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附 錄
附錄 A1 Wire control technology in car use
1.Line Control Move (Volkswagen wire) By
Line control servo system powered by realize electronic device, control device, gearing, brake four parts. ECU (electronic control units) for brake system for overall control by new electronic brake, each brakes have their own control unit. Mechanical connection reduce gradually, the brake pedal and brake the power transfer between separated, to be replaced by wire, wire transfer energy, cable relay signals. Line control move in cars since ABS since widely used on the braking system of once again skip-type development.
Current line control servo system is divided into two types: one is the electro-hydraulic braking system hydraulic EHB (Electronic - Volkswagen), another kind is Electronic Mechanical braking system Mechanical EMB (Electronic - Volkswagen). Electric hydraulic brake system of electronic and hydraulic system is to combine electronic control system, by hydraulic system provide motivation; Electronic and mechanical braking system will replace traditional brake system with wire the air or brake fluid force transmission medium, such as electric brakes to replace traditional brake, electronic and mechanical braking system is the development direction of future braking system. Line control servo system is the common features is Angle with the pedal force can step by step; the proportion of electronic control Has control of braking torque and pedal Angle corresponding program control unit; Program control unit can be based on other sensors or controller input signal active braking and other function realization.
2. Wire Control Steering System
Wire control Steering System referred By Steering SBW (By Wire System), it has the function of the network connection fault-tolerant control unit, actuators and sensors and redundancy of electronic control units, cancel the Steering dish and Steering wheel mechanical connection between entirely By electricity, realize Steering, from the traditional Steering System of various restrictions. Not only can free design of steering force transfer characteristics, but also can design the horns of the vehicle steering transmission characteristics, the design of steering characteristics to bring infinite space.
The driver turned to the disk operating, turning to dish sensor test driver's steering data (yaw angles sensors, camera, etc), to turn auxiliary system detection data, providing environmental ECU to data and environmental testing data through the network bus real-time transmission to the electronic control unit ECU, ECU to data and in accordance with the driver detection data, environment controlling steering actuators action achieve turning and will wheel corner, torque and road such as feeling of feedback to drivers, to ensure that the steering system reliable safety and system has set up redundancy electronic control units, in emergency situations, the system will ignore error messages, make the vehicle safety running smoothly.
3. Line Oil-control Door
Line oil-control door, also called electronic throttle, namely engine accelerator is through electronic control. The traditional throttle control mode is the accelerator pedal, drivers through by throttle levers of direct control engine accelerator open degree, thus decided to speeds up or slows down, the driver action and throttle action is through bars between the role of the mechanical connection. And with electronic connection line oil-control door instead of mechanical connection, the pilots on the accelerator pedal control by still pull rod, rod is not straight , but one received throttle attached to an accelerator pedal position sensor, the position of rod sensor that will change into electrical signals transmitted to the electronic control unit, automotive electronic control unit will to collect relevant sensor signal processed sends commands to throttle actuators control module, throttle actuators control module to send signals to the throttle actuators, thus control throttle opening-closing degree. That is the driver with throttle action of action between the electrical signals by electronic components is connected. Line than traditional throttle control oil door way according to precise, engine running of the various auto finely tuned into the cylinder of information, the fuel air mixture, improve engine combustion status, which greatly improve the performance and fuel economy of car.
Toyota models adopted in Lexus all electronic thread oil-control door systems, have 2 accelerator pedal position sensor, all send data to the engine control unit ECM, if one of the accelerator pedal position sensor no signal, car can still driving, and engine warning light; If two accelerator pedal position sensor are no signal, the engine working in idle state. Line of oil door system according to the driver intention of action, analysis the driver, accurate control of the throttle and increase the driving stability and dynamic economy.
In the new generation of accord sedan V6 engine 2.4 L and 3.0 L had adopted line on new technology of oil door. Through the sensor to monitor the accelerator pedal position of power control, ECU. Its advantage is improved started smooth, improved fuel efficiency engine response, defect is a slight lag. In addition the wire control technology brings another advantage is that fixed speed cruise function, its control key is integrated in on steering wheel, simple operation is convenient.
