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附 錄
附錄 A: 英文文獻(xiàn)與中文參考譯文
Automobile lamps adaptive development and reviewed in this paper
With the development of the society and the continuous improvement of people's living standard, people on the requirements of the car has not only confined to performance, cost, but more and more requirements modern car safer, more environmental protection and more human. Car manufacturers are using more security, more environmental protection, design is more elegant and more province oil advantages to attract users. And at the same time, the new car should also must comply with the latest regulation, this has led to a new technology to get the application. As the big three auto safety thing, automobile lighting systems is one of the main active safety device, to the traditional automobile lighting system improvement and innovation also has become a hot spot in the study of the world automobile manufacturers.
Therefore, how to make automotive lighting, driving more intelligent safety, more comfortable will become a very urgent and has the important practical significance of the subject. The traditional automobile lighting system mainly by the headlamps system, lighting system, signal car lighting system composed of three. With the progress of science and technology, traditional lighting system also experienced rapid progress, the corresponding traffic regulations also more and more perfect, headlamps system has gone through a kerosene lamp from the original to incandescent lamp, halogen lamp to now discharge lamp of the development process, the signal from the first portable lighting system development now widely applied to a kerosene lamp LED lights, the car lighting system is more and more kinds, more and more humane. But the actual use of traditional headlamps system, there are many problems. For example, the existing in the light of the close on lighting effect is very bad, especially in the urban traffic is more complex, often have a lot of drivers in the evening nearly light, and front fog lamps entirely open headlights; Vehicles in turning the corner, there are also lighting dark areas, the serious influence the driver on the corners on the judgment of the obstacles; Vehicles driving on a rainy day, the ground water reflected the headlights, produce light reflected glare, and so on. According to statistics, about 50% of the night accident happened without lighting facilities of the dark road, road lighting the poor, the greater the likelihood of accident. The night accounted for 33.1% of the total number of accidents accident (although driving at night accounts for only 1/5 of the rate during the day). The death toll is about 50%, compared to 12.4% during the day, the death rate from the accident, and the night for 33, 7%. The night and high death rate from multiple accident, and the reason is the eyesight of the driver and the lower than about 1/2. In addition the rain and fog will also make vision loss, glass and dirty water before not only reduced vision, still can make the distance distortion, which must be the attention of the driver. European car lighting research institutions in the once a special investigation, the results showed that the most wants to improve the European drivers of the wet weather is the lighting of the water came in second, a rural road lighting, the next is in turn corners lighting, highway lighting and urban lighting. The above of these problems, make developing a DuoZhong lighting function with the lighting system become necessary, and the function of switching, for security reasons, and must be automatically, thus, adaptive lighting system (ALS) will emerge as The Times require.
At present, our country of all motor vehicle testing lines are equipped with headlamps inspection instrument, many experts and scholars are many important is also discussed in the paper. But, through the test of a station exploits the year two thousand Taiwan client survey analysis, vehicle headlamps a total qualified by only 45%, and these qualified vehicles and most of all foreign imports of the vehicle. Is Cause the situation are the main reasons: (1) the car factory products do not meet the national standards, and many of the car factory in just when examination is not qualified, headlamps But others just a factory qualified, but can't use how long and then aging, poor durability. (2) the most vehicles have the lack of units and the unit testing conditions and means, in the headlamps for maintenance, adjust the inaccurate even will not be adjusted. (3) because some leadership and drivers are subjective safety, think in car headlamp is not safety testing is very important, as long as the car brake performance that can assure safety, so for lack of maintenance and maintenance, headlamps on schedule maintenance and replacement cannot. (4) for most of the testing station can't test results in a timely and accurate to inform owners in testing station, in the practice of the factory also cannot fundamentally solve the problem. Make a complete year after year while still driving. This is CheJian departments and testing station should be improved and self perfection in. Automobile lamps when regular testing unqualified has the following three conditions: (1) the luminous intensity enough; (2) the bad light distribution, main beam axis skewed a quantity to exceed bid; (3) above two kinds of circumstances exist. The influence factors of its own problems have vehicles, such as: battery electric power system can't deficit or charging, test power system should be in charge state; Wire corrosion; Tire pressure is insufficient; Tire model about different; Adjustment screws to adjust the improper; Glass chimney on the dirt and headlamps quality problem. Also have a plenty of testing lines light inspection instrument installation accuracy and precision is unqualified, such as: light meter guide levelness enough; Lines of the ground does not level off; When parking lights and the level of the instrument headlamp distance is not accurate; The longitudinal axis and inspection instrument vehicle guide not vertical; Instrument range is not accurate. These are caused by the unqualified headlamp factors, among which light inspection instrument because every year by special inspection agency calibration and qualified rear can use, therefore, the vehicle itself problem is the main reason. Vehicles unit, drivers and keep the repair personnel should be paid much attention to. Automobile lamps adaptive system to, corner sensor, abundant between front axle, control unit altitude sensor (ECU), and stepper motor of headlights. The basic principle is: when the automobile longitudinal swing, ECU acquisition sensor signal, through the internal control strategy, control the stepping motor rotation, thus promote headlamps turned the corresponding point of view, the main design to car longitudinal swing automobile lamps automatic adjust the Angle made drivers can have greater vision, reduce the driver's blind area, and avoiding risk, improve the security and stability of the car, this is very important.
