飛行模擬轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)設(shè)計(jì)【液壓】
飛行模擬轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)設(shè)計(jì)【液壓】,液壓,飛行模擬轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)設(shè)計(jì)【液壓】,飛行,模擬,摹擬,轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái),設(shè)計(jì)
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）任務(wù)書
I、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目：
飛行模擬轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)設(shè)計(jì)
II、畢 業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)使用的原始資料(數(shù)據(jù))及設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)要求：
1. 采用并聯(lián)機(jī)構(gòu)，由三個(gè)液壓缸聯(lián)接上下兩個(gè)平臺(tái)，下平臺(tái)固定，上平臺(tái)的位姿通
過液壓缸的伸縮調(diào)整。同時(shí)上平臺(tái)上安裝可以繞軸旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)飛行姿態(tài)模
擬。
2. 通過控制液壓缸的伸縮，從而調(diào)整上平臺(tái)的位姿。
3. 設(shè)計(jì)液壓飛行模擬轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)的機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)。
III、畢 業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)工作內(nèi)容及完成時(shí)間：
1. 搜集資料寫開題報(bào)告，英文翻譯。 第1周～第2周
2. 模擬轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)的機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)。 第3周～第5周
3. 繪制零件圖和裝配圖。 第6周～第8周
4. 設(shè)計(jì)液壓缸的液壓回路。 第9周～第10周
5.對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行三維建模。 第11周～第14周
6. 撰寫畢業(yè)論文。 第15周～第16周
7. 答辯準(zhǔn)備及畢業(yè)答辯 第17周
Ⅳ 、主 要參考資料：
[1] 趙佩華．單片機(jī)接口技術(shù)及應(yīng)用．北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2003．
[2]陳康寧等．機(jī)械工程控制基礎(chǔ)．西安：西安交通大學(xué)出版社，1997．
[3]何克忠，李偉．計(jì)算機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)．北京：清華大學(xué)出版社，1998．
[4]成大先等．機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)（液壓傳動(dòng)）．北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2004．
[5]機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)編委會(huì)．機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)．北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2004．
[6] YUICHI SASAKI. Development of a computer-aided process planning system Based on a
knowledge base. Marine science and technology(2003)7:175-179.
航空與機(jī)械工程 院（系） 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 專業(yè)類 0781053 班
學(xué)生（簽名）：
日期： 自 2011 年 3 月 15 日至 2011 年 5 月 28日
指導(dǎo)教師（簽名）：
助理指導(dǎo)教師(并指出所負(fù)責(zé)的部分)：
航空與機(jī)械工程 系（室）主任（簽名）：
附注:任務(wù)書應(yīng)該附在已完成的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書首頁。
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一、選題的依據(jù)及意義
隨著飛機(jī)和導(dǎo)彈的快速發(fā)展，要求其具有更高的性能和穩(wěn)定性,這就要我們通過對(duì)他們的性能參數(shù)進(jìn)行測(cè)量評(píng)估進(jìn)而進(jìn)行改進(jìn)，但一架真正的飛機(jī)或一枚導(dǎo)彈的成本太高,我們不可能也沒有必要用一架真正的飛機(jī)或?qū)梺磉M(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)采集數(shù)據(jù),這就要求我們采用一些比較合理的實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置來實(shí)現(xiàn)飛機(jī)或?qū)椀娘w行狀態(tài)，這樣飛行模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)得以發(fā)展。該轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)可以將重物放在其上面也可以用來對(duì)飛行員進(jìn)行培訓(xùn)，因?yàn)樗梢阅M飛機(jī)在空中飛行的各種姿態(tài)。該裝置的出現(xiàn)既達(dá)到了對(duì)飛機(jī)或?qū)椥阅軈?shù)的采集，進(jìn)而改進(jìn)，在成本上遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于一架飛機(jī)或?qū)椀膬r(jià)格，對(duì)飛機(jī)和導(dǎo)彈的發(fā)展具有不可估量的價(jià)值。
飛行模擬轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)是具有重大經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值和國(guó)防戰(zhàn)略意義的高精尖實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備，它是在實(shí)驗(yàn)室條件下模擬飛行器或?qū)椩诳罩酗w行姿態(tài)半實(shí)物仿真的有力工具，它和目標(biāo)發(fā)生裝置組合在一起模擬導(dǎo)彈跟蹤目標(biāo)的過程，可以真實(shí)地模擬出導(dǎo)彈等飛行器在空間的各種姿態(tài)和動(dòng)力學(xué)特性，從而對(duì)其傳感器件、控制系統(tǒng)和執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)等硬件設(shè)備的性能加以測(cè)試和評(píng)價(jià)，為飛行器的研制、改進(jìn)和再設(shè)計(jì)提供各種參考依據(jù)。它的性能指標(biāo)直接關(guān)系到飛行仿真結(jié)果的逼真度。隨著當(dāng)前國(guó)際形勢(shì)的日益嚴(yán)峻和我國(guó)現(xiàn)代軍事技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，對(duì)模擬轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)的精度要求不斷提高。作為一種高精度的運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真設(shè)備，其臺(tái)體動(dòng)態(tài)特性直接影響到轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)動(dòng)態(tài)仿真的可靠程度。在設(shè)計(jì)階段對(duì)機(jī)械臺(tái)體進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)特性分析和優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)，尤其是對(duì)框架等結(jié)構(gòu)支撐部件的動(dòng)態(tài)特性研究和結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)十分重要。