Honda motor company Civic series to the eighth and evolution of 2005. The vehicle adopted 1 four cylinder engine, 1.8 L newly developed 1.8 cixin Li - VTEC control variable valve timing (intelligent and lift) inline 4 cylinder engine can burst 103kW for maximum power peak torque can reach more than 174Nm, almost all the natural inlet type with displacement of domestic models. This engine applied the Honda's latest I - VTEC technology, match with use wire the throttle control technology, can very effectively improve fuel economy, reducing harmful emissions. And intake efficiency and compression ratio are further improved, and made strong output power. Making yuan ECM, if one of the accelerator pedal position sensor no signal, car can still driving, and engine warning light; If two accelerator pedal position sensor are no signal, the engine working in idle state. Line of oil door system according to the driver intention of action, analysis the driver, accurate control of the throttle and increase the driving stability and dynamic economy.
Example: wire control technology in fuel-cell car can drive applications - general HY
HY wire control car change traditional mechanical transmission mode of connecting rod, using electronic signals to manipulate throttle, braking and steering mechanism. Canceled the traditional steering dish, throttle, brake pedal all operations are concentrated in a handles with one hand, the pilot can finish all of the operation. When pilots to speeds up or slows down, can promote the handle to the right or to the left; Braking buttons also installed in the handle, braking click braking button; When cornering, drivers simply up or down push lever.
Electronic wire control device constitute a set of convenient operation control unit that a set of control unit is called "X - drive". It replaced the traditional steering plate etc, with just one hand make drivers can be completed in all haste and slow (brake), turn operation.
Traditional car is through a set of mechanical device, like steering bar etc, the rotation through manipulation steering dish to wheel rotation. Wire control technology is the driver to turn into an electronic pulse instructions, the sensor captures an electronic pulse, the electronic pulse signal is driven by the electronic control motor to make wheel bogie rotation. Line control system is transformed into the instructions driver with the electrical signals, electrical signals to drive motor. Because the software determines the automobile driving characteristics, such as accelerated, deceleration (brake), turn, etc., all work just reproduced, implement the corresponding software programs.
附錄 A2 線控技術(shù)在汽車上的運(yùn)用
1.線控制動(dòng)（brake by-wire）
