂的結(jié)構(gòu) .......................................................................................................................265.2.2 底座的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) ............................................................................................................266 機(jī)械手各自由度的連接過(guò)程及工程分析 ..........................................................................266.1 手指和活塞 .............................................................................................................................................266.1.1 回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu) .........................................................................................................................................266.1.2 旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu) .........................................................................................................................................266.2 機(jī)械手的手指運(yùn)動(dòng)和力分析 .............................................................................................................276.2.1 運(yùn)動(dòng)分析(adams) ....................................................................................................................276.2.2 位移 ..................................................................................................................................................286.2.3 速度 ..................................................................................................................................................286.2.4 加速度..............................................................................................................................................296.2.5 手指模型應(yīng)力分析 .......................................................................................................................297 總結(jié)..............................................................................................................................................................301參考文獻(xiàn) ........................................................................................................................................................31致謝 ...................................................................................................................................................................32畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)聲明 ...................................................................................................33畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)獨(dú)創(chuàng)性聲明 ...........................................................................................341 緒論11 緒論1.1 工業(yè)機(jī)械手的含義及技術(shù)概述到目前為止,世界各國(guó)對(duì)“工業(yè)機(jī)械手”還沒(méi)有做出統(tǒng)一的明確定義。通常所說(shuō)的“工業(yè)機(jī)械手”是一種能模擬人的手、臂的部分動(dòng)作,按照預(yù)定的程序、軌跡及其它要求,實(shí)現(xiàn)抓取、搬運(yùn)工件或操縱工具的自動(dòng)化裝置。