二、國(guó)內(nèi)外研究概況及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
目前,大部分飛行模擬轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)采用串聯(lián)式機(jī)構(gòu),而本設(shè)計(jì)則采用并聯(lián)式機(jī)械機(jī)構(gòu)來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。采用并聯(lián)機(jī)構(gòu)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于其承載能力大,機(jī)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單。本機(jī)構(gòu)由上下兩個(gè)工作平臺(tái),下平臺(tái)固定在地面上,上平臺(tái)用來放待實(shí)驗(yàn)的物品,在上下平臺(tái)之間采用三個(gè)液壓缸連接,通過液壓缸上升高度的不同,來實(shí)現(xiàn)上平臺(tái)的傾斜,而上平臺(tái)可由電動(dòng)機(jī)帶動(dòng)旋轉(zhuǎn)從而達(dá)到模擬飛機(jī)在飛行過程中的各種狀態(tài)。
飛行模擬器研制及應(yīng)用被認(rèn)為是飛行模擬技術(shù)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)性工程和關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)，一直受到世界各國(guó)尤其是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的高度重視。美國(guó)是世界上最早開展飛行模擬器研究和應(yīng)用的國(guó)家，在技術(shù)和數(shù)量上一直居領(lǐng)先地位。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，美國(guó)的飛行模擬器研制和采辦費(fèi)用每年增長(zhǎng)一倍，僅1995年～2000年的費(fèi)用就高達(dá)36億美元。俄羅斯同樣是世界上的飛行模擬大國(guó)和強(qiáng)國(guó)，他們的所有飛機(jī)都配備有相應(yīng)的飛行模擬器，僅空中飛行模擬器就有20余種，其中包括先進(jìn)的空地綜合飛行模擬系統(tǒng)。值得提出的是俄羅斯在飛行模擬器的基礎(chǔ)理論研究，特別是人-機(jī)工效學(xué)和飛行員建模與仿真等方面都名列前茅。英、德、法等國(guó)的飛行模擬器研制及應(yīng)用也始終處于世界先進(jìn)行列。
我國(guó)在飛行模擬器研制及應(yīng)用方面雖然起步比美、俄、英法等國(guó)較晚，但仍是世界上發(fā)展飛行模擬器較早的國(guó)家。于20世紀(jì)60年代開始使用射擊練習(xí)器和儀表飛行練習(xí)器，并建立了研究用飛機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)模擬試驗(yàn)臺(tái)、航空發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)模擬試驗(yàn)臺(tái)。20世紀(jì)80年代發(fā)展更快，先后研制成功了一系列研制用飛行模擬器和工程用飛行模擬器，并普及設(shè)計(jì)、制造和使用了各個(gè)機(jī)種的飛行模擬訓(xùn)練器。出此，我國(guó)還是世界上少數(shù)能夠設(shè)計(jì)和建造空中飛行模擬器的國(guó)家之一，所以可堪稱為“飛行模擬器大國(guó)”。[1]
1 單片機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展概況
單片機(jī)，就是單片微型計(jì)算機(jī)的簡(jiǎn)稱，又稱微控制器。[2]自上世紀(jì)70年代面世以來不過短短30余年的歷史，但因嵌入式應(yīng)用而得到迅猛的發(fā)展，各種新穎的單片機(jī)層出不窮，令人目不暇接。它具有因體積小、成本低、控制能力強(qiáng)等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，又由于現(xiàn)在開發(fā)環(huán)境的不斷改善，正在以空前的速度迅速取代經(jīng)典電子系統(tǒng)，廣泛的應(yīng)用于家用電器、機(jī)器人、工業(yè)控制單元、儀器儀表、汽車電子系統(tǒng)、金融電子系統(tǒng)、通訊系統(tǒng)等嵌入式產(chǎn)品中。
目前單片機(jī)的種類繁多，世界各國(guó)廠商已研制出大約50個(gè)系列、30多個(gè)品種的單片機(jī)產(chǎn)品。與早期經(jīng)典的8位單片機(jī)MCS－51相比，無論是頻率、字寬、尋址范圍、集成度等方面都有了巨大的突破?，F(xiàn)代科技的發(fā)展使得單片機(jī)的功能正日漸完善:
1、單片機(jī)集成越來越多資源，內(nèi)部存儲(chǔ)資源日益豐富，用戶不需要擴(kuò)充資源就可以完成項(xiàng)目開發(fā)，不僅是開發(fā)簡(jiǎn)單，產(chǎn)品小巧美觀，同時(shí)系統(tǒng)也更加穩(wěn)定，目前該方向即是發(fā)展為SOC(片上系統(tǒng))。
2、單片機(jī)抗干擾能力加強(qiáng)，使的它更加適合工業(yè)控制領(lǐng)域，具有更加廣闊的市場(chǎng)前景。
3、單片機(jī)提供在線編程能力，加速了產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)進(jìn)程，為企業(yè)產(chǎn)品上市贏得寶貴時(shí)間。
4、在線仿真變的容易。用戶一旦開發(fā)一個(gè)比較大的系統(tǒng)，開發(fā)調(diào)試變的非常復(fù)雜，同時(shí)由于單片機(jī)資源有限，不能象PC一樣直接調(diào)試自己的軟件，于是出現(xiàn)了品種繁多的專業(yè)仿真器，為用戶的開發(fā)提供了強(qiáng)大功能，加速了開發(fā)進(jìn)程，降低了開發(fā)難度。目前還已經(jīng)有公司推出了可以在線調(diào)試的單片機(jī)，使得單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)的調(diào)試與開發(fā)變得更加方便、快速。
隨著單片機(jī)的發(fā)展，人們對(duì)事物的要求越來越高，單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用軟件技術(shù)也發(fā)生了巨大的變化，從最初的匯編語言，開始演變到C語言開發(fā)，不但增加了語言的可讀性，結(jié)構(gòu)性，而且對(duì)于跨平臺(tái)的移植也提供了方便，另外一些復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)開始在單片機(jī)上采用操作系統(tǒng)，一些小的嵌入式實(shí)時(shí)操作系統(tǒng)（RTOS）等，一方面加速了開發(fā)人員的開發(fā)速度，節(jié)約開發(fā)成本，另外也為更復(fù)雜的實(shí)現(xiàn)提供了可能。當(dāng)前比較流行的RTOS有:WINCE，uClinux，Linux，uC/OS等等。
