數(shù)控專業(yè)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯-外文翻譯--數(shù)控技術(shù)
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/ C)is a of in is by of in an to a of a or of is to is / C It is to to of of to— of an be of a or is of or or / C of or / C be to or by as of to a of of or on a to a or In of It is a is in or in In is to by or by is of / C on of of a a or a of / C on a is up of an of in on on be by of to a is In on or in to a is be by in or or as a of to to an on is be a or a / C of to be of on to a to A is of is to to to a of It of be by it to of a as is it is is in on as it in to is to to to of at up 000 to be by on be of at a A is a on / C to of of / C of a is as a is by a of to to on is In an an is by in to by a C as In to or of is of of of is or be at on to to of of at a It is to in at a so on be or or to be of is to as or a of of of In of or of so of be In be at a It is of in to of of to of is to as or a of C to as a of , Y, Z A or of of to or to of C an of is of . A is of of to is is to in , Y in to be at an be a 2CL C L . a in , Y, Z be be a or a 3c C of of of is no or of to In of an to of on a N/ C to no be to to / C to to in in of of to or to In in of / C Of is as a is of in of to is a in is by of of as it is to a in a to of In is to In a is so is is in a in is as a It of a on In or of it is of a in A is a an of of be of 1. In a is by in of is of of be by of to of is 2. In is at to is of of of on of of is by of a of 16—1. on is on be in by 16in up of in is in as As 16— 2, of is in In up is at in a to it to of in of in a to so be In of on of In to at to of in be if is to be It be on of as in a at of is to up is of is to to be is or a of is of at of a as to an be is to on as 1. on by a of be or 2. In or of is an of as of by of of of is to of a so be on an or be in in a to of a or or on of is or in a at a a of is to or of be or in or on an to in an of to to as a to by to on on a in / 32 / 16 to of 數(shù)控技術(shù) 數(shù)控是可編程自動化技術(shù)的一種形式,通過數(shù)字、字母和其他符號來控制加工設(shè)備。數(shù)字、字母和符號用適當(dāng)?shù)母袷骄幋a為一個(gè)特定工件定義指令程序。當(dāng)工件改變時(shí),指令程序就改變。這種改變程序的能力使數(shù)控適合于中、小批量生產(chǎn),寫一段新程序遠(yuǎn)比對加工設(shè)備做大的改動容易得多。 數(shù)控機(jī)床有兩種基本形式:點(diǎn)位控制和連續(xù)控制 (也稱為輪廓控制 )。點(diǎn)位控制機(jī)床采用異步電動機(jī),因此,主軸的定位只能通過完成一個(gè)運(yùn)動或一個(gè)電動機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)動 來實(shí)現(xiàn)。這種機(jī)床主要用于直線切削或鉆 孔 、鏜孔等場合。 數(shù)控系統(tǒng)由下列組件組成:數(shù)據(jù)輸入裝置,帶控制單元的磁帶閱讀機(jī),反饋裝置和切削機(jī)床或其他形式的數(shù)控設(shè)備。 數(shù)據(jù)輸人裝置,也稱“人機(jī)聯(lián)系裝置”,可用人工或全自動方法向機(jī)床提供數(shù)據(jù)。