而它與“機(jī)械手”有一些區(qū)別:“工業(yè)機(jī)械手”多數(shù)指程序可變的獨(dú)立的抓取、搬運(yùn)工件、操縱工具的裝置;“機(jī)械手”多數(shù)是指附屬于主機(jī)、程序固定的自動(dòng)抓取、操作裝置。如自動(dòng)線、自動(dòng)機(jī)的上、下料,加工中心的自動(dòng)換刀的自動(dòng)化裝置。工業(yè)機(jī)械手由操作機(jī)(機(jī)械本體)、控制器、伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)和檢測(cè)傳感裝置構(gòu)成,是一種仿人操作、自動(dòng)控制、可重復(fù)編程、能在三維空間完成各種作業(yè)的機(jī)電一體化自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)社備。它對(duì)穩(wěn)定、提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量,提高生產(chǎn)效率,改善勞動(dòng)條件和產(chǎn)品的快速更新?lián)Q代起著十分重要的作用。工業(yè)機(jī)械手技術(shù)是綜合了計(jì)算機(jī)、控制論、機(jī)構(gòu)學(xué)、信息和傳感技術(shù)、人工智能、仿生學(xué)等多學(xué)科而形成的高新技術(shù),是當(dāng)代研究十分活躍,應(yīng)用日益廣泛的領(lǐng)域。機(jī)械手應(yīng)用情況,是一個(gè)國(guó)家工業(yè)自動(dòng)化水平的重要標(biāo)志。機(jī)械手并不是在簡(jiǎn)單意義上的代替人工的勞動(dòng),而是綜合了人的特長(zhǎng)和機(jī)器特長(zhǎng)的一種擬人的電子機(jī)械裝置,既有人對(duì)環(huán)境狀態(tài)的快速反應(yīng)和分析判斷能力,又有機(jī)器長(zhǎng)時(shí)間持續(xù)工作、精確度高、抗惡劣環(huán)境的能力,從某種意義上說(shuō)它也是機(jī)器的進(jìn)化過(guò)程產(chǎn)物,它是工業(yè)以及非產(chǎn)業(yè)界的重要生產(chǎn)和服務(wù)性設(shè)備,也是先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)領(lǐng)域不可缺少的自動(dòng)化設(shè)備。1.2 工業(yè)機(jī)械手的組成工業(yè)機(jī)械手一般由執(zhí)行系統(tǒng)、驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、控制系統(tǒng)和人工智能系統(tǒng)組成。如圖 1-1 所示。目前,具有人工智能系統(tǒng)的工業(yè)機(jī)械手即智能機(jī)械手還處于研究實(shí)驗(yàn)階段。而應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn)實(shí)際的多數(shù)是那些具有執(zhí)行系統(tǒng)、驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)和控制系統(tǒng)的工業(yè)機(jī)械手。a.執(zhí)行系統(tǒng) 執(zhí)行系統(tǒng)是工業(yè)機(jī)械手完成握取工件(或工具)實(shí)現(xiàn)所需的各種運(yùn)動(dòng)的機(jī)械部件,包括:手部、腕部、臂部,還有機(jī)身和行走機(jī)構(gòu)。b.驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng) 驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是向執(zhí)行系統(tǒng)各部件提供動(dòng)力的裝置。采用的動(dòng)力源不同,驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的傳動(dòng)方式也不同。驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的傳動(dòng)方式有四種:液壓式、氣壓式、電氣式、機(jī)械式。c.控制系統(tǒng) 1 緒論1控制系統(tǒng)是工業(yè)機(jī)械手或機(jī)械手的指揮系統(tǒng),它控制驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng),讓執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)按照規(guī)定的要西安工業(yè)大學(xué)北方信息工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)2求進(jìn)行工作、并檢測(cè)其正確與否。一般常見(jiàn)的為電氣與電子回路控制,計(jì)算機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)也不斷增多。就其控制方式,可分為分散控制與集中控制兩種類型。若控制的運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡來(lái)分,有兩種:點(diǎn)位控制和連續(xù)軌跡控制。1.3 工業(yè)機(jī)械手的現(xiàn)狀及國(guó)內(nèi)外發(fā)展趨勢(shì)工業(yè)機(jī)械手是一種對(duì)生產(chǎn)條件和生產(chǎn)環(huán)境適應(yīng)性和靈活性很強(qiáng)的柔性自動(dòng)化設(shè)備,它對(duì)穩(wěn)定提高產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)、提高生產(chǎn)效率和改善勞動(dòng)條件起著十分重要的作用。工業(yè)機(jī)械手技術(shù)的發(fā)展必將對(duì)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)和生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展產(chǎn)生更加深遠(yuǎn)的影響。