本次設(shè)計(jì)的飛行模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)在選擇控制系統(tǒng)時(shí)在綜合考慮了微機(jī)、單片機(jī)和可編程控制器的成本、控制的難易程度和結(jié)構(gòu)化布線等因素后，也擬定采用單片機(jī)進(jìn)行控制。
2 PID控制算法的發(fā)展概況
PID（Proportional-Integral-Derivative）即比例、積分、微分，指的是一項(xiàng)流行的線性控制策略。由于在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程的實(shí)際控制中，總是存在外界的干擾和系統(tǒng)中各個(gè)參數(shù)的變化，它們將會(huì)使系統(tǒng)性能變差。為了改善系統(tǒng)的性能，提高控制質(zhì)量，通常在控制中引入比例（Proportional）環(huán)節(jié)來提高系統(tǒng)的快速性；為了消除靜態(tài)誤差，提高精度，加強(qiáng)系統(tǒng)對(duì)參數(shù)變化的適應(yīng)能力，引入積分(Integral)環(huán)節(jié)；為了提高系統(tǒng)對(duì)動(dòng)態(tài)過程的預(yù)知能力，克服慣性的影響，引入微分(Derivative)環(huán)節(jié)。這就是通常所說的PID控制。[3]
按照偏差的比例、積分、微分進(jìn)行控制（PID控制）是連續(xù)系統(tǒng)控制理論中技術(shù)最成熟、應(yīng)用最為廣泛的一種控制技術(shù)。它結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、參數(shù)易于調(diào)整、穩(wěn)定性能好、可靠性高，使它在控制理論和技術(shù)飛速發(fā)展的今天仍然具有強(qiáng)大的生命力，在長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)用中已經(jīng)積累了豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。特別是工業(yè)過程控制中，在決定系統(tǒng)參數(shù)的時(shí)候往往要借助現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)試和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，在這種情況下，PID控制就更顯示它的威力。其應(yīng)用經(jīng)久不衰，應(yīng)用范圍越來越廣泛，改進(jìn)方法也越來越多。二十世紀(jì)60年代發(fā)展、成熟起來的現(xiàn)代控制理論和近幾年發(fā)展的智能控制理論仍在大量的PID控制的方法和思想。按照偏差的比例、積分和微分進(jìn)行控制是過程控制中應(yīng)用最為廣泛的一種控制規(guī)律。實(shí)際運(yùn)行經(jīng)驗(yàn)和理論分析都充分證明，這種控制規(guī)律在相當(dāng)多的工業(yè)對(duì)象的控制中是可以得到較滿意的控制效果的，在計(jì)算機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)里首先采用的控制算式也是PID。
三、設(shè)計(jì)要求及工作內(nèi)容
1 .采用并聯(lián)機(jī)構(gòu)，由三個(gè)液壓缸聯(lián)接上下兩個(gè)平臺(tái)，下平臺(tái)固定，上平臺(tái)的位姿通過液壓缸的伸縮調(diào)整。同時(shí)上平臺(tái)上安裝可以繞軸旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)飛行姿態(tài)模擬。
2.由微機(jī)（單片機(jī)）控制液壓缸的伸縮，從而調(diào)整上平臺(tái)的位姿。
3.設(shè)計(jì)液壓飛行模擬轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)的機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)。
4.設(shè)計(jì)液壓缸的液壓系統(tǒng)。
5.設(shè)計(jì)單片機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)的電路。
6.設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)控制算法。
四、目標(biāo)、主要特色及工作進(jìn)度
目標(biāo)：設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)三由于液壓缸支撐并通過液壓缸上升高度的不同來實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)傾斜角度,單片機(jī)控制，使用PID控制算法的飛行模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)。
主要特色：該系統(tǒng)具有位置檢測(cè)和速度檢測(cè)功能，可通過改變液壓缸上升的高度不同使工作臺(tái)與水平面的夾角變化,實(shí)現(xiàn)飛機(jī)飛行時(shí)的各種傾斜狀態(tài),從而達(dá)到模擬飛機(jī)的作用.
畢 業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)工作內(nèi)容及完成時(shí)間：
1. 搜集資料寫開題報(bào)告，英文翻譯。 第1周～第2周
2. 模擬轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)的機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)。 第3周～第5周
3. 繪制零件圖和裝配圖。 第6周～第8周
4. 設(shè)計(jì)液壓缸的液壓回路。 第9周～第10周
5.對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行三維建模。 第11周～第14周
6. 撰寫畢業(yè)論文。 第15周～第16周
7. 答辯準(zhǔn)備及畢業(yè)答辯 第17周
五 、主 要參考資料：
[1].趙佩華．單片機(jī)接口技術(shù)及應(yīng)用．北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2003．
[2].陳康寧等．機(jī)械工程控制基礎(chǔ)．西安：西安交通大學(xué)出版社，1997．
[3].何克忠，李偉．計(jì)算機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)．北京：清華大學(xué)出版社，1998．
[4].成大先等．機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)（液壓傳動(dòng)）．北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2004．
[5].機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)編委會(huì)．機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)．北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2004．
[6].YUICHI SASAKI. Development of a computer-aided process planning system
Based on a knowledge base. Marine science and technology(2003)7:175-179.
[7].Yu.?I.?Begichev, L.?M.?Koziorov, V.?Yu.?Lukanichev. Computer-Aided Flight Simulators:
A Design Concept. Automation and Remote Control, 2001,7:1049-1056.