線控制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)由實(shí)現(xiàn)電子化的供能裝置、控制裝置、傳動(dòng)裝置、制動(dòng)器4個(gè)部分組成。ECU（電控單元）對(duì)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行整體控制，采用全新的電子制動(dòng)器，每個(gè)制動(dòng)器有各自的控制單元。機(jī)械連接逐漸減少，制動(dòng)踏板和制動(dòng)器之間的動(dòng)力傳遞分離開，取而代之的是電線連接，電線傳遞能量，數(shù)據(jù)線傳遞信號(hào)。線控制動(dòng)是自ABS在汽車上得到廣泛應(yīng)用以來制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的又一次飛躍式發(fā)展。
目前線控制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)分為2種類型：一種是電液制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)EHB（Electronic-hydraulic Brake），另一種是電子機(jī)械制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)EMB（Electronic-Mechanical Brake）。電液制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是將電子與液壓系統(tǒng)相結(jié)合，由電子系統(tǒng)控制，液壓系統(tǒng)提供動(dòng)力；電子機(jī)械制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)則用電線取代傳統(tǒng)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中的空氣或制動(dòng)液等傳力介質(zhì)，電制動(dòng)器取代傳統(tǒng)制動(dòng)器，電子機(jī)械制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是未來制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展方向。線控制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的共同特點(diǎn)是都具有踏板轉(zhuǎn)角與踏板力可按比例調(diào)控的電子踏板；具有控制制動(dòng)力矩與踏板轉(zhuǎn)角相對(duì)應(yīng)的程序控制單元；程序控制單元可基于其他傳感器或控制器的輸入信號(hào)實(shí)現(xiàn)主動(dòng)制動(dòng)及其它功能。
2.線控轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)
線控轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)簡(jiǎn)稱SBW（Steering By Wire System），它由具有容錯(cuò)功能的網(wǎng)絡(luò)相連接的控制單元、執(zhí)行器、傳感器和冗余電控單元組成，取消了轉(zhuǎn)向盤與轉(zhuǎn)向輪之間的機(jī)械連接，完全由電實(shí)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)向，擺脫了傳統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的各種限制。不但可以自由設(shè)計(jì)汽車轉(zhuǎn)向的力傳遞特性，而且可以設(shè)計(jì)汽車轉(zhuǎn)向的角傳遞特性，給汽車轉(zhuǎn)向特性的設(shè)計(jì)帶來無限的空間。
駕駛員操作轉(zhuǎn)向盤時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)向盤傳感器檢測(cè)駕駛員的轉(zhuǎn)向數(shù)據(jù)（橫擺角傳感器、攝像機(jī)等），向轉(zhuǎn)向輔助系統(tǒng)ECU提供環(huán)境檢測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)，轉(zhuǎn)向數(shù)據(jù)和環(huán)境檢測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)總線實(shí)時(shí)傳送給電子控制單元ECU，ECU按照駕駛員的轉(zhuǎn)向數(shù)據(jù)和環(huán)境檢測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)，控制轉(zhuǎn)向執(zhí)行器動(dòng)作實(shí)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)向，并將車輪的轉(zhuǎn)角、轉(zhuǎn)矩和路感等反饋給駕駛員，為確保轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)安全可靠，系統(tǒng)設(shè)置了冗余電控單元，在緊急情況下，系統(tǒng)會(huì)忽略錯(cuò)誤信息，使車輛安全平穩(wěn)地運(yùn)行。
3.線控油門
線控油門，也稱為電控油門，即發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的油門是通過電子控制的。傳統(tǒng)的油門控制方式是駕駛員通過踩油門踏板，由油門拉桿直接控制發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)油門的開合程度，從而決定加速或減速，駕駛員的動(dòng)作與油門動(dòng)作之間是通過拉桿的機(jī)械作用連接的。而線控油門用電子連接代替機(jī)械連接，駕駛員仍然通過踩油門踏板控制拉桿，拉桿不是直接連接到油門，而是連著一個(gè)油門踏板位置傳感器，傳感器將拉桿的位置變化轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殡娦盘?hào)傳送至汽車的電子控制單元，電子控制單元將采集到的相關(guān)傳感器信號(hào)經(jīng)過處理后發(fā)送指令至油門執(zhí)行器控制模塊，油門執(zhí)行器控制模塊再發(fā)送信號(hào)給油門執(zhí)行器，從而控制油門的開合程度。也就是說駕駛員的動(dòng)作與油門的動(dòng)作之間是通過電子元件的電信號(hào)連接的。線控油門比傳統(tǒng)油門控制方式精確，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)能夠根據(jù)汽車的各種行駛信息，精確調(diào)節(jié)進(jìn)入氣缸的燃油空氣混合氣，改善發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的燃燒狀況，從而大大提高了汽車的動(dòng)力性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性。