所以,國(guó)內(nèi)外工業(yè)機(jī)械手的發(fā)展十分迅速。國(guó)外機(jī)械手領(lǐng)域發(fā)展近幾年有如下幾個(gè)趨勢(shì):a.工業(yè)機(jī)械手的性能不斷提高(高速度、高精度、高可靠性、便于操作與維修) ,而單機(jī)價(jià)格不斷下降,平均單機(jī)價(jià)格從 91 年的 10.3 萬(wàn)美元降至 97 年的 6.5 萬(wàn)美元。b.機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)向模塊化、可重構(gòu)化發(fā)展。例如關(guān)節(jié)模塊中的伺服電機(jī)、減速器、檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)三為一體;由關(guān)節(jié)模塊、連桿模塊用重組方式構(gòu)造機(jī)械手整機(jī);國(guó)外已有模塊化裝配機(jī)械手產(chǎn)品問(wèn)世。c.工業(yè)機(jī)械手系統(tǒng)控制向基于 PC 機(jī)的開(kāi)放型控制器方向發(fā)展,便于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化;器件集成度提高,控制柜日見(jiàn)小巧,且采用模塊化結(jié)構(gòu);大大提高了系統(tǒng)的可靠性、易操作性和可維修性。d.機(jī)械手中的傳感器作用日益重要,除采用傳統(tǒng)的位置、速度、加速度等傳感器外,裝配、焊接機(jī)械手還應(yīng)用了視覺(jué)、力覺(jué)等傳感器,而遙控機(jī)械手則采用視覺(jué)、聲覺(jué)、力覺(jué)觸覺(jué)等多傳感器的融合技術(shù)來(lái)進(jìn)行環(huán)境建模及決策控制;多傳感器融合配置技術(shù)在產(chǎn)品化系統(tǒng)中已有成熟應(yīng)用。e.虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)在機(jī)械手中的作用已從仿真、預(yù)演發(fā)展到用于過(guò)程控制,如使遙控機(jī)械手操作者產(chǎn)生置身于遠(yuǎn)端作業(yè)環(huán)境中的感覺(jué)來(lái)操縱機(jī)械手。f.當(dāng)代遙控機(jī)械手系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展特點(diǎn)不是追求全治系統(tǒng),而是致力于操作者與機(jī)械手的人機(jī)交互控制,即遙控加局部自主系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成完整的監(jiān)控遙控操作系統(tǒng),使智能機(jī)械手走出實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)入實(shí)用化階段。美國(guó)發(fā)射到火星上的“索杰納”機(jī)械手就是這種系統(tǒng)成功應(yīng)用的最著名實(shí)例。h.機(jī)械手化機(jī)械開(kāi)始興起。從 94 年美國(guó)開(kāi)發(fā)出“虛擬軸機(jī)床”以來(lái),這種新型裝置已成為國(guó)際研究的熱點(diǎn)之一,紛紛探索開(kāi)拓其實(shí)際應(yīng)用的領(lǐng)域。我國(guó)的工業(yè)機(jī)械手從 80 年代“七五”計(jì)劃科技攻堅(jiān)開(kāi)始起步,在國(guó)家的支持下,通過(guò)“七五” 、 “八五”科技攻堅(jiān),目前已基本掌握了機(jī)械手操作機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)制造技術(shù)、控制系統(tǒng)硬件和軟件設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)、運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)和軌跡規(guī)劃技術(shù),生產(chǎn)了部分機(jī)械手關(guān)鍵元器件,開(kāi)發(fā)出噴漆、弧焊、點(diǎn)焊、裝配、搬運(yùn)等機(jī)械手;其中有 130 多臺(tái)套噴漆機(jī)械手在二十余家企業(yè)的近 30 條自動(dòng)噴漆生產(chǎn)線(站)上獲得廣泛應(yīng)用,弧焊機(jī)械手已應(yīng)用在汽車制造西安工業(yè)大學(xué)北方信息工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)2廠的焊西安工業(yè)大學(xué)北方信息工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)3裝線上。但總的來(lái)看,我國(guó)的工業(yè)機(jī)械手技術(shù)及其工程應(yīng)用的水平和國(guó)外比還有一定的距離,如可靠性低于國(guó)外產(chǎn)品;機(jī)械手應(yīng)用工程起步比較晚,應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域窄,生產(chǎn)線技術(shù)系統(tǒng)與國(guó)外比還有差距;在應(yīng)用規(guī)模上,我國(guó)已安裝的國(guó)產(chǎn)工業(yè)機(jī)械手約 200 臺(tái),約占全球已安裝臺(tái)數(shù)的萬(wàn)分之四。以上原因主要是沒(méi)有形成機(jī)械手產(chǎn)業(yè),當(dāng)前我國(guó)的機(jī)械手生產(chǎn)都是應(yīng)用戶的要求, “一客戶,一次重新設(shè)計(jì)” ,品種規(guī)格多、批量小、零部件通用化程度低、供貨周期長(zhǎng)、成本也不低,而且質(zhì)量、可靠性不穩(wěn)定。因此迫切需要解決產(chǎn)業(yè)化前期的關(guān)鍵技術(shù),對(duì)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行全面規(guī)劃,搞好系列化、通用化、?;O(shè)計(jì),積極推進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)化進(jìn)程。