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開題報(bào)告
題目 飛行模擬轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)設(shè)計(jì)
專 業(yè) 名 稱 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
班 級(jí) 學(xué) 號(hào) 078105310
學(xué) 生 姓 名 李 江
指 導(dǎo) 教 師 高延峰
填 表 日 期 2011 年 5 月 8 日
說 明
開題報(bào)告應(yīng)結(jié)合自己課題而作，一般包括：課題依據(jù)及課題的意義、國(guó)內(nèi)外研究概況及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)（含文獻(xiàn)綜述）、研究?jī)?nèi)容及實(shí)驗(yàn)方案、目標(biāo)、主要特色及工作進(jìn)度、參考文獻(xiàn)等內(nèi)容。以下填寫內(nèi)容各專業(yè)可根據(jù)具體情況適當(dāng)修改。但每個(gè)專業(yè)填寫內(nèi)容應(yīng)保持一致。
飛行模擬轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)設(shè)計(jì)
學(xué)生姓名： 李 江 班級(jí)：0781053
指導(dǎo)老師：高延峰老師
摘要：飛行模擬轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)是航空航天仿真試驗(yàn)的重要設(shè)備之一，近年來仿真技術(shù)的發(fā)展對(duì)飛行模擬轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)提出了更高的要求，同時(shí)也促進(jìn)和飛行模擬轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)的開發(fā)。飛行模擬轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)是具有重大經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值和國(guó)防戰(zhàn)略意義的高精尖實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備，它是在實(shí)驗(yàn)室條件下模擬飛行器或?qū)椩诳罩酗w行姿態(tài)半實(shí)物仿真的有力工具，它和目標(biāo)發(fā)生裝置組合在一起模擬導(dǎo)彈跟蹤目標(biāo)的過程，可以真實(shí)地模擬出導(dǎo)彈等飛行器在空間的各種姿態(tài)和動(dòng)力學(xué)特性，從而對(duì)其傳感器件、控制系統(tǒng)和執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)等硬件設(shè)備的性能加以測(cè)試和評(píng)價(jià)，為飛行器的研制、改進(jìn)和再設(shè)計(jì)提供各種參考依據(jù)。它的性能指標(biāo)直接關(guān)系到飛行仿真結(jié)果的逼真度。隨著當(dāng)前國(guó)際形勢(shì)的日益嚴(yán)峻和我國(guó)現(xiàn)代軍事技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，對(duì)模擬轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)的精度要求不斷提高。作為一種高精度的運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真設(shè)備，其臺(tái)體動(dòng)態(tài)特性直接影響到轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)動(dòng)態(tài)仿真的可靠程度。在設(shè)計(jì)階段對(duì)機(jī)械臺(tái)體進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)特性分析和優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)，尤其是對(duì)框架等結(jié)構(gòu)支撐部件的動(dòng)態(tài)特性研究和結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)十分重要。本文主要介紹液壓模擬轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)，包括設(shè)計(jì)特點(diǎn)和主要性能，并對(duì)主要指標(biāo)的測(cè)試情況作了簡(jiǎn)單介紹和分析。
關(guān)鍵字：飛行模擬轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái) 航空航天 仿真
指導(dǎo)老師簽名：
Hydraulic flight simulation turntable
The student's name: Li jiang class: 0781053
Teacher: GaoYanFeng
Abstract: flight simulation turntable is aerospace simulation experiment is one of the important equipment in recent years, the development of simulation technology for flight simulation turntable is put forward higher request, but also promote the development and flight simulation turntable. Flying simulation turntable is significant economic value and significance of defense strategy, it is exquisite experiment equipment in the laboratory conditions simulated flying in the air or missile flight hardware-in-the-loop simulation, it is a powerful tool and plant together to simulate the process of missile tracking, can truly simulate flying in space of missile etc all sorts of attitude and dynamic characteristics of the sensor, thus, control system and enforcement agencies and other hardware equipment performance test and evaluation, the development and improvement for vehicle and is designed to provide all kinds of reference. It is directly related to the performance index of fidelity flying simulation results. With the current international situation and the increasingly serious in modern military technology unceasing development, the accuracy of simulation turntable is improving. As a kind of precision motion simulation equipment, the dynamic characteristics of the machine body directly affect the reliability of the dynamic simulation turntable. In the design phase of mechanical machine body dynamic analysis and optimal design of frame structure, especially the dynamic characteristics of the study supported components and structure optimization design is very important. This paper mainly introduces the hydraulic simulation turntable, including the design characteristic and main performance, and the main indexes of tests are introduced and analyzed.
Keywords: flight simulation turntable aerospace simulation
Signature of supervisor:
目錄
1. 緒論 1
1.1 選題的依據(jù)及意義 1
1.2 國(guó)內(nèi)外研究概況及發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 1
2 . 單片機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) 2
2.1 單片機(jī)的選用及功能介紹 2
2.2 片外存儲(chǔ)器功能簡(jiǎn)介 3
2.3 顯示與鍵盤部分設(shè)計(jì) 4
2.4 交流異步電動(dòng)機(jī)變頻調(diào)速系統(tǒng) 6
2.4.1 交流異步電動(dòng)機(jī)變頻調(diào)速原理 7
2.4.2主電路和逆變電路工作原理 7
2.4.3 變頻與變壓 10
2.4.4 電動(dòng)機(jī)與單片機(jī)的接口 12
2.5 位移和轉(zhuǎn)速檢測(cè)部分的設(shè)計(jì) 13
2.5.1 位移檢測(cè)傳感器和轉(zhuǎn)速檢測(cè)傳感器的選用 13
2.5.2 光柵位移和轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器與單片機(jī)的接口設(shè)計(jì) 14
3． 機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)與液壓傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) 17
3.1升降系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)分析 18
3.1.1液壓缸結(jié)構(gòu) 18
3.1.2 液壓缸零部件分析 21
3.1.3油缸的壁厚校驗(yàn) 23
3.2 傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)分析與計(jì)算 24
3.2.1 電動(dòng)機(jī)的選擇 24
3.2.2.2軸尺寸設(shè)計(jì) 27
3.2.3 鍵的選擇與校核 29
3.2.4 皮帶的選擇 30
3.3 液壓系統(tǒng)分析 33
3.3.1液壓系統(tǒng) 33
3.3.2 液壓泵與電動(dòng)機(jī)的選擇 34
結(jié)論 36
參考文獻(xiàn) 37
致謝 38
Comment on medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design
In recent years, Carry out GMP (medicines and chemical reagents produces specifications of quality) attestation system because of sustained our country economic situation rise and country to pharmacy industry mandatory. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery has got quite great progress. The new product increases by gradually. Engineering level has had very big improvement. But be returning very big gaps back to existence compared with international standards. Level being close to 60%'s product cannot to reach upper developed country century eighties. Large-scale advanced equipment is dependent on entrance mainly. Low our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery engineering level is that the design designing personnel low level from our country enterprise arouses to a great extent.
