英語本科畢業(yè)論文分析美國非裔婦女的社會地位

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1、 本科畢業(yè)論文 社會底層的底層 ——分析美國非裔婦女的社會地位 學生姓名： 學生學號： 200320207132 院（系）： 外國語學院 年級專業(yè)： 2003級英語本科5班 指導教師： 二〇〇七年五月 The Underclass in the Underclass ——Analysis of the Social Status of Today’s Afro-American Woman Luo Hu

2、arong Under the Supervision of Jiang Taining School of Foreign Languages and Cultures Panzhihua University May 2007 攀枝花學院本科畢業(yè)論文 Contents Contents Abstract……..…………………...…...................................................

3、...........................I Key Words…………………………………………...................................................... I 摘要……………………….…………...………………………..……...........................II 關鍵詞…………………………………………………………….………………....…..............II Introduction…………………………………………………………………................1 I. Straits o

4、f the Present-Day Black Women………………………....…………...........2 A. Dire Straits of the Black Men …....…………………..………………….............2 B. Straits of the Female …………..………………………..…………………….....3 C. Straits of Black Women ......................................................................................

5、..5 II. Analysis of the Reasons for Black Women’s Low Social Status…………………..6 A. Class Oppression………………………………………………………………..6 B. Racial Discrimination …………………………………………………………...7 C. Gender Discrimination………………………………………………..................8 III. Methods of Helping Black Women out of Straits ……………

6、…………………..10 A. Recovery of Economic and Spiritual Independence……… …………………..10 B. Uniting Black Men and Women ……………………………………………….11 C. Eliminating Racial Problems………………………………………...................12 Conclusion……………………………………………….…….……….…………….14 Acknowledgements………………………………………………..…………………15 Bibli

7、ography………………………………………………………………….………16 攀枝花學院本科畢業(yè)論文 Abstract Abstract It is known that the blacks were discriminated and oppressed in American history. Their basic rights were nearly deprived in one century, so the blacks were the earliest o

8、nes who rose up in revolt and fought for freedom and equality. In recent years, the blacks have gained relatively equal rights by their persevering efforts. But it doesn’t mean they are out of plights and get rid of status of vulnerable group. Female, as another vulnerable group in USA, still can’

9、t be free from the discrimination. With the emergence of the concept of human rights, women made great efforts to get their equal rights in the society, in a certain extent, they have made some achievements, and nowadays, those female rights have been displayed by the law after the Women’s Movement.

10、 In spite of the rapid social development, the black women in the United States, as both black people and female, are still discriminated by the whites, though they have made great contributions to the nation. Through analysis of the social status of today’s black woman, readers can understand the

11、hardship of black women better. At the same time, it tells us no matter what is the color of skin, women should be respected by everyone. Key Words Black women; racial discrimination; gender discrimination; class oppression 13 攀枝花學院本科畢業(yè)論文

12、 摘 要 摘　要 在美國歷史上，受歧視和壓迫最深的，首推是黑人。在長達一世紀的時間里，黑人被剝奪了公民的基本權利，因此黑人也是最早起來爭取自由和平等的。近年來，黑人通過不懈的努力已經獲得相對平等的權利，但這并不意味著他們已經走出困境，擺脫了弱勢群體的地位。 女性作為美國歷史上的另一個弱勢群體，她們仍然擺脫不了被歧視的遭遇。伴隨著人權觀念的產生，婦女為爭取自己在社會上的平等權利，進行了長期不懈的斗爭和努力，在某種程度上，也取得了一定的成效。我們知道從女權運動后，婦女的權利得到了法律的保證。 盡管社會迅速發(fā)展，作為黑人和婦女雙重地位的美國黑人婦女也曾為美國做出了巨大的

13、貢獻，但仍擺脫不了被白人歧視的命運。本論文通過分析黑人女性當今的社會地位，讀者能更好的理解黑人女性的艱辛，與此同時告訴我們不論什么皮膚的女性都應受到尊重。 關鍵詞 黑人女性；種族歧視；性別歧視；階級壓迫 攀枝花學院本科畢業(yè)論文 Introduction Introduction With the social development in the 21st century, it seems out-of-date to continue an exploration for