我國(guó)的智能機(jī)械手和特種機(jī)械手在“863”計(jì)劃的支持下,也取得了不少成果。其中最為突出的是水下機(jī)械手,6000 米水下無(wú)纜機(jī)械手的成果居世界領(lǐng)先水平,還開(kāi)發(fā)出直接遙控機(jī)械手、雙臂協(xié)調(diào)控制機(jī)械手、爬壁機(jī)械手、管道機(jī)械手等機(jī)種。在機(jī)械手視覺(jué)、力覺(jué)、觸覺(jué)、聲覺(jué)等基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)的開(kāi)發(fā)應(yīng)用上開(kāi)展了不少工作,有了一定的發(fā)展基礎(chǔ)。但是在多傳感器信息融合控制技術(shù)、遙控加局部自主系統(tǒng)遙控機(jī)械手、智能裝配機(jī)械手、機(jī)械手化機(jī)械等的開(kāi)發(fā)應(yīng)用方面則剛剛起步,與國(guó)外先進(jìn)水平差距較大,需要在原有成績(jī)的基礎(chǔ)上,有重點(diǎn)地系統(tǒng)攻關(guān),才能形成系統(tǒng)配套可供實(shí)用的技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品,以期在二十一世紀(jì)立于世界先進(jìn)行列之中。1.4 設(shè)計(jì)的任務(wù)要求本次設(shè)計(jì)是針對(duì)六自由度工業(yè)機(jī)械手的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)。 主要設(shè)計(jì)要求如下: 機(jī)械臂:大臂可升降,小臂相對(duì)大臂可擺動(dòng),范圍為 60 ~120 ;??底 座:轉(zhuǎn)角范圍為 0~360 。?2 機(jī)械手的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)42 機(jī)械手的結(jié)構(gòu)分析2.1 總體結(jié)構(gòu)的概述目前,世界上已有許多工業(yè)機(jī)械手,其中大部分屬于“示教再現(xiàn)”型。如果將這類機(jī)械手稱作第一代,那么,具有一定程度的視覺(jué)、觸覺(jué)、或某種分析、判斷能力的工業(yè)機(jī)械手就屬于第二代了。不少國(guó)家正在積極研制具有觀覺(jué)、觸覺(jué)等功能的工業(yè)機(jī)械手,并取得了不少成果,但是,真正將這些成果應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn)實(shí)際的還為數(shù)不多。在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)(如噴漆、焊接、裝配等)中被廣泛應(yīng)用的工業(yè)機(jī)械手,示教再現(xiàn)型還是較多。一般的機(jī)械手,它由機(jī)械手的機(jī)構(gòu)部分、傳感器組、控制部分及信息處理部分構(gòu)成。機(jī)構(gòu)部分有機(jī)械手和移動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)兩部分組成;傳感器有測(cè)量機(jī)械手自身位置姿態(tài)和速度、加速度的內(nèi)傳感器和了解外部環(huán)境及作業(yè)對(duì)象工作情況的外傳感器;控制器是直接控制機(jī)械手運(yùn)動(dòng)的裝置,只要不是自主型移動(dòng)機(jī)械手,它通常放在與機(jī)械手不同的地方,通過(guò)導(dǎo)線連接。在工業(yè)機(jī)械手的控制裝置中,有電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)電路、PTP 運(yùn)動(dòng)目標(biāo)點(diǎn)和 CP 運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡數(shù)據(jù)的記憶裝置和定位控制電路等。信息處理裝置通過(guò)信息傳輸裝置與機(jī)械手本體相連,多用于智能機(jī)械手。如圖 2.1,該機(jī)械手具有六自由度,即大臂的回轉(zhuǎn)、臂的左右擺動(dòng)、臂的上下擺動(dòng)、手腕的回轉(zhuǎn)、手腕的伸縮和手爪的抓取。當(dāng)然,圖中沒(méi)有表示出控制系統(tǒng)及手爪抓取的那一部分。該六自由度機(jī)械手運(yùn)動(dòng)的情況說(shuō)明如下:首先,由電動(dòng)機(jī) M1 經(jīng)過(guò)傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)帶動(dòng)大臂的回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng),且與大臂相連的所有其它手臂、手腕及機(jī)械構(gòu)件也隨大臂一起作回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng);而后另一手臂由電動(dòng)機(jī) M2 直接驅(qū)動(dòng)作左右擺動(dòng);還有,第三臂由電動(dòng)機(jī) M3 直接驅(qū)動(dòng)作上下擺動(dòng);最后,手腕的回轉(zhuǎn)、伸縮及手爪的抓取由其它三個(gè)電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)。西安工業(yè)大學(xué)北方信息工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)52.2 第一軸(大臂)的結(jié)構(gòu)大臂的結(jié)構(gòu)圖(圖 2.1)及其傳動(dòng)原理簡(jiǎn)圖(圖 2.2):圖 2.1 大臂的結(jié)構(gòu)圖西安工業(yè)大學(xué)北方信息工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)6圖 2.2 及其傳動(dòng)原理簡(jiǎn)圖第一臂,也即大臂,該手臂實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)機(jī)械手的回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng),整個(gè)系統(tǒng)由伺服電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)傳動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)要求以及結(jié)構(gòu)的最優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)要求,整個(gè)減速系統(tǒng)采用了三級(jí)斜齒輪傳動(dòng),且所有的斜齒輪都裝在一個(gè)箱體(減速箱)里面。