高中英語時(shí)態(tài)辨析：過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、完成時(shí)與將來時(shí)的用法及差異

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)用法 1. 表示過去某一階段暫時(shí)性的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作時(shí)。 Tom was getting up at six o’clock every day that week. 2. 與always連用表示贊美，厭煩等感情色彩時(shí)。 John was always coming to school late.   Lei Feng was always doing good deeds for the people. 3. 用來描寫故事發(fā)生的情景時(shí)。 It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A PLA man suddenly appeared on the river bank. He wanted to cross the river. My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 4. when作并列連詞，表示“（這時(shí)）突然”之意時(shí)，第一個(gè)并列分句用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，when引導(dǎo)的并列分句用一般過去時(shí)。 I was taking a walk when I met him.   We were playing outside when it began to rain.   5. go, come, leave, start, arrive等動(dòng)詞可用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去將來的含義。 I was leaving for Washington that day.   She was coming later. 6. 用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，主要是為了使語氣委婉、客氣。 I was wondering if you could give me a lift.   We were hoping you would stay with us.   7. 動(dòng)詞be的進(jìn)行時(shí)也可表示過去一時(shí)的表現(xiàn)或暫時(shí)的狀態(tài)。比較： He was friendly.  (指過去長(zhǎng)期如此) He was being friendly.  (指當(dāng)時(shí)一時(shí)的表現(xiàn)) 過去完成時(shí)用法 1. 表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作以前完成了的動(dòng)作，即“過去的過去”。用時(shí)間軸表示為：——過去的過去——過去（參照物）——現(xiàn)在 注意：如果沒有參照點(diǎn)，“一分鐘之前”是“過去”，“前年”是“過去”，“十億年之前”也是“過去”。但如果確定了一個(gè)參照點(diǎn)，時(shí)態(tài)就不同了。如果以“l(fā)ast weekend”為參照物，那么在last week 之前就是過去完成時(shí)了。如果“去見朋友”是過去時(shí)，那么在“（見朋友前）dress up”該用過去完成時(shí)。 By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.  I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.  Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. I returned the book that I had borrowed. She found the key that she had lost. He said that he had known her well. I thought I had sent the letter a week before.   When I woke up, it had already stopped raining. She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work. 2. 動(dòng)詞think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用過去完成時(shí)來表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法，希望，打算或意圖等。 They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. We had hoped to be able to come and see you . 3. 過去完成時(shí)還可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。 Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him. No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 注意：歷史事實(shí)通常用一般過去時(shí)表示： They learned that President Lincoln led the American War. He told the students that Hitler killed millions of Jews.  注意： 當(dāng)兩個(gè)或多個(gè)過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作緊挨著并列出現(xiàn)時(shí)，盡管各動(dòng)作之間有先后關(guān)系，仍然用一般過去式。 He put down the luggage and returned to the car. 由after, before, as soon as 等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，已經(jīng)清楚地表明了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系，也可以用一般過去時(shí)表示先后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。   過去將來時(shí)用法 1. 過去時(shí)將來時(shí)是對(duì)于過去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)而言將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。常用于賓語從句中。 We were all surprised when he made it clear that he would leave office soon. At that time I knew we should succeed. She hoped that they would meet again someday. They said it would be fine. I rang up to tell my father that I should leave for London. 