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外文資料翻譯
Electromechanical integration technology and its application
An electromechanical integration technology development
Mechatronics is the machinery, micro-, control, aircraft, information processing, and other cross-disciplinary integration, and its development and progress depends on the progress of technology and development, the main direction of development of a digital, intelligent, modular, and human nature , miniaturization, integration, with source and green.
1.1 Digital
Microcontroller and the development of a number of mechanical and electrical products of the base, such as the continuous development of CNC machine tools and robots, and the rapid rise of the computer network for the digital design and manufacturing paved the way for, such as virtual design and computer integrated manufacturing. Digital request electromechanical integration software products with high reliability, easy operability, maintainability, self-diagnostic capabilities, and friendly man-machine interface. Digital will facilitate the realization of long-distance operation, diagnosis and repair.
Intelligent 1.2
Mechanical and electrical products that require a certain degree of intelligence, it is similar to the logical thinking, reasoning judgement, autonomous decision-making capabilities. For example, in the CNC machine increase interactive features, set up Intelligent I / O interface and intelligent database technology, will use, operation and maintenance of bring great convenience. With fuzzy control, neural network, gray, wavelet theory, chaos and bifurcation, such as artificial intelligence and technological progress and development and the development of mechanical and electrical integration technology has opened up a vast world.
Modular 1.3
As electromechanical integration products and manufacturers wide variety of research and development of a standard mechanical interface, dynamic interface, the environment interface modules electromechanical integration products is a complex and promising work. If the development is set to slow down. VVVF integrated motor drive unit with vision, image processing, identification and location of the motor functions, such as integrated control unit. Thus, in product development, design, we can use these standards modular unit quickly develop new products.
1.4 Network
As the popularity of the network, network-based remote control and monitoring of various technical ascendant. The remote control device itself is the integration of mechanical and electrical products, fieldbus technology to household appliances and LAN network possible, use a home network to connect various home appliances into a computer as the center of computer integrated appliances system, so that people in the home can be full enjoyment of the benefits of various high-tech, therefore, electromechanical integration products should be no doubt North Korea networks.
1.5 humanity
Electromechanical integration of the end-use product is targeted, how to give people electromechanical integration of intelligent products, emotion and humanity is becoming more and more important, electromechanical integration products in addition to improving performance, it also urged the color, shape and so on and environmental coordination, the use of these products, or for a person to enjoy, such as home robot is the highest state of human-machine integration.
1.6 miniaturization
Micro-fine processing technology is a necessity in the development, but also the need to improve efficiency. MEMS (Micro Electronic Mechanical Systems, or MEMS) refers to quantities can be produced by the micro-collection agencies, micro-sensors, micro actuators and signal processing and control circuit until interface, communication and power is one of the micro-devices or systems . Since 1986 the United States at Stanford University developed the first medical microprobe, 1988 at the University of California, Berkeley developed the first micro-motor, both at home and abroad in MEMS technology, materials and micro-mechanism much progress has been made, the development of all sorts MEMS devices and systems, such as the various micro-sensors (pressure sensors, micro-accelerometer, micro-tactile sensor), various micro-component (micro-film, micro-beam, microprobes, micro-link, micro-gear, micro-bearings, micro-pump , microcoil and micro-robot, etc.).
1.7 Integration
Integration includes a mutual penetration of various technologies, and integration of various products of different structural optimization and composite, and included in the production process at the same time processing, assembly, testing, management, and other processes. In order to achieve more variety, small batch production of automation and high efficiency, the system should have a more extensive flexible. First system can be divided into several levels, allowing the system to function dispersed, and security and coordination with other parts of the operation, and then through software and hardware at various levels will be organically linked to its optimal performance, the most powerful.
1.8 with source of
Electromechanical integration refers to the product itself with energy, such as solar cells, fuel cells and large-capacity battery. As on many occasions not be able to use electricity, which campaigns for the mechanical and electrical integration products, has a unique power source comes with the benefits. Sources with the integration of mechanical and electrical product development direction of.
