雅思5.5基礎(chǔ)課程閱讀講義-ielts-5.5-reading

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1、 雅思閱讀沖刺班講義 〔教案〕 2013年11月 91 / 91 雅思5.5根底閱讀課程講義 UNIT 1 Education 10 UNIT 2 Food 12 UNIT 3 Health 14 UNIT 4 Media 17 Locating Information 22 UNIT 5 Practice 1 25 UNIT 6 Advertising 27 UNIT 7 Learning to Speak 35 Summary Completion 37 U

2、NIT 8 The Environment 38 Short Answers 40 UNIT 9 Sponsorship in Sport 41 UNIT 10 Practice 2 45 Flowchart-Timeline Completion 47 UNIT 11 Transport 47 UNIT 12 Travel 55 UNIT 13 Technology 62 Labelling a Diagram 64 Unit14 Money 65 UNIT 15 Practice 3 72 Multiple Choice 73 Labelling a

3、 Diagram 77 UNIT 17 Social Issues 78 IELTS Type Questions: Reading: for Details and for Main Ideas 80 Table Completion 80 UNIT 20 Practice 4 86 Note Completion 87 UNIT 1 Education Education over the past 100 years A The education of our young people is one of the most important aspects

4、of any community, and ideas about what and how to teach reflect the accepted attitudes and unspoken beliefs of society. These ideas change as local customs and attitudes change, and these changes are reflected in the curriculum, teaching and assessment methods and the expectations of how both studen

5、ts and teachers should behave. 詞匯講解： curriculum n. 教學(xué)大綱； reflect v. 反映；反射； assessment n. 評(píng)價(jià)； B Teaching in the late 1800s and early 1900s was very different from today. Rules for teachers at the time in the USA covered both the teacher's duties and their conduct out of class as well. Teach

6、ers at that time were expected to set a good example to their pupils and to behave in a very virtuous and proper manner. Women teachers should not marry, nor should they ‘keep company with men.' They had to wear long dresses and no bright colours and they were not permitted to dye their hair. They w

7、ere not allowed to loiter downtown in an ice cream store, and women were not allowed to go out in the evenings unless to a school function, although men were allowed one evening a week to take their girlfriends out if they went to church regularly. No teachers were allowed to drink alcohol. They wer

8、e allowed to read only good books such as the Bible, and they were given a pay increase of 25c a week after five years of work for the local school. 詞匯講解： manner n. 行為守那么； be expected to：被預(yù)期… 表示將來(lái)時(shí)： be expected to be predicted to be perspective to C As well as this long list of ‘dos' an

9、d ‘don'ts,' teachers had certain duties to perform each day. In country schools, teachers were required to keep the coal bucket full for the classroom fire, and to bring a bucket of water each day for the children to drink. They had to make the pens for their students to write with and to sweep the

10、floor and keep the classroom tidy. However, despite this list of duties, little was stipulated about the content of the teaching, nor about assessment methods. D Teachers would have been expected to teach the three ‘r’s—reading, writing and arithmetic, and to teach the children about Christianity

11、and read from the Bible every day. Education in those days was much simpler than it is today and covered basic literacy skills and religious education. They would almost certainly have used corporal punishment such as a stick or the strap on naughty or unruly children, and the children would have sa

12、t together in pairs in long rows in the classroom. They would have been expected to sit quietly and to do their work, copying long rows of letters or doing basic maths sums. Farming children in country areas would have had only a few years of schooling and would probably have left school at 12 or 14

13、 years of age to join their parents in farm work. 詞匯講解： arithmetic：算數(shù)； literacy：文學(xué)，閱讀； religious：的； discrimination：歧視； religious discrimination：歧視。 E Compare this with a country school in the USA today! If you visited today, you would see the children sitting in groups round large tables, or

14、 even on the floor. They would be working together on a range of different activities, and there would almost certainly be one or more computers in the classroom. Children nowadays are allowed and even expected to talk quietly to each other while they work, and they are also expected to ask their te

15、achers questions and to actively engage in finding out information for themselves, instead of just listening to the teacher. 詞匯講解： engage in：依靠，依賴，把精力放在…地方； actively adv. 主動(dòng)的； F There are no rules of conduct for teachers out of the classroom, and they are not expected to perform caretaking dut

16、ies such as cleaning the classrooms or making pens, but nevertheless their jobs are much harder than they were in the 1900s. Teachers today are expected to work hard on planning their lessons, to teach creatively and to stimulate children's minds, and there are strict protocols about assessment acro

17、ss the whole of the USA. Corporal punishment is illegal, and any teacher who hit a child would be dismissed instantly. Another big difference is that most state schools in western countries are secular, so religious teaching is not part of the curriculum. 詞匯講解： corporal：肉體的； corporal punishment：體