With more and more bright lights at night at the same time, improve visibility, how to avoid strong light onto the driveway, and to cause to car drivers of smooth shadow produces visual residual, losing the ability to identify and road conditions should be a body in a dangerous situation, so can effective improve the scope of the automotive lighting and Angle, is improve the night driving safety important issue. In addition to the steering wheel steering Angle according to the head lamp or so direction adjustment, reduce the parameters of the night vision blind Angle, but also must pay attention to the fluctuation level, because body vulnerable to load average or not is the way, ups and downs changes, resulting in body produce Angle, joint influence round the point of view of the project lamp. Pledge lamp too high, easy to make projection Angle to car drivers have dazzle light problem, when cast Angle is too low, the line of sight of driving itself could be a deficiency, or less than myself or others will be exposed to danger, so level (elevation Angle) control is necessary to maintain the stability of the lighting Angle. The head lamp level control from the early passive manual adjustment, half active into the present automatic type, half is active in a car the adjustment, automatic type is braking can also do real-time adjustments. Level automatically adjust the system based on the foundation of the original setting Angle, through the height difference sensors detect body under circumstances, calculate the light cast Angle offset, upwards or to adjust HID DengZu, maintain proper illuminate Angle. Advanced level automatically adjust the Angle projection system, will also make adjustment screw with speed. A high speed will further, in beam to real time see the greater distance road conditions, slow speed, lighting Angle to correction, avoid exposure to the driveway. Intelligent lamp is the lamp of the technology another development the mainstream. Adaptive headlights integrated operation speed, steering Angle and the degree of body forward has happened to adjust the parameters as the direction of the light source, so according to strictly can only be regarded as passively accept driver needs to adjust the lighting Angle, and active steering head lamp still had some differences. Released in 2008 and is expected to active the head lamp system, to receive more information to determine the appropriate again after the head lamp brightness and Angle projection, to the so-called active safety state. In addition to the existing wheel shaft height difference sensors, steering sensors,, the electronic control unit can order early to drive system, adjust the lighting Angle and light type.