One, our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery current situation analyses
Our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery still has bigger gap compared with advanced international level. What time is insufficient on domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design under main existence
1) Backward domestic mechanical performance medicines and chemical reagents package machinery mostly, accuracy low velocity, is slow, stationarity dispatches package machinery travel process to contain large amount of dyadic complicated intermittence motion. Come to come true mainly from the cam, the connecting rod. But, many design that the personnel is unable to require that the independence designs the parameter calculating cam bar linkage kinematics and dynamics according to job cycle picture and accuracy. Be only the surveying and mapping carrying out a piecemeal that the abroad model machine cam connecting rod part is dismantled down simplely. Bring about actuating mechanism error is very big. That domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery runs speed mostly is more general than hanging down according to cutting frequency if the aluminium moulds bubble cover packer's for 100 one 300 mins, full-automatic medicine box packer dress box speed 50- 200 boxes/ ms in. But, on the international, the advanced aluminium moulds rushing steeping cover packer cutting frequency be able to reach 600 mins. Full-automatic medicine box packer dress box speed is able to reach 600 ~ 800 box/ mins. Not only working speed of domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery is slow. And, the partner has bigger noise.
2) Is under the control of horizontal backward. Domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery controls low, automation of level difference mostly , the malfunction leads height. (Main package machinery finger box dress controls domestic medicines and chemical reagents with drinking wine holding machinery with) adopt PLC to do a scene mostly. But, advanced medicines and chemical reagents package machinery realizes supervisory control abroad mostly from computer system. Under the control of horizontal relatively backward. Great majority domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery automation sex is relatively poor. Adopt a single to produce a pattern first commonly. The full-automatic production line is few. Two is that full-automation works cannot to achieve. Require that the manpower feeds in raw material. Hand movement enchases. If in a little paper box packer, Page, paper box all needs medicine board , specifications paper to move charging personally. And require specially-assigned person to pay attention to if specifications, medicine board, paper box already finish using at any time. Happen to avoid bringing about machine racing or bringing about incomplete specifications, medicine board, and medicine box phenomenon. Other, domestic medicines and chemical reagents package mechanic failure rates are higher. Control a component (if the relay, electromagnetic valve, contactor, breaker etc.) etc. are often easy to damage. Halt also to frequently occur the malfunction.
3) Functions are unitary, expansion sex is bad. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery is that the form designs that specifically for specially appointed package. The general specification range inner in regulation is adjustable. But, a lot of our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery considers insufficiency when designing that. Be not that reforming going a step further sets apart sufficient space. Cause the machinery designing that to be able to only adapt to the form board in several kinds simplicities. Change not adapting to wrapping material or the form board dimension. Fit in with even. The package finished product mass giving birth to a child is neither nice.
4) Considers deficiency synthetically. Resource does not fully utilize. Our country medicines and chemical reagents there exists the chaos phenomenon in package machinery design. A lot of machinery designs that the personnel drags to the electric motor moving the synchrony technology, the servo drive technology do not knows. The problem simple electrical equipment available is resolved uses complicated mechanism to come to come true but. Some though the control organ works to come having adopt the synchrony electric motor to wait for a device. But choose block of wood ding-dang. The maximum having brought about resource not only wastes this condition. And make machinery function designing that low.
5) Model is inflexible. Model seldom considering machinery time medicines and chemical reagents of our country package machinery design. Many machine molding that the manufacturer produces is not beautiful do not have model even. Give person feeling to rigid, to inflexible, not to have vigor. A few medicine box packers are middle. The nut all assembles screw on the machine outside board. But, the oil cup and flow nipple that a little lubrication uses also can be seen everywhere. Be stained fully with a greasy dirt easy to use machine everywhere time oiling. Impression is rough to person. No beautiful.
Two, medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design content
People long-term study passes. Define conceptual design being: "Have been ascertaining the mission queen. Pass abstract-relation. Design the function structure. Explore appropriate effect principle and their combination waiting. Ascertain out basic finding the solution approach. Reach find the solution scheme. This part of the conceptual design designing that the job is called conceptual design is referred to make the queen who designs purpose and now has condition clear. The designer searches for many-sided knowledge. Analysis abstracts the solution on generating dyadic broad frame significance the day after tomorrow. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design demands according to each product life cycle stages. Carrying out the product function creates , the function breaks up as well as the function and son are functional physical design: That conception and systematization carrying out the scheme satisfying the operating principle that the function and structure demand finding the solution and carrying out the operating principle carrier realizing the function structure's design the conceptual design process is that one finds the solution realizing a function's , satisfies the various technology and various there existing in economic target's , possibility scheme well ultimate for sure synthetically optimum scheme process. The conceptual design effect embodies in the product design early phase stage mainly. Chief architect is based on functional need of product but primitive conception and impulsion sprouting out form the product main body frame. And, it responds to every main module and module including. In order to accomplishing overall layout and the exterior, the first step designs that. And then carry out the optimization appraising a sum. Ascertain the overall design plan. Design that the personnel carries out the chief architect design thought going to designing middle concretely again from every part. Detail designs realization. The conceptual design putting medicines and chemical reagents package machinery into practice demands to design that the personnel reinforces the cognition to medicines and chemical reagents package first. Deepen the connotation understanding medicines and chemical reagents packages. Introduce modern package idea. Be in line with the international conventions actively. Modern package is to ensure the product safety not only. Make product transportation convenient. And be getting up propagate, environmental protection, defends against false. Attractive looks waits for the many-sided effect. Wrap up contents additional information. The medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design personnel should show solicitude for development of package system closely. Go deep into the handicraft studying package. Know demand of development of wrapping material and the person to machinery product very well. Only when such ability designs that out satisfy the high tone machinery product that the consumer demands. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design content has mainly:
1) Makes the design mission clear. Be ready for feasibility analysis. The designer designs initial stage working in being in progress. Respond to the feasibility considering a product sufficiently. One aspect is the marketplace thinking. Include the production marketing, product raw material, the fabricating cost thinking: Another aspect is thinking that the product processes. Include thinking now having a working ability, processing handicraft, processing the function and periphery supporting industry. Periphery supporting environment thinking points to the local enterprise working ability mainly processes level, heat treatment handicraft and the infrastructural facilities construction etc.