豐田公司在Lexus車型上采用了全電子的線控油門系統(tǒng)，系統(tǒng)有2個(gè)加速踏板位置傳感器，都發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)給發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)控制單元ECM，如果其中一個(gè)加速踏板位置傳感器沒有信號(hào)，汽車仍能行駛，同時(shí)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)報(bào)警燈點(diǎn)亮；如果2個(gè)加速踏板位置傳感器都沒有信號(hào)，則發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作在怠速狀態(tài)。線控油門系統(tǒng)根據(jù)駕駛員的動(dòng)作，分析駕駛員的意圖，精確地控制油門，增加了駕駛穩(wěn)定性和動(dòng)力經(jīng)濟(jì)性。
在新一代雅閣V6轎車的2.4L和3.0L發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)上就采用了線控油門的新技術(shù)。通過傳感器監(jiān)測(cè)油門踏板位置，ECU對(duì)動(dòng)力進(jìn)行控制。其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是改善了起步的平順性、提高了燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性，缺點(diǎn)是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)響應(yīng)稍有滯后。此外由線控技術(shù)帶來的另一個(gè)好處就是定速巡航功能，其控制鍵被集成在轉(zhuǎn)向盤上，操作簡(jiǎn)單便捷。
本田汽車公司Civic系列2005年演進(jìn)至第八代。該車采用了1臺(tái)1.8L四氣缸發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，此款最新開發(fā)的1.8Li-VTEC（智能型電控可變氣門正時(shí)和升程）直列4缸發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)能夠爆發(fā)出103kW的最大功率，峰值轉(zhuǎn)矩可以達(dá)到174Nm，幾乎超過了所有自然進(jìn)氣式同排量的國(guó)產(chǎn)車型。這臺(tái)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)應(yīng)用了本田最新的i-VTEC技術(shù)，配以采用線控技術(shù)的節(jié)氣門，能夠非常有效地提高燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性，降低有害物的排放。而且進(jìn)氣效率和壓縮比都進(jìn)一步提高，造就了強(qiáng)大的輸出功率。 制單元ECM，如果其中一個(gè)加速踏板位置傳感器沒有信號(hào)，汽車仍能行駛，同時(shí)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)報(bào)警燈點(diǎn)亮；如果2個(gè)加速踏板位置傳感器都沒有信號(hào)，則發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作在怠速狀態(tài)。線控油門系統(tǒng)根據(jù)駕駛員的動(dòng)作，分析駕駛員的意圖，精確地控制油門，增加了駕駛穩(wěn)定性和動(dòng)力經(jīng)濟(jì)性。
例：線控技術(shù)在可駕駛?cè)剂想姵仄嚿系膽?yīng)用—通用HY
HY線控汽車一改傳統(tǒng)機(jī)械連桿的傳動(dòng)方式，采用電子信號(hào)來操縱油門、制動(dòng)和轉(zhuǎn)向機(jī)構(gòu)。取消了傳統(tǒng)的轉(zhuǎn)向盤、油門、制動(dòng)踏板，所有的操作都集中在一個(gè)手柄上，駕駛員可以用一只手完成所有的操作。當(dāng)駕駛員要加速或減速時(shí)，可以向左或者向右推動(dòng)手柄；制動(dòng)按鈕也安裝在這個(gè)手柄上，要制動(dòng)時(shí)按一下制動(dòng)按鈕；當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)，駕駛員只需向上或者向下推動(dòng)手柄。
電子線控裝置構(gòu)成了一套操作靈活方便的控制單元，這一套控制單元被稱為“X-drive”。它取代了傳統(tǒng)的轉(zhuǎn)向盤等，使得駕駛員用一只手就可以完成所有的加速、減速（制動(dòng)）、轉(zhuǎn)彎等操作。
傳統(tǒng)的汽車是通過一套機(jī)械裝置，比如轉(zhuǎn)向桿等，通過操縱轉(zhuǎn)向盤轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)而使車輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。線控技術(shù)是將駕駛員要轉(zhuǎn)向的指令轉(zhuǎn)化為電子脈沖信號(hào)，傳感器捕捉電子脈沖信號(hào)，這個(gè)電子脈沖信號(hào)驅(qū)動(dòng)由電子控制的電機(jī)來使得車輪轉(zhuǎn)向架轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。線控系統(tǒng)就是將駕駛員的指令轉(zhuǎn)化成電信號(hào)，用這個(gè)電信號(hào)去驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)。由于軟件決定了汽車行駛特征，比如加速、減速（制動(dòng)）、轉(zhuǎn)彎等，所有的工作只是轉(zhuǎn)載、執(zhí)行相應(yīng)的軟件程序。