18、罰； G These changes in educational methods and ideas reflect changes in our society in general. Children in western countries nowadays come from all parts of the globe and they bring different cultures, religions and beliefs to the classroom. It is no longer considered acceptable or appropriate for

19、 state schools to teach about religious beliefs. Ideas about the value and purpose of education have also changed and with the increasing sophistication of workplaces and life skills needed for a successful career, the curriculum has also expanded to try to prepare children for the challenges of a d

20、iverse working community. It will be interesting to see how these changes continue into the future as our society and culture grows and develops. 詞匯講解： Nigger：對(duì)黑人侮辱稱呼； African-American：非洲裔美國(guó)人。 culture：文化； religious：； belief：信念。 練習(xí)：Read the first sentence ONLY of each paragraph in the readin

21、g passage. Take NO MORE THAN FIVE minutes to do this. Then, put these paragraph description into the same passage as the text itself. Write the letter of the paragraph, A — G, beside each one. ______ Teaching content in the past ______ Teaching in the present ______ Rules for teachers in the pas

22、t ______ The importance of educational beliefs ______ Changes in teaching and in society ______ Teaching duties in the past ______ Rules for teachers in the present UNIT 2 Food Hoodia 詞匯講解： Hoodia：南非食用仙人掌； A The San live in that part of Africa called the Kalahari Desert. Life there is

23、 hard, and nature can be harsh. There are somewhere between 45,000 and 100,000 of them living in countries like Zambia and Zimbabwe. They're not rich and they don't live in expensive houses. There are no roads or schools or hospitals near them. They don't have many material possessions like cars or

24、computers, things that people in the developed world can't do without. In fact, they have many problems such as unemployment and poverty. On top of this, they also suffer from alcoholism, drinking to forget their problems. They're the San, a tribe of traditional hunter-gatherers, who used to travel

25、in search of food for their families instead of growing it or keeping animals. They have a culture that is 20,000years old, but their old way of life is disappearing fast and has nearly gone forever. So yes, they're poor, and yes, their lifestyle is not attractive to outsiders, but they do have one

26、thing that certain people in the developed world are very, very interested in and want to have, and that may make them some money. It's called hoodia. 詞匯講解： Kalahari Desert：喀拉哈里沙漠〔位于非洲南部〕； harsh：嚴(yán)酷的； harsh words：刻薄的言語(yǔ)。 tribe：部落。 B Many countries have basic, common crops that people plant for

27、food, such as rice or potatoes. Potatoes are grown in many European countries as well as South America (They originated there!), and rice is a staple food in Asia. But not all plants are grown just for food; some of them can also be used as medicine. A few examples are garlic, which is said to help

28、with colds or high blood pressure, ginger to help with headaches or toothache, or the magnolia tree which is used in Chinese traditional medicine to treat some forms of cancer and heart disease. Hoodia, a cactus-like plant, only grows in the area where the San live, and they know where to find it an

29、d the best time to use it. They have known about it for centuries and they understand how to use it, but they don't use it for food, and they don't use it to cure disease either. They use it to fight hunger. 詞匯講解： colds：感冒； high blood pressure：高血壓。 C In the old days when the San had to travel i

30、n search of food, they and their children sometimes had to go without food for several days. This was even longer in times of famine or when the rains failed. They ate the hoodia plant when they were starving, to help them survive until they found food, to stop their children from crying, and to giv

31、e them the strength to continue their search. However, it didn't give them energy like normal food would. Instead, the chemicals in the hoodia plant killed the feeling of hunger and stopped them wanting food. They didn't know exactly how it worked; the only thing they knew for certain was that it di

32、d work. D Scientists have now discovered that the plant contains a substance which they have called P57. This chemical makes the brain believe that the stomach is full and that the body doesn't need food. That is why people in the developed world, especially those in pharmaceutical companies, are

33、extremely interested in this very promising plant. 詞匯講解： substance：物質(zhì)； 同義詞：chemical E Obesity in the developed world is a huge and growing problem, not only among adults, but increasingly among children. It has been estimated that up to 50% of people in the developed world are overweight and 20

34、% of these are obese; at the time of writing, for example, 30% of Chinese children were considered to be too heavy for their age. One cause of obesity is eating too much, too often, and another is eating the wrong kind of food. Our grandparents had the time to prepare simple yet nourishing meals, an

35、d they didn't have money to afford expensive food. They didn't eat as much meat or fatty foods as we do nowadays, and that's one reason why they were slimmer and healthier than their descendants. Today we have less time to cook, and we have more money, so the easiest thing to do is to buy ready-made

36、 meals. They may be convenient and taste good, but they're often high in fat, salt and sugar. Too much of these make people unhealthy and fat. They need to lose weight, and that's where hoodia comes in. 詞匯講解： obesity n. 肥胖癥; obese adj. 肥胖的。 cancer：癌癥； -ache疼： heart disease：心臟??； headaches：頭疼