然而,與一般情況不同的是,第三級(jí)斜齒輪直接固定在機(jī)座上,從而使其它的(上級(jí)的斜齒輪)傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)繞著它轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),且電動(dòng)機(jī)又固定在大臂上,所以導(dǎo)致大臂帶著電動(dòng)機(jī)、減速箱一起作回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。2.3 傳動(dòng)方案的確定根據(jù)工業(yè)機(jī)械手的總體結(jié)構(gòu)分析可知,工業(yè)機(jī)械手的三軸的傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)并不復(fù)雜。第一軸采用的是齒輪傳動(dòng),第二軸、第三軸則采用的是擺線針輪行星齒輪傳動(dòng)。當(dāng)然,參照以上的傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)分析,現(xiàn)擬定如下三種傳動(dòng)方案:方案一:第一軸:齒輪傳動(dòng)(直齒或斜齒)第二軸、第三軸:擺線針輪行星齒輪傳動(dòng)方案二:第一軸:蝸桿蝸輪傳動(dòng)第二軸、第三軸:蝸桿蝸輪傳動(dòng)方案三:第一軸:蝸桿蝸輪傳動(dòng)第二軸、第三軸:擺線針輪行星齒輪傳動(dòng)方案比較論證首先,已知各種傳動(dòng)的傳動(dòng)比 u:直齒圓柱齒輪傳動(dòng),u≤4;斜齒輪傳動(dòng),u≤6;蝸桿蝸輪傳動(dòng),5≤u≤70,常用 15≤u≤50;擺線針輪行星齒輪傳動(dòng), 11≤u≤87(單級(jí)) 。然后估算各軸的傳動(dòng)比,初選轉(zhuǎn)速為 1500r/min 的原動(dòng)機(jī),則 u1=1500/15=100,u2=1500/20=75。第一軸傳動(dòng)的確定:蝸桿蝸輪傳動(dòng)的特點(diǎn):1)傳動(dòng)平穩(wěn),振動(dòng)沖擊和噪聲均很小;2)傳動(dòng)比也較大,結(jié)構(gòu)比較緊湊。而在這里采用此傳動(dòng),則需要兩級(jí)傳動(dòng)才能滿足要求,蝸桿蝸輪的傳動(dòng)是兩軸交錯(cuò)的,這樣一來(lái)也就增加了結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜性,且同時(shí)也增加了轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)的負(fù)荷;3)由于蝸桿蝸輪嚙合輪齒間相對(duì)滑動(dòng)速度大,使得摩擦損耗大,因而傳動(dòng)效率較低。因此,第一軸采用齒輪傳動(dòng)。要實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)要求,如采用圓柱直齒輪傳動(dòng)則需要西安工業(yè)大學(xué)北方信息工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)6四級(jí)傳動(dòng),而采用斜齒輪則需要三級(jí)就可以,并且知道在相同的條件下,采用斜齒輪傳動(dòng)比圓柱齒輪傳動(dòng),在結(jié)構(gòu)上尺寸要小得多,由此可知,采用斜齒輪傳動(dòng)。斜齒傳動(dòng)有如下優(yōu)點(diǎn):a.嚙合性能好b.重合度大,傳動(dòng)平穩(wěn);c.結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,并且在總體結(jié)構(gòu)上也是合理的。第二軸傳動(dòng)的確定:由各傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的傳動(dòng)比可知,第二軸的傳動(dòng)應(yīng)該采用擺線針輪行星齒輪傳動(dòng)。擺線針輪行星齒輪傳動(dòng)有如下優(yōu)點(diǎn):a.傳動(dòng)比大。一級(jí)傳動(dòng)比 11~87,二級(jí)傳動(dòng)比為 121~7569,三級(jí)傳動(dòng)比可達(dá)446571;b.結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、體積小、重量輕。如將擺線針輪行星減速器與同功率的兩級(jí)普通圓柱齒輪減速器相比,體積可減小 1/2~2/3,重量約減輕 1/2~1/3 以上;c.效率較高。一般效率為 0.92~0.94,最高可達(dá) 0.97;d.傳動(dòng)平穩(wěn),過(guò)載能力較大,承受沖擊和振動(dòng)的性能較好;e.工作可靠,壽命長(zhǎng)。但是這種傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,加工制造較困難??偵纤?,選擇方案一為最佳。第一軸采用三級(jí)斜齒輪傳動(dòng),第二、第三軸采用擺線針輪行星齒輪傳動(dòng)。西安工業(yè)大學(xué)北方信息工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)93 設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)方案可知,第二軸、第三軸的所有重量都是第一軸的負(fù)荷,所以說(shuō),第一軸的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量是很大的,必須計(jì)算各零部件的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量,計(jì)算出最終動(dòng)力源軸上所需要的最大的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量,再根據(jù)動(dòng)力源軸上的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量進(jìn)行選擇電動(dòng)機(jī)。