2. 表示過去的某種習(xí)慣行為。 She would lose the key! He would sit for hours doing nothing. 3. 過去將來時(shí)除了用“should, would+動(dòng)詞原形”表達(dá)外，還有以下幾種表達(dá)法。 was/were going to表示過去的打算和意圖： He was going to start work the following week. （打算） He said he was going to visit China the next week. 表示沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的打算和意圖 He was going to come last night, but it rained.  (沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)) I thought the film was going to be interesting. （結(jié)果不是如此） “was/were to+動(dòng)詞原形”通常指過去的計(jì)劃安排或注定要發(fā)生的事情。如果計(jì)劃的動(dòng)作沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)，要用動(dòng)詞的完成式。 He said he was to meet his girlfriend at the station at 4p.m. （計(jì)劃安排） These first words were to change my world.  (注定要發(fā)生的事情) At that time he did not know that quitting the job was to become the turning point in his life. ( 注定要發(fā)生的事情) She said she was to take up the position. (表示打算) She said she was to have taken up the position. ( 計(jì)劃但未能實(shí)現(xiàn))   was/were about to＋動(dòng)詞原形，表示過去即將發(fā)生的事。 I felt that something terrible was about to happen. We were about to go there when it began to rain. 表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞 (如go，come，leave，start等)的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示按照過去的計(jì)劃安排將在過去將來發(fā)生的事情。 I didn't know you were coming. He hurried into the carriage. The train was leaving in a few minutes.   一般過去時(shí)和過去完成時(shí)的區(qū)別 “時(shí)間名詞 + before”在句子中作狀語，謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)；“時(shí)間名詞 + ago”在句中作狀語，謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去式。如： He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago. She left her case on the train. She found she had left her case on the train. He wrote a lot of poems. He showed me the poems he had written. 在before或after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)代替過去完成時(shí)。 After he (had) left the room, the boss came in. （“離開”的動(dòng)作在“進(jìn)來”之前，在“過去的過去”，用過去完成時(shí)正確；同時(shí)，句中已經(jīng)有了before來明確兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系，用一般過去時(shí)也可以。） We arrived home before it snowed.   時(shí)態(tài)考查方式 一、利用干擾時(shí)態(tài)考查一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過去時(shí) 當(dāng)命題者想針對(duì)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過去時(shí)這樣的簡(jiǎn)單時(shí)態(tài)設(shè)題時(shí)，他們通常都會(huì)同時(shí)設(shè)置一個(gè)其他的干擾時(shí)態(tài)，以擾亂學(xué)生思維。此時(shí)千萬不要受干擾時(shí)態(tài)的影響而步入命題人的陷阱。 This machine _________. It hasn’t worked for years. (浙江卷) A. didn’t work     B. wasn’t working       C. doesn’t work         D. isn’t working 答案選C。此處講的是機(jī)器目前的狀況，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。此題所利用的干擾時(shí)態(tài)是其后的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 二、利用時(shí)態(tài)標(biāo)志考查現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的用法 在高中階段，很多情況都不能僅憑某種相應(yīng)的“時(shí)態(tài)標(biāo)志”去判斷時(shí)態(tài)，比如“for+時(shí)間段”可能用于過去時(shí)。但是在這些時(shí)態(tài)標(biāo)志中，與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)搭配的標(biāo)志性詞語最明顯，在高中階段我們學(xué)習(xí)了不少關(guān)于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“標(biāo)志性時(shí)間狀語”，比如so far, up to now等等。另外，針對(duì)完成時(shí)的“完成”或“影響”含義，命題者也常常對(duì)此設(shè)題。  Although medical science _________ control over several dangerous diseases, what worries us is that some of them are returning.  (江蘇卷) A. achieved           B. has achieved          C. will achieve          D. had achieved 答案選B。