37、； toothache：牙疼； F It seems to be the perfect solution. People in the West want to lose weight and hoodia is ideal. Western companies pay for the right to use the secrets of the hoodia plant; by selling these rights to the West, the San make money and can then help themselves. Obese people lose we

38、ight and the San people make a profit, so everyone is happy. Locating Information 練習(xí)1：The passage has six paragraphs, A-E Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-F, beside the statements below. NOTE: You may use any letter more than once. You may not need

39、to use all the letters. 6) ______ Some foods are used to cure health problems. 7) ______ Many modern people do not eat well and have weight problems. 8) ______ The San have something that people in the West want. 9) ______ The sale of hoodia from Africa to the West might help everyone. 10) ____

40、__ Hoodia was used by the San to control hunger when food was scarce. UNIT 3 Health Enhancing the Taste of Our Food 詞匯講解: Enhance：加強(qiáng)； A What are your favourite foods? Do you like pizza, hamburgers, roast pork, or sweet cakes and cookies? Chances are that, whatever you like best, it has a

41、strong taste and a salty, sweet or savoury flavour. People generally like to eat tasty foods, and this can create potential health problems, especially with the consumption of fast or processed food. Fast food traditionally contain a lot of salt or sugar, because this is a cheap way to make food tas

42、te good and it encourages people to buy more cookies, chips and soft drinks, for example. However, people are becoming increasingly aware of the dangers of an unhealthy diet, and the manufacturers of processed food know that sales will increase if they can advertise that their products have less sal

43、t or sugar. They also know that if their product tastes bland or boring, no amount of health benefits will make it a popular choice with consumers, and they will lose money if their product is not popular. However, a new technology is currently being developed that may allow fast food manufacturers

44、to reduce salt and sugar without sacrificing taste. 詞匯講解: roast：烤； chances are that：有…的可能； potential adj. 潛在的； n. 潛能； increasingly：越來(lái)越多地； aware of：了解； sacrifice：犧牲； B If you stick out your tongue and look in the mirror, you will see that it is covered with tiny bumps. These bumps are cal

45、led taste buds and they are the receptors in our skin that allow us to taste different kinds of foods. There are five different taste receptors, for sweet, salty, sour, bitter and savoury flavours. When we are born we have a lot of these on the roof of our mouth as well as on our tongue, but as we g

46、et older, we lose taste buds, which is why older people find it harder to taste things. Adults typically have about 10,000 taste buds, but older people may have as few as 5,000. We have more receptors for bitter tastes than for any others; researchers think that this may be because these taste buds

47、warn us if food is poisonous. 詞匯講解: stick out：伸出舌頭； bump：斑點(diǎn)； bud：蕾； taste bud：味蕾。 receptor：受體，接收器； bitter：苦味，苦的； poisonous：有毒的； poison：毒品。 C The food that we eat contains natural chemicals that fit into the different shaped receptors on our tongues; for example, sweet foods trigger the sw

48、eet receptors. The technology to mimic, or copy, these natural flavours with chemicals such as aspartame has been in existence for a long time, and aspartame is a common ingredient in many diet soft drinks and other diet products. While aspartame allows us to experience a sweet taste without eating

49、sugar, it also has disadvantages. Firstly, many people do not like its bitter aftertaste, and secondly, some people say that it is bad for health if taken in large quantities. 詞匯講解: chemical：化學(xué)物質(zhì)； trigger：激起，激發(fā)，引發(fā)； mimic：模仿； aspartame：天冬甜素； ingredient：添加物，成分； soft drinks：軟飲； D However, a ne

50、w technology is being developed that may be an improvement on artificial sweeteners and other chemicals. Taste enhancers target the taste receptors on our tongues, and they make us more sensitive to sweet, sour or salty tastes. Just a few molecules of a taste enhancer could double the sweetness effe

51、ct of a teaspoon of sugar, or the salty effect of a teaspoon of salt. This means that instead of using artificial chemicals to make food tasty, food manufacturers could use half the quantity of the real substance and a tiny quantity of taste enhancer to make the food taste good. This has the potenti

52、al to save food manufacturers money, by replacing large quantities of sugar and salt with tiny amounts of chemicals. It could also benefit our health if we can eat food that tastes good and is low in sugar and salt. 詞匯講解: artificial：人工的； molecule：細(xì)胞； E Taste enhancers have other advantages, too

53、. People generally do not like bitter tasting food, but reversing this technology so that the bitter taste receptors are blocked instead of stimulated may reduce the bitter taste of some healthy foods. This means, for example, that people may be persuaded to eat more soy protein. 詞匯講解: stimulate：刺