下面計(jì)算第一軸上的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量:如圖 3.1,該軸的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸與第二軸的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸不同,該轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸的軸線為 ob 線,則在這種情況下, FG213NMOb圖 3.1 軸線圖第三臂的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量:Kgm243.)15cos(.980. 223 ??????mJO第二軸的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量:2222 )(1?mdcba(3.1) 2222 35.084)06.1.0.(84 ????Kgm27.5兩電動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量:Kgm27.4.058.342221 ?????電電電 JJ兩個(gè)行星輪系的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量:Kgm215.8..0221輪輪輪減速箱的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量:Kgm2375.4.5??減J第一軸本身的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量:Kgm20.221??m所以,總的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量為:375.0415.87.4.53??總J西安工業(yè)大學(xué)北方信息工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)9Kgm239.150?西安工業(yè)大學(xué)北方信息工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)9而轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)角加速度 為:?1/s2854.720?????tvV則輸出軸的轉(zhuǎn)矩為 由式(3-1-7)得:MNm19..39.15?總J轉(zhuǎn)換到電動(dòng)機(jī)上的轉(zhuǎn)矩為:Nm7.6.80. ???u電根據(jù)要求 < ,選 P=3KW,n=1000r/min 的 MGMA 型伺服電機(jī), 為電 額 額M28.4Nm。4 傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算164 傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算4.1 第一軸的傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)第一軸的傳動(dòng)方案已確定,采用三級(jí)斜齒輪傳動(dòng),且電動(dòng)機(jī)的功率為P=3KW,n=1000r/min,則傳動(dòng)比 u=1000/15=66.67。已知斜齒輪的傳動(dòng)比 u≤6,再根據(jù)傳動(dòng)減速時(shí)前面降得慢,而后面降得快的原則,三級(jí)降速的傳動(dòng)比分配如下: u=2.4 4.87 5.7。?第一級(jí)斜齒輪的傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算:已知電動(dòng)機(jī)的功率 P=3KW,n=1000r/min ,傳動(dòng)比u=2.4。a. 選定齒輪類型、精度等級(jí)、材料及齒數(shù)(1) 齒輪傳動(dòng)按照傳動(dòng)方案的設(shè)計(jì)要求,選用斜齒圓柱齒輪傳動(dòng)。(2) 齒面的選擇考慮減速設(shè)計(jì)的要求,故大、小齒輪都選用硬齒面。由查表(常用齒輪材料及其機(jī)械特性表)選得大、小齒輪的材料均為 40Cr,并經(jīng)調(diào)質(zhì)及表面淬火,齒面硬度為48~55HRC。(3) 選用精度等級(jí)因采用表面淬火,輪齒的變形不大,不需磨削,故初選 7 級(jí)精度(GB10095-88 )。(4) 齒數(shù)選小齒輪齒數(shù) Z1=35,大齒輪齒數(shù) Z2=uZ1=2.4 35=84。?(5) 選取螺旋角初選螺旋角 。??4?b. 按齒面接觸強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì)由設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算公式進(jìn)行計(jì)算,即≥ mm td1321)][(2HEdt ZuTK??????(4.1)(1)確定公式內(nèi)的各計(jì)算值1)載荷系數(shù)試選 。6.?tK2)選取區(qū)域系數(shù)由區(qū)域系數(shù)分布圖,選取區(qū)域系數(shù) 。43.2?HZ3)端面重合度4 傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算16由標(biāo)準(zhǔn)圓柱齒傳動(dòng)的端面重合度 得 , 。 =??82.01?84.0????6.18.02.1????