2) Function design. Great majority our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery is the same kind model copying to abroad. But peculiar national conditions because of our country existence. Must carry out appropriate reforming on the product. To satisfy request of our country. But fault blindly copy blindly. The machinery designing that is packed in, irrigates the dress function outside except needing to satisfy a box. We must consider the additional function packing machinery. If in package box should add a counting cup. The medicine spoon waits an utensil down. Be put into use with convenience of customers. In machine, kind of aspect developing can design comparatively advanced machinery. If sterile pack machinery, the package machinery retaining freshness etc.Can develop the corollary equipment selling complete sets of equipment and the post-processing at reduced prices in the medicines and chemical reagents package front.
3) Functions decomposition. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery belongs to the integration of machinery with electronics product. Should consider every function all round time design. Sort Er Yan. The medicines and chemical reagents package machinery function may divide 3 major parts being that organization moves, monitors biography feel, the information processing and controlling a function basically. The function subdivides organization motion according to may not kind with machine , packer may be molding , heat-seal , pressure trace mark, according to cutting 4 big functions if the aluminum moulds bubble cover. But, paper box package machinery may be that the box opens, paper box transfers, breaks tongue , functions such as inserting tongue , flattening and putting a batch number up mark poison board under paper folding, deducing paper feed. Want to consider machinery lubrication, safe functions such as running, packing hygiene of machinery too in the process of design. This demands the technology designing that the personnel considers detecting sufficiently. Brightness, machine, electricity integration technology, computer art. Intersection between the pneumatic technology, the logistics technology connection.
4) Organization is designed. Be to realize the predetermined function. We need to use different organization. This needs the part synthesizing each considering a complete machine among one process. Use the product designing that while satisfying the usage request. Structure is simple, pragmatic. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery organization designs time. Respond to the principle choosing appropriate organization motion and constituting. Think sufficiently to realize what specially appointed motion needs organization. If cam organization. Bar linkage. Cam bar linkage. Respond to the technology wielding separation drive at the same time. Think that the transmission shaft designs a problem (if castellated shaft and ladder axis etc.) and drive are systematic synthetically. Design that process middle should cut down the effect that the uncertainty factor brings about to the full. Messenger organization operation is stable. Design that machinery carries out kinetic methods of analysis answering now and then. With lifting, machinery runs speed and stationarity. Should think that various packing machinery, adjustable, holds the mistake, but expansion, stationarity as well as beautiful-rization besides. Run after machinery is deft but stable. Design process but consult package machinery design of all kinds strong point. Draw other machinery (if plastic machinery, prints machinery) merit at the same time. Design the outside except carrying out organization. Return approach back to the realization should think that every function is other. If vacuum, electrical equipment waits under the control of. To expect that optimum combination is a product's turn.
5) System under the control of schemes design. In medicines and chemical reagents package machinery, a very important part is that real time detecting is back-off to every organization. To ensure that equipment operation is smooth. Now many machinery products has selected and used large amount of photo electricity switch being the detecting component. Equipment has such as PC detecting bubble cover system on some machinery and the like system. This need all designs that meticulously. And, the general naval company is an integral whole.
Three, concluding remarks