14、 the female problems, such as rights and plights. But when asked about the situation of black women, on most of people’s minds, black women in the America keep mysterious all the time, it seems as if they are far from the brilliant female’s world. In fact, this standpoint is not correct. Being the

15、first black Congress woman in the U.S. history, Shirley Chisholm, presents a true picture of the two major social problems in the U.S. from her personal experience. They are racial discrimination and sexual discrimination. The article I’d Rather Be Black than Female written by Shirley Chisholm aims

16、at raising the public’s awareness of sexual inequality for women. From it we can know that the black women’s conditions are not optimistic. As both female and blacks, the black women have their own characters. On the one hand, they are tormented by social ostracism as a female. On the other hand, t

17、hey are under the control of black men. A black feminist has once written that they are the tokenism in the black people’s world, and they become the tokenism in the female world. That’s to say, the black women as a vulnerable group in society are always neglected. They are just as token women even

18、if they are mentioned sometimes. All of those anguishes are produced by the outside world, so they cannot blindly bear it, on the contrary, they should fight bravely for freedom, independence and human rights. With these reasons and the reality of the black women, there are lots of people who are p

19、aying more attention to them. In addition, the researches on black women are scarce presently in our country, the black women become a new and old topic from this angle. 攀枝花學院本科畢業(yè)論文 Body I. Straits of the Present-Day Black Women A. Dire Str

20、aits of the Black Men There are 26 million black people in the United States. Many of them are descendants of black slaves who were captured from Africa and sold to America by European colonists hundreds years ago. When it comes to black people’s history, it is not only a history of blood and tears

21、, but also the history of enduring. Since Afro-Americans were sold to America, and they worked for the white people, laboring like horses on the land of the white Americans without any freedom and rights. Their basic rights were totally deprived in about one century, so the blacks were the first peo

22、ple who rose up in revolt and fought for freedom and equality. Eventually, they won their “independence” with their own persevering efforts. The Civil War appeared to have enlightened many Americans and created a truly equal country for everyone. In 1863 President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancip

23、ation Proclamation freeing all slaves in the United States. At the end of the Civil Rights Act, the white people had to adjust to desegregation and in some cases, were forced to desegregate. At that time, most of blacks thought that they had became free, however, this was not the end of their plight

24、s. It is one hundred years since this decree was signed, however, the life of blacks was still “sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination.” On August 28, 1963, a quarter of a million people of all races came to Washington D. C. to show their support for freedom

25、and justice for all Americans, and for black people in particular. At that demonstration Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his famous speech, widely regarded as the most eloquent statement of the black people’s dreams and aspirations ever made. Dr. King told the world, “I have a dream” that equality

26、 would come “to all of Gods children.” He said he wanted everyone to be able to “join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, ‘Free at last! Free at last! Thank god almighty, we are free at last!’”(Xu, 2004:311) At present, the black people’s social status has been gradually improve

27、d in recent years. For example, Conlin Powel, a black man, got a successful treatment. Just like a coin has two sides, not everyone will have so lucky a chance. Today, although the blacks have got rid of the endured fate, there is still a major problem between the whites and the blacks. That’s raci

28、al discrimination. For example, the blacks couldn’t take one bus with the blacks. What is more, the white people don’t rent the houses to the blacks. In politics, blacks account for 13 percent of the American population, but are able to win only 5% of the public posts through election. The fact is

29、that few black people are able to join the police force and even fewer serve as senior police officers. In economy and education, the blacks also make some progresses, but the range is yet small, which doesn’t account for one-third of American population. The rate cannot match with the total populat

30、ion of the blacks. Half of all black men in New York City can’t find a job, while black teenage unemployment stands at 37% nationwide. Many black children are brought up in the same westernized culture but are considered culturally different because of their skin color. And the white children have t

31、heir own school where the blacks cannot be allowed to study in. Racism, not criminal records, explains the high unemployment rate for Black men. A recent Wall Street Journal report showed that in the city of Milwaukee, a white job applicant with a criminal record has a better chance of being called