西安工業(yè)大學(xué)北方信息工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)164)計(jì)小齒輪傳遞轉(zhuǎn)矩N411 10865.203950????nPTm?5)圓柱齒輪齒寬系數(shù)選取齒寬系數(shù) ?d=0.9;6) 彈性影響系數(shù)由材料的彈性影響系數(shù) 表,查得 =189.8 ;EZEMPa7) 接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度極限齒輪接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度圖表,按齒面硬度中間值 52HRC 查得大、小的接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度極限 = =1170Mpa;1HLim?2li8) 計(jì)算應(yīng)力循環(huán)次數(shù) 91 106.4)53082(060 ?????hjLnN992 7.4.4?u9) 由接觸疲勞壽命系數(shù)查得 ;8.1HNK;702?10) 計(jì)算接觸疲勞許用應(yīng)力取失效概率為 1%,安全系 S=1,由下式得[ ] = MPa?1H 2.106786.01lim??SN[ ] = MPa2 9..2liKH則取[ ]H=([ ] +[ ] )/2=1012Mpa?12(2) 計(jì)算1) 試算小齒輪分度圓直徑 td1≥ mmtd1 1548.26)9.0178432(.6.9085.34 ????根據(jù)計(jì)算的結(jié)果及電動(dòng)機(jī)的輸出軸徑,取 =50mtd2) 計(jì)算圓周速度m/s618.2065106?????ndt3) 計(jì)齒寬 及摸數(shù)bntmmm49.1td?西安工業(yè)大學(xué)北方信息工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)16mm39.154cos0cs1????zdmtnt?2..25.nth 4.hb4) 計(jì)算縱向重合度 ??98.1359.018.318.0?????tgtgzd???5)計(jì)算載荷系數(shù) K已知使用系數(shù) 。A根據(jù) ,7 級(jí)精度,由動(dòng)載荷系數(shù)值分布圖,查49.2?得動(dòng)載荷系數(shù) KV=1.07;由接觸強(qiáng)度計(jì)算用的齒向載荷分布系數(shù)( )表,查得 =2.728,由彎曲強(qiáng)度計(jì)算?HK?H的齒向載荷分布系數(shù)( )圖,查得 =2.45。?FF由齒向載荷分配系數(shù)( 、 ),查得 = =1.2,HAAF故載荷系數(shù)=1×1.07×1.2×2.728=3.5??FVK?6) 按實(shí)際的載荷系數(shù)校正所算得的分度圓直徑 mm91.64.53031 ??ttd7) 計(jì)算模數(shù) nm= 79.cos.cos1??zd?3.按齒根彎曲強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì)由式 ≥ mm (3.2)nm321][csFSadYzKT??????(3) 確定計(jì)算參數(shù)1)計(jì)算載荷系數(shù)1 1.07 1.2 2.45=3.2???FaVA?2) 縱向重合度根據(jù)縱向重合度 ,從螺旋角影響系數(shù)圖表查得 =0.88。498.2?? ?Y3) 計(jì)算當(dāng)量齒數(shù)31.84cos5331???zv 95.14cos8332??zv4) 查取齒形系數(shù)由齒形系數(shù) 及應(yīng)力校正系數(shù) 表查得 =2.44; =2.196FaYSaY1Fa2FaY5) 查取應(yīng)力校正系數(shù)由齒形系數(shù) 應(yīng)力校正系數(shù) 表查得 =1.654; =1.782aSa1Sa2Sa西安工業(yè)大學(xué)北方信息工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)166) 彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度極限由齒輪的彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度極限圖,查得 Mpa。68021?FE?7) 彎曲疲勞壽命系數(shù)由彎曲疲勞壽命系數(shù) =0.86, =0.87;1FNK2FN8) 計(jì)算彎曲疲勞許用應(yīng)力取彎曲疲勞安全系數(shù) S=1.4,由下式得417.714MPa?SFENF11][?422.571MPaKFEF22][9) 計(jì)算大、小齒輪的 并加以比較FSaY][?=1][FSa097.74.652??=2][FSaY?4.51.89得出小齒輪的數(shù)值大。(4) 幾何尺寸計(jì)算1) 計(jì)算中心距 a mm64.12cos2)8435(cos2)(1 ???????nmz將中心距圓整為 =122.5mma2) 按圓整后的中心距修正螺旋角??????? 729.135.2)843(arcos2)(rcos1zn?因 值改變不大,故參數(shù) 等不必修正。HZK、、 ???3) 計(jì)算大小齒輪的分度圓直徑mm06.729.13cos51???nmzdmm4..842??n4)計(jì)算齒輪寬度 西安工業(yè)大學(xué)北方信息工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)16mm 圓整后取 B2=65 mm;B 1=70 mm。854.60.7291???db?第二級(jí)的傳動(dòng)條件:電機(jī)的功率為 P=4.5KW,n=416.7r/min,傳動(dòng)比 u=4.87,具體設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算如下:5) 選定齒輪類型、精度等級(jí)、材料及齒面由查表(常用齒輪材料及其機(jī)械特性表)選得大、小齒輪的材料均為 40Cr,并經(jīng)調(diào)質(zhì)及表面淬火,齒面硬度為 48~55HRC。選用精度等級(jí)。 因采用表面淬火,輪齒的變形不大,不需磨削,故初選 7 級(jí)精度(GB10095-88) 。6)齒數(shù)選小齒輪齒數(shù) Z1=24,大齒輪齒數(shù) Z2=uZ1=4.87 24=117。?7)選取螺旋角初選螺旋角 。??4?c. 