The thought a concept is designed melts to enter medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design being able to fall off designing a fault. Shorten a design cycle. Accelerate the product exploitation. Make the product designing that more rational, have affinity, more suitable man-machine project more. It is also that the main means costing down and improving enterprise competition is short of passive competition aspect backward for improving medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design at the same time. To adapt to the challenge that "queen GMP times" brings about. Design that the personnel must take product conceptual design seriously. Deepen the significance understanding conceptual design's.
論藥品包裝機(jī)械的概念設(shè)計(jì)
近年來，由于我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)的持續(xù)高漲和國(guó)家對(duì)制藥行業(yè)強(qiáng)制性推行GMP(藥品生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量規(guī)范)認(rèn)證制度，藥品包裝機(jī)械取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步。新產(chǎn)品日益增多，技術(shù)水平有了很大的改進(jìn)。但與國(guó)際水平相比還存在著很大的差距，近60%的產(chǎn)品達(dá)不到發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家上世紀(jì)80年代的水平，先進(jìn)大型的設(shè)備主要依賴進(jìn)口。我國(guó)藥品包裝機(jī)械的低技術(shù)水平在很大程度上是由我國(guó)企業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)人員低水平設(shè)計(jì)引起的。
一、我國(guó)藥品包裝機(jī)械現(xiàn)狀分析
我國(guó)藥品包裝機(jī)械與國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平相比尚有較大的差距.國(guó)產(chǎn)藥品包裝機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)上主要存在以下幾點(diǎn)不足：
1) 機(jī)械性能落后，國(guó)產(chǎn)藥品包裝機(jī)械大多精度低、速度慢、平穩(wěn)性差。包裝機(jī)械運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)過程包含大量復(fù)雜的間歇式運(yùn)動(dòng)，主要由凸輪、連桿來實(shí)現(xiàn)。然而許多設(shè)計(jì)人員不會(huì)根據(jù)工作循環(huán)圖和精度要求獨(dú)立設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算凸輪連桿機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)和動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)，只是簡(jiǎn)單的把國(guó)外樣機(jī)的凸輪連桿零件拆卸下來進(jìn)行逐點(diǎn)測(cè)繪，造成執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)誤差很大。國(guó)產(chǎn)藥品包裝機(jī)械大多運(yùn)行速度較低，如鋁塑泡罩包裝機(jī)的沖裁頻率一般為100～300個(gè)/min，全自動(dòng)藥盒包裝機(jī)的裝盒速度50～200盒/min，而國(guó)際上先進(jìn)的鋁塑泡罩包裝機(jī)的沖裁頻率能夠達(dá)到600個(gè)/min，全自動(dòng)藥盒包裝機(jī)的裝盒速度能夠達(dá)到600~ 800盒/min。國(guó)產(chǎn)藥品包裝機(jī)械不僅運(yùn)行速度慢，而且還伴有較大的噪音。
2) 控制水平落后。國(guó)產(chǎn)藥品包裝機(jī)械大多控制水平低、自動(dòng)性差、故障率高。國(guó)產(chǎn)藥品包裝機(jī)械(主要指盒裝和灌裝機(jī)械)大多采用PLC作現(xiàn)場(chǎng)控制，而國(guó)外先進(jìn)的藥品包裝機(jī)械大多由計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)監(jiān)控，控制水平相對(duì)落后。大多數(shù)國(guó)產(chǎn)藥品包裝機(jī)械自動(dòng)性較差。一是普遍采用單機(jī)生產(chǎn)模式，全自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線少。二是做不到全自動(dòng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，需要人工加料，手動(dòng)裝箱。如一些紙盒包裝機(jī)中，藥板、說明書紙頁、紙盒都需要手動(dòng)加料，且需專人隨時(shí)注意說明書、藥板、紙盒是否已經(jīng)用完，以免造成機(jī)器空轉(zhuǎn)或造成缺說明書、藥板、藥盒現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生。另外，國(guó)產(chǎn)藥品包裝機(jī)械故障率較高。控制元器件(如繼電器、電磁閥、接觸器、斷路器等)等經(jīng)常容易損壞，死機(jī)故障也時(shí)有發(fā)生。
3)功能單一、可擴(kuò)展性差。藥品包裝機(jī)械是針對(duì)特定的包裝形式設(shè)計(jì)的。一般在規(guī)定的規(guī)格范圍內(nèi)可調(diào)。而我國(guó)許多藥品包裝機(jī)械在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)考慮不充分，沒有為進(jìn)一步的改造留出足夠的空間，致使設(shè)計(jì)的機(jī)械只能適應(yīng)于幾種簡(jiǎn)單的模板，不適應(yīng)包裝材料或模板尺寸的變化，即使適應(yīng)生產(chǎn)的包裝成品質(zhì)量也不佳。
4）綜合考慮不足，資源沒有充分利用。我國(guó)藥品包裝機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)存在著混亂現(xiàn)象，許多機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)人員對(duì)電機(jī)拖動(dòng)同步技術(shù)、伺服傳動(dòng)技術(shù)不了解，可用簡(jiǎn)單的電器設(shè)備解決的問題卻用復(fù)雜的機(jī)械裝置來實(shí)現(xiàn)，有的雖然采用了同步電機(jī)等裝置來控制機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)行，但選取不當(dāng)。這些情況不僅造成了資源的極大浪費(fèi)，而且使設(shè)計(jì)的機(jī)械的性能低下。
5)造型死板。我國(guó)的藥品包裝機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)很少考慮機(jī)械的造型，很多廠家生產(chǎn)的機(jī)械造型不美觀，甚至沒有造型，給人感覺僵硬、死板、沒有活力。一些藥盒包裝機(jī)中，螺釘螺母都安裝在機(jī)器的外面板上，而一些潤(rùn)滑用的油杯和油嘴也隨處可見，加油時(shí)容易使機(jī)器到處沾滿油污，給人印象粗糙，不美觀。
二、藥品包裝機(jī)械概念設(shè)計(jì)的內(nèi)容