32、 for an interview than a Black man with no criminal record. It is self-evidence that the black people in America are discriminated though the America advocates equality. It is a long struggle to eliminate the discrimination against the blacks. B. Straits of the Female If the people say that bei

33、ng black is a greater handicap than being a woman, probably no one would doubt. Everybody knows，the black people’s suffering is unquestionable in a long history. However, Shirley Chisholm, the first African American woman elected to Congress, says being black is much less of a drawback than being fe

34、male. As both a woman and a black pursuing a political career, Chisholm faced more obstacles than others. But, that’s funny-she found that she encountered greater prejudice as a woman than as an African American. It goes without saying; the prejudice for women is more than black people. Because wome

35、n are inferior to men, lack of education and so on, which caused the men’s dominated status in their families. America is a country advocating freedom and human rights, which means that everyone is equal. And the phenomena in the life also show the female have priority. For example, in the street t

36、he male will let the female walk first. When the male talks about something in public, they always say ladies and then say gentlemen. Conversely, current situation reveals cases about women in America suffered discrimination from the white men and the black men. In politics, the female didn’t have

37、 the suffrage. Opinion polls are also now beginning to show many elector express that, they don’t like female to be president, so that it is impossible to vote for female candidates in 2008 president’s vote whatever party they represent. Almost 70% America voters think the Democratic Party’s Hillary

38、 Rodham Clinton, won’t win in that vote. Nearly 80% voters consider Republic Party’s Condoleezza Rice, who is the U.S. Secretary of State, has no chance getting the voters’ supports. It also shows she couldn’t get most of voters’ support. It can be easily evidenced that the gender is the reason whic

39、h causes this result. In the economy, the female are dependent on the male, even if they find some jobs, their salary is less than the male’s. The major reason is that the boss considers the male stronger than female and the female only adapt to housework. According to the investigation, the men an

40、d the women who have the same education and abilities to do the same job, if the men’s salary is 1 dollar every hour, the women’s salary is only 0.77 dollar. Comparing the women’s pay with men’s, you’ll find the women’s is decreased by 1/3. This condition exists in every profession, such as low sala

41、ry cleaners and high salary lawyers. After one year, the difference is between 0.7 million to 2 million dollar. In spite of this, the women work hard all the time. So people cannot only look at the surface of the things. The female has been liberated in the law, however, they don’t reach the level

42、of equality in the life. C. Straits of Black Women The blacks only need to get through the racial discrimination if they want to gain equality. And the white females need to be approved by white males. Surely, both of them are not an easy thing. With the double identity of the black and female, t

43、he black women have their own particularities. In male-dominated families, the black women are inferior to black men. Most black women lack of education and courage so that they don’t dare to oppose the strong male, which causes the black female to be under the control of the black men all the time.

44、 In the white dominated society, the black women as the lower-grade race are looked down upon by white men. What’s the worse, the white females don’t show their sympathy to the black women though both of them have the similar destination in male-dominated society. Therefore, the black women are isol

45、ated, which is just like a black feminist writing that the black women are the tokenism in the black people’s world, but become the tokenism in the female world. That’s to say, the black women as a vulnerable group in society are always neglected. In the ethnic conflicts, the white men and black men

46、 are protagonists, and in the sexual conflicts the protagonists are white men and women. The black women are just token women even if they are mentioned sometimes. So, if the black women want to change the condition, they must have great courage to overcome the racial discrimination and gender discr

47、imination. Recovery of identity is the black women’s goal, which is to be achieved gradually and with the help from the black women community. In the past, the black female could do one thing which is clean the room in the family. However, the black women today can be bosses, astronauts, headmistre

48、sses and so on. The black women are walking to success gradually in many fields. But it doesn’t mean the black women have entered into the upper society and they are out of vulnerable group. In fact, their income is still less than men’s and nearly 14% black women are still under the poverty line. M

49、oreover, the black women must work hard after graduation to be promoted. For most black females, endeavor is an endless work. A professor has said that no person helps you and you must work hard by yourself, even if someone would help you, the door is quickly closed. The black females in United Stat

50、es think women must go to the university or read books more and more because there’s nobody supporting themselves or bringing up their children. In short, the black women’s conditions are not optimistic as some people thought. II. Analysis of the Reasons for Black Women’s Low Social Status A.