按齒面接觸強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì)(1)確定公式內(nèi)的各計(jì)算值1)試選 6.1?tK2)區(qū)域系數(shù)由區(qū)域系數(shù)分布圖,選取區(qū)域系數(shù) 。43.2?HZ3)端面重合度由標(biāo)準(zhǔn)圓柱齒傳動(dòng)的端面重合度 圖表,查得 ??, ,則 =78.01???87.02??? 65.187.0.21??4)計(jì)小齒輪傳遞轉(zhuǎn)矩N411 69..4395???nPT?m?5) 圓柱齒輪齒寬系數(shù)選取齒寬系數(shù) ?d=0.9;6) 彈性影響系數(shù)由材料的彈性影響系數(shù) 表,查得 =189.8 ;EZEMPa7) 接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度極限齒輪接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度圖表,按齒面硬度中間值 52HRC 查得大、小的接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度= = Mpa;1HLim?2li708) 計(jì)算應(yīng)力循環(huán)次數(shù) 91 108.)538(.4660 ?????hjnN92 18.u9) 由接觸疲勞壽命系數(shù)查得 ; ;.1HNK.02HN西安工業(yè)大學(xué)北方信息工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)1610) 計(jì)算接觸疲勞許用應(yīng)力取失效概率為 1%,安全系 S=1,由下式得[ ] = MPa?1H105378.01lim??SKN[ ] = MPa2 6.299.2liH則取[ ]H=([ ] +[ ] )/2=1017.5Mpa?1?2(2) 計(jì)算1) 試算小齒輪分度圓直徑≥ mmtd1 92.3)5.107843.2(856.19023 24 ????2) 計(jì)算圓周速度m/s8.106492.3106????ndt3) 計(jì)算齒寬 及摸數(shù)bntmmm3.29.391td?mm1.4coscos1 ????ztnt?2.31.25.ntmh 894.hb4) 計(jì)算縱向重合度 ?? 713.9.08.318.0?????tgtgzd??5) 計(jì)算載荷系數(shù) K已知使用系數(shù) 。A根據(jù) ,7 級(jí)精度,由動(dòng)載荷系數(shù)值分布圖,查得動(dòng)載荷系數(shù) KV=1.05;18.0?由接觸強(qiáng)度計(jì)算用的齒向載荷分布系數(shù)( )表,查得 =1.41,由彎曲強(qiáng)度計(jì)算?HK?H的齒向載荷分布系數(shù)( )圖,查得 =1.37。?FF由齒向載荷分配系數(shù)( 、 ),查得 = =1.2,故載荷系數(shù):HAKAF=1×1.07×1.2×1.41=1.78?VAK?6) 按實(shí)際的載荷系數(shù)校正所算得的分度圓直徑mm13.46.78150331 ??ttd7) 計(jì)算模數(shù) nm西安工業(yè)大學(xué)北方信息工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)16= mmnm379.124cos13.cos1????zd?(3) 按齒根彎曲強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì)根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算公式(3.2)來(lái)計(jì)算:1)計(jì)算載荷系數(shù)1 1.07 1.2 1.37=1.726???FaVAK?2)縱向重合度根據(jù)縱向重合度 ,從螺旋角影響系數(shù)圖表查得 =0.8。73.?? ?Y3)計(jì)算當(dāng)量齒數(shù)27.614cos331???zv08.332?zv4) 取齒形系數(shù)由齒形系數(shù) 及應(yīng)力校正系數(shù) 表查得 =2.592; =2.158FaYSaY1Fa2FaY5) 取應(yīng)力校正系數(shù)由齒形系數(shù) 應(yīng)力校正系數(shù) 表查得 =1.596; =1.792aSa1Sa2Sa6) 齒輪的彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度極限圖查得 Mpa。68021?FE?7)彎曲疲勞壽命系數(shù)由彎曲疲勞壽命系數(shù) =0.87, =0.9;1FNK2FN8)計(jì)算彎曲疲勞許用應(yīng)力取彎曲疲勞安全系數(shù) S=1.4,由下式得422.571MPa?SFENF11][?437.143MPaKFEF22][9)計(jì)算大、小齒輪的 并加以比較SaY?=1][FSa098.571.4269??=2][FSaY?.3.8小齒輪的數(shù)值大。西安工業(yè)大學(xué)北方信息工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)16≥ mmnm 257.1098.65.1249.0)4(cos876.123 2?????對(duì)比計(jì)算結(jié)果,由齒面接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度計(jì)算的法向模數(shù)大于由齒根彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度計(jì)算的法向模數(shù),根據(jù)滿足彎曲強(qiáng)度及接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度,最后取 =1.5mmnm(4) 幾何尺寸計(jì)算1) 計(jì)算中心距 mm987.104cos25.)7(cos2)(1 ???????nmza將中心距圓整為 =108.5a2) 按圓整后的中心距修正螺旋角??????? 93.125.082)74(rcos2)(arcos1zn?因 值改變不大,故參數(shù)
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