Green 1.9
The development of technology in people's lives brought great changes in the material at the same time has also brought rich resources, deterioration of the ecological environment consequences. Therefore, people calling for the protection of the environment, regression, and achieving sustainable development in the concept of green products such calls have emerged. Green products is low-power, low-wood consumption, clean, comfortable, coordination and utilization of renewable products. In its design, manufacture, use and destruction of human beings should be in line with environmental protection and health requirements, electromechanical integration of green products is mainly refers to the use of time is not pollute the ecological environment, at the end of product life, and regeneration of decomposition products.
2 electromechanical integration in the application of technology in the iron and steel
In the iron and steel enterprises, the integration of mechanical and electrical systems are at the core microprocessor, the computer, industrial computer, data communications, display devices, meters and the combination of technologies such as organic, assembled by the merger means for the realization of a large-scale integrated system create conditions for effective integration, enhanced system control precision, quality and reliability. Electromechanical integration technology in the iron and steel enterprises in the mainly used in the following areas:
2.1 Intelligent Control Technology (IC)
As a large-scale iron and steel, high-speed continuous and the characteristics of the traditional control technologies encountered insurmountable difficulties, it is necessary to adopt very intelligent control technology. Control technologies include intelligent expert system, neural and fuzzy control, intelligent control techniques in steel product design, manufacturing, control, product quality and diagnostic equipment, and other aspects, such as blast furnace control system, electric furnace and continuous casting plant, steel rolling system , steelmaking - Casting integrated scheduling system - rolling, cold rolling, etc..
2.2 Distributed Control System (DCS)
Distributed control system uses a central command for the control of a number of Taiwan-site monitoring and intelligent computer control unit. Distributed control systems can be two, three or more levels. Using computers to concentrate on the production process monitoring, operation, management and decentralized control. With monitoring and control technologies, and the functions of distributed control system more and more. Not only can be achieved control of the production process, but also can be achieved online optimization, the production process real-time scheduling, production planning statistical management functions, as a measurement, control, integration of the integrated system. DCS control functions with diverse features and easy operation, the system can be extended, easy maintenance and high reliability characteristics. DCS is decentralized and centralized control monitoring, fault-minor, and the system has the chain protection features, the use of manual control system failure operational measures, the system is highly reliable. Distributed control system and centralized control system compared to their more functional, with a higher level of security. Is the large-scale integration of mechanical and electrical systems main trend.
2.3 Open Control System (OCS)
Open Control System (Open Control System) is the development of computer technology led by the new structure concept. "Open" means a standard for the exchange of information in order consensus and support this standard design systems, different manufacturers products can be compatible and interoperable, and the sharing of resources. Industrial control systems through open communication network so that all control equipment, management, computer interconnections, to achieve control and management, administration, integrated decision-making, through fieldbus to the scene and control room instrumentation control equipment interconnected to achieve integrated measurement and control of.
2.4 Computer Integrated Manufacturing System (CIMS)
CIMS is the iron and steel enterprises will be and the production and operation, production management and process control connecting to achieve from raw materials into the plant, production and processing of shipments to the entire production process and the overall integration process control. Currently iron and steel enterprises have basically achieved process automation, but this kind of "automated island" of single automation lack of information resources and the sharing of the unified management of the production process, can hardly meet the requirements of the iron and steel production. Future competition iron and steel enterprises is the focus of many varieties, small batch production, cheap and of good quality, timely delivery of goods. In order to improve productivity, saving energy, reducing staff and the existing inventory, accelerate cash flow, production, operation and management of the overall optimization, the key is to strengthen the management, access to the benefits of raising the competitiveness of businesses. The United States, Japan and some other large-scale iron and steel enterprises in the 1980s has been widely realization of CIMS.