人們經(jīng)過多年的研究，將概念設(shè)計(jì)定義為：“在確定了任務(wù)后，通過抽象化擬定功能結(jié)構(gòu)，尋求適當(dāng)?shù)淖饔迷砑捌浣M合等，確定出基本求解途徑，得出求解方案。這一部分設(shè)計(jì)工作叫做概念設(shè)計(jì)”概念設(shè)計(jì)指明確設(shè)計(jì)目的和現(xiàn)有條件后，設(shè)計(jì)者搜索多方面的知識(shí)，分析提煉后生成框架式的廣泛意義上的解。藥品包裝機(jī)械的概念設(shè)計(jì)要求根據(jù)產(chǎn)品生命周期各個(gè)階段，進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品功能創(chuàng)造、功能分解以及功能和子功能的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)，進(jìn)行滿足功能和結(jié)構(gòu)要求的工作原理求解和進(jìn)行實(shí)現(xiàn)功能結(jié)構(gòu)的工作原理載體方案的構(gòu)思和系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)概念設(shè)計(jì)的過程是一個(gè)求解實(shí)現(xiàn)功能的、滿足各種技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)的、可能存在的各種方案并最終確定綜合最優(yōu)方案的過程。概念設(shè)計(jì)的作用主要體現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的早期階段?？傇O(shè)計(jì)師根據(jù)產(chǎn)品功能的需求而萌發(fā)出來的原始構(gòu)思和沖動(dòng)形成產(chǎn)品的主體框架，及它應(yīng)包括的各主要模塊和組件，以完成整體布局和外型初步設(shè)計(jì)。然后進(jìn)行評(píng)估和優(yōu)化，確定整體設(shè)計(jì)方案。再由各部分設(shè)計(jì)人員把總設(shè)計(jì)師的設(shè)計(jì)思想落實(shí)到具體設(shè)計(jì)中去，實(shí)現(xiàn)細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)。實(shí)施藥品包裝機(jī)械的概念設(shè)計(jì)首先要求設(shè)計(jì)人員加強(qiáng)對(duì)藥品包裝的認(rèn)識(shí)，深化理解藥品包裝的內(nèi)涵，引進(jìn)現(xiàn)代包裝理念，積極與國(guó)際接軌?，F(xiàn)代包裝不僅是保障產(chǎn)品的安全，使產(chǎn)品運(yùn)輸方便，而且起著宣傳、環(huán)保、防偽、美觀等多方面的作用。藥品包裝機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)密切關(guān)注包裝系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展.深入研究包裝工藝，熟悉包裝材料的發(fā)展和其對(duì)機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的要求。只有這樣才能設(shè)計(jì)出滿足用戶要求的高水平機(jī)械產(chǎn)品。藥品包裝機(jī)械的概念設(shè)計(jì)的內(nèi)容主要有：
1)明確設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)，做好可行性分析。設(shè)計(jì)者在進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)工作初始階段時(shí)應(yīng)充分考慮產(chǎn)品的可行性。一方面是市場(chǎng)的考慮，包括產(chǎn)品銷售、產(chǎn)品原料、制造費(fèi)用的考慮；另一方面是產(chǎn)品加工的考慮，包括現(xiàn)有加工能力、加工工藝、加工性能及周邊配套行業(yè)的考慮。周邊配套環(huán)境的考慮主要指當(dāng)?shù)仄髽I(yè)加工能力、加工水平、熱處理工藝及基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的建設(shè)等。
2)功能設(shè)計(jì)。我國(guó)大多數(shù)藥品包裝機(jī)械是對(duì)國(guó)外同類機(jī)型的仿制。但由于我國(guó)存在的特殊國(guó)情，須對(duì)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)母脑?，以滿足我國(guó)的要求。而不是一味的照抄照搬。設(shè)計(jì)的機(jī)械除需要滿足盒裝、灌裝功能外，我們還須考慮包裝機(jī)械的附加功能，如包裝盒中應(yīng)加入量杯、藥勺等工具，以方便用戶使用。在機(jī)種的開發(fā)方面可以設(shè)計(jì)較為先進(jìn)的機(jī)械，如無菌包裝機(jī)械、保鮮包裝機(jī)械等。還可以開發(fā)藥品包裝前處理成套設(shè)備和后處理配套設(shè)備。
3)功能分解。藥品包裝機(jī)械屬于機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品，設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)全面考慮各功能。一般而言，藥品包裝機(jī)械功能大致可分為機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)、監(jiān)測(cè)傳感、信息處理及控制功能3大部分。機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)功能按不同機(jī)種又可細(xì)分，如鋁塑泡罩包裝機(jī)可分為成型、熱封、壓痕、沖裁4大功能，而紙盒包裝機(jī)械可分為折紙、下紙、藥板推送、紙盒打開、紙盒傳輸、折舌、插舌、壓平和打批號(hào)等功能。在設(shè)計(jì)過程中還要考慮機(jī)械潤(rùn)滑、機(jī)械安全運(yùn)行、包裝衛(wèi)生等功能。這要求設(shè)計(jì)人員充分考慮檢測(cè)技術(shù)，光、機(jī)、電一體化技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù).氣動(dòng)技術(shù)、物流技術(shù)之間的交叉聯(lián)系。
4)機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)。為實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)定的功能，我們需要使用不同的機(jī)構(gòu)。這一過程中需綜合考慮整機(jī)的各個(gè)部分，使設(shè)計(jì)的產(chǎn)品在滿足使用要求的同時(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、實(shí)用。藥品包裝機(jī)械機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，應(yīng)選擇和組合適當(dāng)?shù)臋C(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)原理，充分考慮實(shí)現(xiàn)特定運(yùn)動(dòng)所需機(jī)構(gòu)，如凸輪機(jī)構(gòu)，連桿機(jī)構(gòu)，凸輪連桿機(jī)構(gòu)。同時(shí)還應(yīng)運(yùn)用分離傳動(dòng)技術(shù)，綜合考慮傳動(dòng)軸(如花鍵軸和階梯軸等)和傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)問題。設(shè)計(jì)過程中應(yīng)盡量減少不確定性因素造成的影響，使機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)行平穩(wěn)。設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)還應(yīng)對(duì)機(jī)械進(jìn)行動(dòng)力學(xué)分析，以提升機(jī)械運(yùn)行速度和平穩(wěn)性。另外還應(yīng)考慮包裝機(jī)械的多樣、可調(diào)、容錯(cuò)、可擴(kuò)展、平穩(wěn)性以及美觀化，追求機(jī)械輕巧但穩(wěn)定。設(shè)計(jì)過程可參考各類包裝機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的長(zhǎng)處，同時(shí)借鑒別的機(jī)械(如塑料機(jī)械、印刷機(jī)械)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。除進(jìn)行機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)外.還應(yīng)考慮各功能另外的實(shí)現(xiàn)途徑，如真空、電器控制等，以期最優(yōu)組合該產(chǎn)品。
5)系統(tǒng)控制方案的設(shè)計(jì)。藥品包裝機(jī)械中一個(gè)很重要的部分就是對(duì)各機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)時(shí)檢測(cè)補(bǔ)償，以保證設(shè)備運(yùn)行順暢?，F(xiàn)在很多機(jī)械產(chǎn)品選用了大量的光電開關(guān)作為檢測(cè)元件，有的機(jī)械上還裝備有諸如微機(jī)檢測(cè)泡罩系統(tǒng)之類的系統(tǒng)。這都需要精心設(shè)計(jì)和整個(gè)控制系統(tǒng)連為一體。
三、結(jié)束語
將概念設(shè)計(jì)的思想融入藥品包裝機(jī)械的設(shè)計(jì)可以減少設(shè)計(jì)失誤，縮短設(shè)計(jì)周期，加快產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)，使設(shè)計(jì)的產(chǎn)品更合理、更具有親和力、更適合人機(jī)工程。同時(shí)它也是降低成本和提高企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的主要手段。為了改善藥品包裝機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)落后、缺乏競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的被動(dòng)局面，以適應(yīng)“后GMP時(shí)代”帶來的挑戰(zhàn)，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須重視產(chǎn)品概念設(shè)計(jì)，深化理解概念設(shè)計(jì)的重要性。
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