參考譯文：
汽車前照燈自適應(yīng)發(fā)展綜述
隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展和人們生活水平的不斷提高，人們對(duì)汽車的要求已不僅僅局限于性能，成本，而是越來越多的要求現(xiàn)代汽車更加安全，更加環(huán)保，更加人性化。汽車生產(chǎn)商們也正在用更安全、更環(huán)保、設(shè)計(jì)更精美以及更省油料等優(yōu)點(diǎn)來吸引用戶。而同時(shí)，新車款型也必須符合最新的規(guī)定，這就導(dǎo)致了新技術(shù)不斷得到應(yīng)用。作為汽車的三大安全件之一，汽車照明系統(tǒng)是最主要的主動(dòng)式安全裝置，對(duì)傳統(tǒng)汽車照明系統(tǒng)的改進(jìn)和創(chuàng)新也日益成為全世界汽車廠商研究的熱點(diǎn)問題。
因此，如何使汽車照明智能化，駕車更安全，更舒適就成為一個(gè)十分緊迫而又有重大現(xiàn)實(shí)意義的課題。傳統(tǒng)的汽車照明系統(tǒng)主要由前照燈系統(tǒng)，信號(hào)照明系統(tǒng)，車內(nèi)照明系統(tǒng)三大部分組成。隨著科技的進(jìn)步，傳統(tǒng)照明系統(tǒng)也經(jīng)歷了長足的發(fā)展，相應(yīng)的交通法規(guī)也越來越健全，前照燈系統(tǒng)就經(jīng)歷了從最初的煤油燈到白熾燈，鹵素?zé)舻浆F(xiàn)在的氣體放電燈的發(fā)展過程，信號(hào)照明系統(tǒng)從最初的手提煤油燈發(fā)展到現(xiàn)在普遍應(yīng)用的LED信號(hào)燈，車內(nèi)照明系統(tǒng)更是種類越來越多，越來越人性化。但是實(shí)際的使用中，傳統(tǒng)的前照燈系統(tǒng)存在著諸多問題。例如，現(xiàn)有近光燈在近距離上的照明效果很不好，特別是在交通狀況比較復(fù)雜的市區(qū)，經(jīng)常會(huì)有很多司機(jī)在晚上將近光燈、遠(yuǎn)光燈和前霧燈統(tǒng)統(tǒng)打開；車輛在轉(zhuǎn)彎的時(shí)候也存在照明的暗區(qū)，嚴(yán)重影響了司機(jī)對(duì)彎道上障礙的判斷；車輛在雨天行駛的時(shí)候，地面積水反射前燈的光線，產(chǎn)生反射眩光等等。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，夜間事故中約有50％發(fā)生在沒有照明設(shè)施的黑暗道路上，道路照明越差，事故發(fā)生的可能性就越大。夜間事故占事故總數(shù)的33．1％(雖然夜間出車率只占白天的1／5)。死亡人數(shù)則為50％左右，對(duì)比致死率，白天事故為12．4％，而夜間為33、7％。夜間事故多發(fā)和高的致死率，其原因就是駕駛員的視力與白天相比約降低1／2。此外雨和霧也會(huì)使視力下降，前窗玻璃臟得和水滴不僅使視力降低，還會(huì)使距離感失真，必須引起駕駛員的注意。歐洲汽車照明研究機(jī)構(gòu)曾經(jīng)就此作過專項(xiàng)調(diào)查，結(jié)果顯示，歐洲司機(jī)們最希望改善的是陰雨天氣積水路面的照明，排在第二位的是鄉(xiāng)村公路的照明，接下來依次是彎道照明、高速公路照明和市區(qū)照明。上述這些問題的存在，就使得研制一種具有多種照明功能的照明系統(tǒng)成為必要，并且這些功能的切換，出于安全上的考慮，必須是自動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)的，由此，自適應(yīng)照明系統(tǒng)(ALS)也就應(yīng)運(yùn)而生了。
目前，我國所有的機(jī)動(dòng)車檢測(cè)線都裝有前照燈檢驗(yàn)儀，許多專家學(xué)者對(duì)此也做過許多重要的論述。但是，通過對(duì)哈市檢測(cè)一站的本年度二千臺(tái)受檢車輛進(jìn)行調(diào)查分析，前照燈一檢總的合格僅為45％，而這些合格的車輛當(dāng)中大多數(shù)又都是外國進(jìn)口的車輛。造成這種局面的主要原因有：①汽車制造廠的產(chǎn)品不符合國標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，有許多剛剛出廠的汽車在檢驗(yàn)時(shí)前照燈就是不合格的；也有的是剛出廠時(shí)合格，但用不了多久就老化，耐久性差。②大多數(shù)車輛保有單位和調(diào)修單位缺乏檢驗(yàn)條件和手段，在對(duì)前照燈進(jìn)行保養(yǎng)時(shí)，調(diào)整不準(zhǔn)確甚至不予調(diào)整。