人工方法作為輸人數(shù)據(jù)唯一方法時(shí),只限于少量輸入。人工輸入裝置有鍵盤,撥號盤,按鈕,開關(guān)或撥輪選擇開關(guān),這些都位于機(jī)床附近的一個(gè)控制臺上。撥號盤通常連到一個(gè)同步解析器或電位計(jì)的模擬裝置上。在大多數(shù)情況下,按鈕、開關(guān)和其他類似的旋鈕是數(shù)據(jù)輸入元件。人工輸入需要操作者控制 每個(gè)操作,這是一個(gè)既慢又單調(diào)的過程,除了簡單加工場合或特殊情況,已很少使用。 幾乎所有情況下,信息都是通過卡片、穿孔紙帶或磁帶自動提供給控制單元。在傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)中,八信道穿孔紙帶是最常用的數(shù)據(jù)輸入形式,紙帶上的編碼指令由一系列稱為程序塊的穿 孔 組成。每一個(gè)程序塊代表一種加工功能、一種操作或兩者的組合。紙帶上的整個(gè)數(shù)控程序由這些連續(xù)數(shù)據(jù)單元連接而成。帶有程序的長帶子像電影膠片一樣繞在盤子上,相對較短的帶子上的程序可通過將紙帶兩端連接形成一個(gè)循環(huán)而連續(xù)不斷地重復(fù)使用。帶子一旦安裝好,就可反復(fù)使用而無需進(jìn) 一步處理。此時(shí),操作者只是簡單地上、下工件。穿孔紙帶是在帶有特制穿孔附件的打字機(jī)或直接連到計(jì)算機(jī)上的紙帶穿 孔 裝置上做成的。紙帶制造很少不出錯(cuò),錯(cuò)誤可能由編程、卡片穿孔或編碼、紙帶穿孔時(shí)的物理損害等形成。通常,必須要試走幾次來排除錯(cuò)誤,才能得到一個(gè)可用的工作紙帶。 雖然紙帶上的數(shù)據(jù)是自動進(jìn)給的,但實(shí)際編程卻是手工完成的,在編碼紙帶做好前,編程者經(jīng)常要和一個(gè)計(jì)劃人員或工藝工程師一起工作,選擇合適的數(shù)控機(jī)床,決定加工材料,計(jì)算切削速度和進(jìn)給速度,決定所需刀具類型,仔細(xì)閱讀零件圖上尺寸,定下合適的程序開始的 零參考點(diǎn),然后寫出程序清單,其上記載有描述加工順序的編碼數(shù)控指令,機(jī)床按順序加工工件到圖樣要求。 控制單元接受和儲存編碼數(shù)據(jù),直至形成一個(gè)完整的信息程序塊,然后解釋數(shù)控指令,并引導(dǎo)機(jī)床得到所需運(yùn)動。 為更好理解控制單元的作用,可將它與撥號電話進(jìn)行比較,即每撥一個(gè)數(shù)字,就儲存一個(gè),當(dāng)整個(gè)數(shù)字撥好后,電話就被激活,也就完成了呼叫。 裝在控制單元里的紙帶閱讀機(jī),通過其內(nèi)的硅光二極管,檢測到穿過移動紙帶上的孔漏過的光線,將光束轉(zhuǎn)變成電能,并通過放大來進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)信號,然后將信號送到控制單元里 的寄存器,由它將動作信號傳到機(jī)床驅(qū)動裝置。 有些光電裝置能以高達(dá)每秒 1000 個(gè)字節(jié)的速度閱讀,這對保持機(jī)床連續(xù)動作是必須的,否則,在輪廓加工時(shí),刀具可能在工件上產(chǎn)生劃痕。閱讀裝置必須要能以比控制系統(tǒng)處理數(shù)據(jù)更快的速度來閱讀數(shù)據(jù)程序塊。 反饋裝置是用在一些數(shù)控設(shè)備上的安全裝置,它可連續(xù)補(bǔ)償控制位置與機(jī)床運(yùn)動滑臺的實(shí)際位置之間的誤差。裝有這種直接反饋檢查裝置的數(shù)控機(jī)床有一個(gè)閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)裝置。位置控制通過傳感器實(shí)現(xiàn),在實(shí)際工作時(shí),記錄下滑臺的位置,并將這些信息送回控制單元。接受到的信號與紙帶輸入的信號 相比較,它們之間的任何偏差都可得到糾正。 在另一個(gè)稱為開環(huán)的系統(tǒng)中,機(jī)床僅由響應(yīng)控制器命令的步進(jìn)電動機(jī)驅(qū)動定位,工件的精度幾乎完全取決于絲杠的精度和機(jī)床結(jié)構(gòu)的剛度。 有幾個(gè)理由可以說明步進(jìn)電機(jī) 是一個(gè)自動化申請的非常有用的 驅(qū)動裝置 。對于一件事物,它被不連續(xù)直流電壓脈 沖 驅(qū)使 ,是來自數(shù)傳計(jì)算機(jī)和其他的自動化的非常方便的輸出控制系統(tǒng)。 當(dāng)多數(shù)是索引或其他的自動化申請所必備者的時(shí)候, 步進(jìn)電機(jī) 對運(yùn)行一個(gè)精確的有角進(jìn)步也是理想的。因?yàn)榭刂葡到y(tǒng)不需要監(jiān)聽就提供特定的輸出指令而且期待系統(tǒng)適當(dāng)?shù)胤磻?yīng)的公開 - 環(huán)操作造成一 個(gè)回應(yīng)環(huán), 步進(jìn)電機(jī) 是理想的。 一些工業(yè)的機(jī)械手使用高抬腿運(yùn)步的馬乘汽車駕駛員,而且 步進(jìn)電機(jī) 是有用的在數(shù)字受約束的工作母機(jī)中。 這些申請的大部分是公開 - 環(huán) ,但是雇用回應(yīng)環(huán)檢測受到驅(qū)策的成- 1.請仔細(xì)閱讀文檔,確保文檔完整性,對于不預(yù)覽、不比對內(nèi)容而直接下載帶來的問題本站不予受理。
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