2.5 Fieldbus Technology (FBT)
Fieldbus Technology (Fied Bus Technology) is the connection settings in the field of instrumentation installed in the control room and control devices for digital, bi-directional, multi-station communication link. Fieldbus technology used to replace the existing signal transmission technology (such as 4 to 20 mA, DC DC transmission), it will enable more information in the field of Intelligent Instrumentation devices and higher-level control system in the joint between the communications media on the two-way transmission. Fieldbus connection can be through save 66% or more on-site signal connecting wires. Fieldbus lead to the introduction of the reform and the new generation of DCS around open fieldbus automation system of instruments, such as intelligent transmitter, intelligent, fieldbus detection instruments, fieldbus of PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) local control stations and field development.
2.6 AC drive technology
Transmission technology in the iron and steel industry plays a crucial role. With power technology and the development of microelectronics technology, the development of AC variable speed very quickly. The AC drive to the advantages of electric drive technology in the near future from AC drive completely replace DC transmission, the development of digital technology, complex vector control technologies to achieve practical, AC variable speed system speed and performance has reached more than DC converter level. Now whether small or large-capacity electrical motor capacity synchronous motor can be used to achieve reversible induction motor or smoothing governor. AC drive system in the production of steel rolling emerged as a welcome users, applications continues to expand.
6
小金橘分級機(jī)械
康鵬程
（塔里木大學(xué)機(jī)械電氣化工程學(xué)院， 阿拉爾 843300）
摘要：本文介紹了水果分級技術(shù)對與我國水果產(chǎn)業(yè)的作用及意義。同時針對水果分級技術(shù)，對國內(nèi)外的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行概述。在充分了解了國內(nèi)外現(xiàn)有的技術(shù)，以國內(nèi)外水果分級技術(shù)發(fā)展的現(xiàn)狀作為技術(shù)依據(jù)，設(shè)計了小型水果自動分級機(jī)械。本設(shè)計以小金橘為例進(jìn)行設(shè)計創(chuàng)新。對采摘后的“小金橘”一類的小型水果，對體積的大小進(jìn)行分級處理，主要完成上料機(jī)構(gòu)部分、分級結(jié)構(gòu)部分的設(shè)計及計算，包括方案的論證、傳動結(jié)構(gòu)、分級部分鏈條、鏈輪軸及其他主要零部件的設(shè)計及計算。
關(guān)鍵詞：金桔、水果分級 、 分級機(jī)構(gòu) 、上料機(jī)構(gòu)
1小金橘分級機(jī)械設(shè)計目的