51、 Class Oppression The history of African Americans has been a history of exploitation, social inequality, and discrimination. From the beginning of slavery in British North America around 1619, when a Dutch ship brought 20 enslaved Africans to the Virginia colony at Jamestown, nearly 240 years pass

52、ed until the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution officially ended slavery in 1865. Slavery was first and foremost a creation of the wealthy, who sought a cheap and reliable source of labor to maximize profits in a highly labor-intensive plantation system. Black slavery was a product of economi

53、c motivations and the fact that blacks was in a weaker position to resist it than other groups. As the demand for slaves increased, Europeans paid Africans for purely commercial purposes. Nearly half a million African were brought by force to America, where they were viewed as property and bought, s

54、old, used, and abused at the commerce of the white majority. African American history is often referred to as segregation because that was the dominant reality experienced by black Americans during this period. Under segregation, forced separation of the races and social isolation of Black American

55、s was the rule. The races actually became more separated from one another in the South after the end of slavery. In the United States, segregation was rationalized on the ground of “separate but equal” opportunities, as outlined by the Supreme Court in Plessey education as whites, for example, but t

56、his did not mean blacks and whites had to attend the same schools. In practice, however, separation doesn’t mean equality. Under apartheid, every individual was assigned to a racial category at birth; rights and opportunities were based on racial classification. Elections were for whites only, blac

57、ks were not considered citizens, nonwhites were not permitted to purchase land in “white” areas or even enter these unless they worked there; work permits were granted on a temporary basis, and workers could not bring their families with them. At various times, groups of “redundant “workers were for

58、cibly relocated to their assigned homelands and whole black townships were razed to make room for white development. Social contact between blacks and whites was strictly forbidden. The blacks had no education and their intelligence is also lower than white people, the whites thought the black peop

59、le’s black skin was not clean, which caused the blacks to be a lower-grade class. America thought their nation was dignity and they turned up their noses at African American people. B. Racial Discrimination Racial discrimination is the most serious human rights problem in the United States, whic

60、h the United States has never resolved since its founding. The United States, as a matter of fact, was notorious for genocide against aboriginal Indians, trade of African blacks and black slavery. In recent years, scandals of racial discrimination have occurred, one after another. The federal Civil

61、 Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination in hiring, promotion, discharge, pay, fringe benefits, and other aspects of employment on the basis of race. Its undesirable effects often offset these so-called merits. Originally conceived to protect the rights of black men, the bill was amended prior t

62、o passage to protect the civil rights of everyone, and explicitly included women for the first time. Nowadays so many people in America would say “I do not have racial discrimination!” But think it more carefully. Is that true? The racism has many forms, such as the white’s discrimination to the bl

63、acks, the ethnic segregation in South-Africa, and America’s genocide in Vietnam and so on. Today, there still exists this racial discrimination. Such as: “Negro”, they may hard to find a good job and also need to work harder than others. Maybe the whites think they are in the lower class; they do no

64、t have good education. And their color is darker than white people’s so that most white people feel they are not clean. The origin of racism is a complex question. From beginning to end, the slave-trade lasted for four centuries, which is a rough story. The earliest Europeans arrived the American c

65、ontinent some hundreds years ago, for a dream of creating a better life for themselves. Before European involvement on the continent, African countries were self-sufficient and abundant trade made many nations rich. That’s a reason why the finger could easily be pointed at European involvement. Nobo

66、dy knew that European involvement would cause so great instability through the slave-trade and colonization to black people. When the Africans began to contact with Europeans, the Europeans considered the Africans as a lower-grade race. Because the Africa people’s intelligence from the whole is lower than white people in that time, in addition, most of them lacked education, and they were thought without having the same rights with the whites living in America. From that time on, the racism sta