此題的語境背景是：盡管醫(yī)學(xué)已經(jīng)成功地控制了好幾種危險(xiǎn)的疾病，但它們還可能會(huì)卷土重來。 三、在“過去的過去”背景下考查過去完成時(shí)態(tài)的用法 大家知道，過去完成時(shí)是一種相對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)，它表示的是一個(gè)相對(duì)某一時(shí)間更早的動(dòng)作，也就是我們通常說的“過去的過去”。綜觀近幾年的各省市高考英語時(shí)態(tài)考題，過去完成時(shí)一直是一個(gè)十分重要的考點(diǎn)，且其中的絕大部分考題都是在“過去的過去”這一背景下設(shè)置出來的。應(yīng)對(duì)此類考題的關(guān)鍵有兩點(diǎn)：一是正確理解好“過去的過去”這五個(gè)字，二是找準(zhǔn)作為過去完成時(shí)參照點(diǎn)的“過去”時(shí)間。 “時(shí)態(tài)”解題“四步走”： 1.找準(zhǔn)時(shí)間狀語，看是否有明確提示時(shí)態(tài)的時(shí)間狀語； 2. 找好參照時(shí)態(tài), 注意賓語從句中主從句的時(shí)態(tài)要保持一致； I know he will help you. I knew he would help you. 3. 遇到情景性題干，自己?jiǎn)栕约海菏虑榘l(fā)生在現(xiàn)在還是過去，還是將來？ 4. 有時(shí)題干采取了省略形式，根據(jù)語境補(bǔ)全時(shí)間狀語。 真題再現(xiàn) 1.（2015 安徽高考）Just as I got to the school gate, I realized I ______ my book in the cafe. A. have left           B. had left              C. would leave          D. was leaving 2.（2015 浙江高考）Albert Einstein was born in 1879. As a child, few people guessed that he ______ a famous scientist whose theories would change the world. A. has been        B. had been           C. was going to be         D. was 3.（2015 湖南高考）He must have sensed that I ________ him. He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly, "Why are you staring at me like that?" A. would look at   B. looked at        C. was looking at              D. am looking at 4.（2015 北京高考）—Did you have difficulty finding Ann’s house?    —Not really. She ______ us clear directions and we were able to find it easily. A. was to give           B. had given               C. was giving        D. would give 5.（2015 陜西高考）At college, Barack Obama didn’t know that he ______ the first black president of the United States of America. A. was to become       B. becomes                     C. is to become    D. became 6. We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody ______ into the office during the night. A. broke      B. had broken   C. has broken       D. was breaking 7. She was surprised to find the fridge empty; the children ______ everything! A. had been eating  B. had eaten      C. have eaten D. have been eating 8. When Alice came to, she did not know how long she _____ there. A. had been lying    B. has been lying    C. was lying    D. has lain   答案與解析： 1. B，我意識(shí)到把書落在咖啡店里了，落書的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在意識(shí)到之前，所以應(yīng)該使用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)。 2. C。句意：愛因斯坦出生于1879年，小的時(shí)候很少人猜到他將會(huì)成為一個(gè)偉大的科學(xué)家，他的理論將會(huì)改變?nèi)澜?。根?jù)句意，應(yīng)該是表達(dá)過去將來時(shí)，所以只有C選項(xiàng)符合。該選項(xiàng)是使用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來。 3.C。句意：他一定是注意到我在看著他。他突然看向我然后輕聲問道：“你為什么要那樣盯著我看？”根據(jù)分析，此句在意義上應(yīng)該用進(jìn)行時(shí)，又根據(jù)此句中的must have sensed和glanced at可知是過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。 4. B。句意：—你覺得找到安娜家的位置困難么？—不會(huì)。她告訴我們很清晰的方向，并且我們很容易就找到了。本題考查時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)題干可知，安娜告訴他們方向發(fā)生在他們找到她家之前，因此，發(fā)生在過去動(dòng)作之前的動(dòng)作要采用過去完成時(shí)。 5. A。句意：在大學(xué)的時(shí)候，奧巴馬不知道他將成為美國第一個(gè)黑人總統(tǒng)。用過去將來時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間將要發(fā)生的事情，所以選A。 6. A。從句中的“in the morning”和“during the night”可以知道break into這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在found動(dòng)作之前，表示“過去的過去”，用過去完成時(shí)。 7. B?！昂⒆觽兂怨鈻|西”是在“She was surprised to find”之前，選用過去完成時(shí)。 8. A。由題意可知，“她躺在那兒”發(fā)生在came to和did not know之前，并且表示動(dòng)作的延續(xù)，用過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。