隨著需求的增長我國的水果產(chǎn)業(yè)面臨著機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)。如此大的需求量必定帶來巨大的市場，但隨著水果量的增加必定面臨諸多的問題。最關(guān)鍵的問題就是產(chǎn)品商品處理化的問題，以過去人工的方式必然滿足不了市場的需求。機(jī)械化智能化的處理勢在必行，解決好這個問題必然帶來水果業(yè)的快速發(fā)。因此水果加工機(jī)械的發(fā)展將為水果產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展打下堅實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。
小金橘水果分級機(jī)械通過對水果的形狀、大小等主要品質(zhì)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行分類，為后期的水果分級包裝做準(zhǔn)備。本設(shè)計通過一定的創(chuàng)新，為水果分級的方法提供一種方案。
2 小金橘分級機(jī)械的整體設(shè)計
1. 入料槽 2.鋪平刷 3.限距螺桿 4.分級機(jī)架
5.一級出料口 6.二級出料口7.三級出料口 8.四級出料口 9.上料機(jī)機(jī)架
圖2-1 整機(jī)布局圖
整機(jī)分為四部分：
（1）儲料部件的大小決定著人工加料的次數(shù)、頻率。
（2）上料部件的作用，一是完成對物料的輸送，將物料運(yùn)輸?shù)椒旨墮C(jī)的分級執(zhí)行部位，減少人力勞動，保護(hù)人不接觸使人不適的環(huán)境。
（3）分級部件是分級機(jī)的核心部分，該部分的設(shè)計直接影響著機(jī)器的性能。
（4）收料部件是將分級后的不同等級的物料分別回收。
3 上料部分設(shè)計
上料機(jī)呈現(xiàn)一定的角度。設(shè)計這一角度的設(shè)計目的是為了調(diào)整物料的分布狀態(tài)，使得物料均勻分布。在物料進(jìn)入分級部分時能夠是分散的狀態(tài)進(jìn)入。有利于分級的精準(zhǔn)。同時也是基于人性化的考慮。呈現(xiàn)出一定的角度，使得入料槽的高度降低，方便操作人員的入料操作，減輕勞動強(qiáng)度。
圖3-1上料部分示意圖
4分級機(jī)械的工作原理
滾杠通過結(jié)合桿連接到限距螺桿上，連桿的一段在螺紋槽內(nèi)運(yùn)動。限距螺桿是一個變螺距的螺桿，螺桿的螺距分為四個段節(jié)，每個段節(jié)的螺距依次增加5mm。當(dāng)滾杠運(yùn)動到不同螺距的段節(jié)內(nèi)，滾杠呈現(xiàn)不同的間隙，實(shí)現(xiàn)間隙的動態(tài)變化，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)水果的大小分級。如3-2圖所示。
圖4-1 分級部分示意圖
圖4-2 限距螺桿連接滾杠示意圖
其優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于：使用這種機(jī)構(gòu)的水果分級裝置，當(dāng)水果在變間距的輥?zhàn)虞斔脱b置上運(yùn)行時由相應(yīng)間距的輥?zhàn)娱g落下，進(jìn)入置于輥間下的果子收集裝置，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)分級，這種分級形式，可避免水果受到滾筒的切割，因而可完全避免水果的摩擦、擠壓，大大提高水果分級的質(zhì)量。
5結(jié)論
本設(shè)計根據(jù)國內(nèi)外水果分選機(jī)的研究現(xiàn)狀和實(shí)際應(yīng)用，在了解我國現(xiàn)有市場上的分級機(jī)械和我國的國情的前提下，進(jìn)行的從上料、分級、收料的整機(jī)設(shè)計。主要結(jié)論如下：
（1）對于小型水果的分級方法，多采用大小分級且一般都以機(jī)械式進(jìn)行大小的鑒別，篩選。主要是由于小型水果質(zhì)量輕、體積小的原因。質(zhì)量太輕，用稱量式的分級方法精度不易保證。用光電式的鑒別方法成本高，對于光電設(shè)備硬件要求高。目前光電式鑒別法用于荔枝這樣易損傷的水果分級（僅限于實(shí)驗(yàn)室）。
（2）使用固定間隙式的分級機(jī)械，分級過程必須對水果進(jìn)行多次轉(zhuǎn)移，才能實(shí)現(xiàn)分級過程。對于易損水果，在這一過程中勢必會造成一定的損傷。減小水果轉(zhuǎn)移次數(shù)，是解決問題的關(guān)鍵。本設(shè)計在同一平面內(nèi)，實(shí)現(xiàn)分級間隙的動態(tài)變化，很好的解決這個問題。
（3）面對小型農(nóng)戶這樣的市場主體，水果分級機(jī)械體積小、操作簡單、分級較為精準(zhǔn)、能實(shí)現(xiàn)一機(jī)多用。這樣的設(shè)計將有很好的市場競爭力。
本設(shè)計存在的問題：
（1）限距螺桿的設(shè)計還過于粗狂，使用圓空心鋼進(jìn)行車削加工，加工出變螺距的螺紋。加工后的螺距固定，功能有局限性。通過精巧的設(shè)計，實(shí)現(xiàn)螺距可根據(jù)需要調(diào)整。
（2）出料的部分設(shè)計有一定缺陷，物料與收料板有撞擊，有發(fā)生撞擊損傷的隱患。
（3）限距螺桿的直徑大小的確定仍需優(yōu)化，直徑過大圓周線速度大會產(chǎn)生熱，直徑過小導(dǎo)程角變大，不利于滾杠向前移動。需要經(jīng)過優(yōu)化設(shè)計來確定最優(yōu)值。
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