54、激； soy：大豆； protein：蛋白質(zhì)； persuade：勸說(shuō)； convince：勸說(shuō)。 F Taste enhancer technology is very new to the marketplace, and as yet it is not widely used, but it has the potential to make a significant change to the processed food industry, and to improve the healthiness of many fast foods. Identifi

55、cation of Information Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? Write: TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 10) ______ Consumers are

56、 happy to buy healthy food even if it tastes bland or boring. 11) ______ Taste buds enable the body to taste foods of many flavours. 12) ______ Younger people can taste more flavours than older people. 13) ______ Bitter taste buds are more uncommon than other taste buds. 14) ______ Aspartame is

57、a chemical produced in large quantities in the USA. 15) ______ Artificial sweeteners and other chemicals cause tooth decay(退化). 16) ______ Taste enhancers may be better for our health than aspartame. 17) ______ Soy protein is an example of a bitter tasting food. UNIT 4 Media Computer Generat

58、ion of Animated Characters 詞匯講解: animated 動(dòng)畫片 /動(dòng)畫人物; paparazzo〔意大利語(yǔ)〕狗仔。 閱讀技巧: 對(duì)文章標(biāo)題進(jìn)展合理預(yù)測(cè)。 A Ask any young person to tell you the names of some famous movies and the chances are that many of those mentioned will be popular because of computer-generated special effects. Movies such as ‘Star Wa

59、rs', ‘the Matrix' and ‘Harry Potter' rely heavily on computers to create special fantasy and space effects. Others, such as the famous ‘Lord of the Rings' movies, created surprisingly lifelike humanoid characters using sophisticated computer-generated techniques. The creative effort that lies behind

60、 these creatures is amazing. However, genuinely ‘human’ characters, indistinguishable from real actors, are still not quite possible, although we are getting very close to this elusive goal. 詞匯講解: mention??vt. 提到, 說(shuō)到；e.g. : He mentioned them by name. 他提與到他們的名字。 vt. 提與，說(shuō)起；e.g. : As he has not done

61、 much, he is beneath mention. 同義替換： when it mentions to當(dāng)涉與到..的時(shí)候； when it refers to /when it comes to /when it concerned to e.g. : When it refers to privacy, the line could not be crossed. privacy n. 隱私；private adj. 私人的/私有的。 詞匯講解: fantasy?? n. 想像, 幻想 e.g. : Everyone should indulge in fantas

62、y on occasion. fantasize??vt. & vi. 想像; 幻想; 做白日夢(mèng)。 e.g. : Many men fantasize about sleeping with someone who is not their partner. fan n. 粉絲； lord n. 主人/君主； landlord n. 房東；landlady n. 包租婆。 surprisingly：出乎意料的，出人意料的，指的是出乎大家想象的。 humanoid? adj. 有人的特點(diǎn)的〔形容動(dòng)物/動(dòng)畫片〕； humanly?? adv. 和人相關(guān)的,用人力； h

63、umanity?? n. (總稱)人, 人類人道, 人文學(xué)科；人性化。 vegetarian?? n. 吃素的人； humanitarian?? n. & adj. 人道主義者； cannibalism?? n. 吃人肉; 同類相食 sophisticated： adj. 老練的; 老于世故的；e.g.: Mr. Smith is a sophisticated world traveler. adj. 精細(xì)的, 尖端的；e.g.: This is a very sophisticated machine. adj.高雅的, 有教養(yǎng)的； 近義詞：Complex / Comp

64、licated：復(fù)雜的。 genuine: adj. 真的, 非人造的；e.g.: This medal is made of genuine gold. adj.真誠(chéng)的, 真心的；e.g.: As time went on, a genuine friendship grew up between us. artificial: adj.人造的, 人工的, 假的；e.g.: The new dam will form a large artificial lake behind it. adj.虛假的, 不真摯的, 矯揉造作的；e.g.: Her smile looks a

65、rtificial. adj.人為的 Artificial intelligence 人工智能 indistinguishable n. 不可區(qū)分的，無(wú)法識(shí)別的。 goal: n. 球門,進(jìn)球得的分；e.g.: We scored a goal in the first minute of the game. n. 努力的對(duì)象, 目標(biāo)；e.g.: When he at last arrived in Rome he felt he had reached his goal. 近義詞：achievement / destination elusive??adj. 難

66、以捉摸的; 難以找到的; 不易記住的 eg: I've been trying all day to reach him on the telephone, but he's very elusive. illusion?? n. 錯(cuò)覺, 幻想, 錯(cuò)誤觀念 B The process of imagining and developing a computer-generated character is complex, involving many stages. The first stage is to design the look of the character, and to create a three-dimensional model on the computer. The model must be able to move in a realistic manner and, most importantly, its face must mirror human faces when it laughs, frowns or talks. One