③由于一些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和駕駛員缺乏主觀安全性，認(rèn)為前照燈在汽車安全檢測(cè)中并不是非常重要的，只要汽車的制動(dòng)性能好就可保證行車安全，因而對(duì)前照燈缺乏維護(hù)和保養(yǎng)，不能按期檢修和更換。④對(duì)于大多數(shù)檢測(cè)站不能把檢測(cè)結(jié)果及時(shí)準(zhǔn)確地通知車主，在檢測(cè)站內(nèi)設(shè)置的調(diào)修廠也不能從根本上解決問題。使得在用車輛年復(fù)一年仍然帶病行駛。這是車檢部門和檢測(cè)站應(yīng)該改進(jìn)和自我完善之處。汽車前照燈定期檢驗(yàn)時(shí)不合格有如下三種情況：①發(fā)光強(qiáng)度不夠；②配光不好，主光軸偏斜量超標(biāo)；③以上兩種情況同時(shí)存在。其影響因素有車輛自身的問題，比如：電瓶虧電或電源系統(tǒng)不能充電，測(cè)試時(shí)電源系統(tǒng)應(yīng)處于充電狀態(tài)；導(dǎo)線銹蝕；輪胎氣壓不足；左右輪胎型號(hào)不同；調(diào)整螺釘調(diào)整得不當(dāng)；玻璃燈罩上有污物以及前照燈質(zhì)量問題等。也有的是檢測(cè)線的燈光檢驗(yàn)儀安裝精度和檢測(cè)精度不合格，比如：燈光儀導(dǎo)軌水平度不夠；檢測(cè)線地面不平整；停車時(shí)前照燈與燈光儀的水平距離不準(zhǔn)確；車輛縱軸線與檢驗(yàn)儀導(dǎo)軌不垂直；儀表量程不準(zhǔn)確等。這些都是造成前照燈不合格的因素，其中由于燈光檢驗(yàn)儀每年都要由專門檢驗(yàn)機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行標(biāo)定，合格后方可使用，因而，車輛自身問題是最主要原因。車輛保有單位、駕駛員和調(diào)修人員對(duì)此應(yīng)十分注意。汽車前照燈自適應(yīng)系統(tǒng)豐要 ，轉(zhuǎn)角傳感器，前后軸高度傳感器，控制單元(ECU)，步進(jìn)電機(jī)及前燈組成。其基本工作原理是：當(dāng)汽車縱向擺動(dòng)時(shí)，ECU采集傳感器信號(hào)，通過內(nèi)部控制策略，控制步進(jìn)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，從而帶動(dòng)前照燈轉(zhuǎn)過相應(yīng)角度，此次設(shè)計(jì)主要偏向汽車縱向擺動(dòng)時(shí)汽車前照燈自動(dòng)調(diào)整角度使駕駛員能有更大的視野，減小駕駛員的盲區(qū)，避免發(fā)生危險(xiǎn)，提高汽車的安全性和穩(wěn)定性，這是非常重要的。
隨著車燈愈來愈亮，提升夜間能見度的同時(shí)，如何避免強(qiáng)光投射到對(duì)向車道，造成來車駕駛者產(chǎn)生視覺的光影殘留，失去對(duì)路況應(yīng)有的辨識(shí)能力而身處于險(xiǎn)境，所以能有效的改善汽車照明的范圍與角度，才是提高夜間行車安全的重要課題。除了依據(jù)方向盤的轉(zhuǎn)向角去作頭燈的左右方向調(diào)整，減少夜間行車的視覺死角之外，還需注意到上下水平，因?yàn)檐圀w容易受到載重不平均或者是道路起伏變化，造成車身產(chǎn)生傾斜角度，連帶影響到頭燈所投射的角度。當(dāng)頭燈投射角度過高，容易使來車駕駛?cè)水a(chǎn)生炫光問題，當(dāng)投射角度過低，本身駕駛的視線則會(huì)不足，過或者不及都會(huì)將自己或他人暴露于危險(xiǎn)，所以水平(俯仰角)控制是必需的，以維持照明角度的穩(wěn)定。頭燈水平控制從早期的被動(dòng)式手動(dòng)調(diào)整、半主動(dòng)式到目前的自動(dòng)式，半主動(dòng)式是在汽車發(fā)動(dòng)時(shí)調(diào)整一次，自動(dòng)式則是做到剎車時(shí)也能做實(shí)時(shí)調(diào)整。自動(dòng)水平調(diào)整系統(tǒng)依據(jù)原廠設(shè)定的基礎(chǔ)角度，透過輪軸高度差傳感器偵測(cè)車身的荷重情形，計(jì)算出光線投射角度的偏移量，往上或往下調(diào)整HID燈組，維持適當(dāng)?shù)恼丈浣嵌?。進(jìn)階的自動(dòng)水平調(diào)整系統(tǒng)，投射角度還會(huì)隨著車速的快慢做調(diào)整。高速行駛時(shí)，將光束照得較遠(yuǎn)，以便實(shí)時(shí)看清較遠(yuǎn)距離的路況，慢速行駛時(shí)，燈光角度往下修正，避免照射對(duì)向車道。智能車燈是當(dāng)前車燈技術(shù)的另一個(gè)發(fā)展主流。適應(yīng)性頭燈綜合運(yùn)算車速、方向盤轉(zhuǎn)向角度、車身側(cè)傾程度等已發(fā)生的參數(shù)來做為調(diào)整燈源方向的依據(jù)，因此嚴(yán)格來說只能算是被動(dòng)地接受駕駛者需求來調(diào)整照明角度，與主動(dòng)式轉(zhuǎn)向頭燈仍有些許差異。預(yù)計(jì)于2008年推出的主動(dòng)式轉(zhuǎn)向頭燈系統(tǒng)，接收更多信息之后再來判斷適當(dāng)?shù)念^燈投射亮度與角度，達(dá)到所謂的主動(dòng)安全的境界。除了既有的輪軸高度差傳感器、方向盤轉(zhuǎn)向傳感器、，電子控制單元可提早下命令至傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)，調(diào)整燈光角度與光型。