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附 錄 A
一、課題國內(nèi)外現(xiàn)狀
轉向器又名轉向機、方向機，它是轉向系中最重要的部件。轉向器的作用是：增大轉向盤傳到轉向傳動機構的力和改變力的傳遞方向。
轉向器按結構形式可分為多種類型。目前較常用的有齒輪齒條式、蝸桿曲柄指銷式、循環(huán)球-齒條齒扇式、循環(huán)球曲柄指銷式、蝸桿滾輪式等。如果按照助力形式，又可以分為 機械式（無助力），和動力式（有助力）兩種，其中動力轉向器又可以分為氣壓動力式、液壓動力式、電動助力式、電液助力式等種類。
轉向器的工作原理就是，當駕駛員左右轉動方向盤時，通過帶有萬向傳動裝置的轉向柱轉動，使轉向螺桿轉動，循環(huán)球在螺旋管狀通道內(nèi)滾動，形成“球流”。鋼球在管狀通道內(nèi)繞行兩周后，流出轉向螺母而進入導管的一端，再沿導管經(jīng)導管的另一端流回螺旋管狀通道。故在轉向器工作時，兩列鋼球在各自的封閉管道內(nèi)循環(huán)，而不致脫出。鋼球流動的同時，推動螺母沿螺桿前后移動。然后，齒條帶動齒扇擺動，使搖臂軸發(fā)生轉動。最后，通過轉向傳動機構推動轉向輪偏轉，實現(xiàn)汽車轉向。
近年來，我國汽車工業(yè)呈現(xiàn)出穩(wěn)定快速增長的態(tài)勢。作為汽車關鍵部件之一的轉向器也得到了較為快速地發(fā)展，在產(chǎn)銷規(guī)模不斷增長的同時，技術水平也得到了一定程度的提升。
在國內(nèi)汽車配裝的轉向器產(chǎn)品中，商用車（主要是載貨車）有95%以上是自主品牌轉向器。在中高檔轎車中，2/3車輛使用的是中外合資企業(yè)或外商獨資企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的轉向器，1/3的車輛使用自主品牌轉向器。低檔轎車則幾乎全部使用自主品牌轉向器[4]。
汽車轉向器機構涉及整車的操縱性、穩(wěn)定性和安全性，它的質量也反映了車輛的質量，是直接關系到車輛性能的關鍵部件。
對轉向系統(tǒng)的要求，最主要的是轉向的靈敏性和操縱的輕便性。高的轉向靈敏性，要求轉向器具有小的傳動比；好的操縱輕便性，則要求轉向器具有大的傳動比。這個矛盾一直都以一個很難解決的問題。而循環(huán)球式轉向器的傳動效率可達到75%~85%；轉向器的傳動比可以變化；工作平穩(wěn)可靠；齒條和齒扇之間的間隙調整容易；適合用來做整體式動力轉向器，達到矛盾的平衡。
二、研究主要成果
1、做成整體式動力轉向器應用于各種工況的多種車輛中。
2、制成變傳動比轉向器解決轉向靈敏度和轉向力之間的矛盾。
3、可逆式轉向器保證轉向后轉向輪和轉向盤自動回證，減輕駕駛員疲勞，提高行駛安全性。
4、采用變厚齒扇簡單了轉向器的傳動間隙調整機構，保證了轉向的靈敏度。
三、發(fā)展趨勢
隨著生產(chǎn)技術的發(fā)展，動力轉向系統(tǒng)在體積、價格和所消耗的功率等方面都取得了驚人的進步。電動助力轉向技術得到迅速發(fā)展，其應用范圍己經(jīng)從微型轎車向大型轎車和客車方向發(fā)展。日本的大發(fā)汽車公司、三菱汽車公司、木田汽車公司，美國Oelph公司，英國Lueas公司，德國的ZF公司，都研制出了各白的EPS。EPS技術日趨完善，并且其成本大幅度降低，為此其應用范圍將越來越大。
在國內(nèi)，越來越多的企業(yè)參與到轉向器生產(chǎn)研發(fā)中來，江門興江、沙市久隆、荊州恒隆等一些本土企業(yè)開始將液壓動力轉向器作為企業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略重點來發(fā)展，而國內(nèi)外資企業(yè)如上海采埃孚、廣州昭和、一汽光洋等主要生產(chǎn)轎車用液壓動力轉向器。2006年我國27家主要汽車轉向器生產(chǎn)企業(yè)的產(chǎn)量達804.3萬臺。出口規(guī)模超過進口，出口數(shù)量達3048.1萬千克，實現(xiàn)創(chuàng)匯14451. 8萬美元。
但需要注意到的是，我國本土企業(yè)采用國內(nèi)設備為主，生產(chǎn)設備加工精度低，過程控制不規(guī)范，很多流程被簡略掉了。山于生產(chǎn)技術方而的積累和創(chuàng)新比較少，本土企業(yè)主要依靠引進和模仿國外的先進技術來改進產(chǎn)品。所以提倡本土生產(chǎn)的國內(nèi)汽車還廣泛的應用傳統(tǒng)的機械式轉向器。
附 錄 B
A situation at home and abroad, and subject.
Steering gear and name to machine, machine, it is the direction of the most important to the parts. The role of steering gear is: increase steering wheel steering transmission mechanism to the force and change the direction of the force transmission.
Steering gear in the form of the structure can be divided into DuoZhong type. At present the more commonly used have super-modulus gear type, worm crank refers to pin type, circulation ball-rack tooth fan type, circulation ball crank refers to pin type, worm wheel type, etc. If in power, can divide again to form (no power), the mechanical and the power type (help) two kinds, in power steering gear and can be divided into the air pressure power type, hydraulic power type, electric power type, such as type electric hydraulic booster species.
The working principle of steering gear is, when the driver to turn right or left, through the steering wheel with universal transmission device of the rotation of the steering to screw rotation, circulation ball in a spiral tubular channels in rolling, and formed a "ball flow". Steel ball in tubular channels in around two weeks later, the outflow to one end of the catheter into the nuts, along with an catheter to the other end of the flow back to spiral tubular channels. So in the steering gear work, two columns of steel ball in their respective closed cycle, and do not send in the pipeline to get out. The flow of steel ball while pushing nuts along the screw moved back and forth. Then, rack drive teeth, make swing door lock shaft rotation happened. Finally, through the steering wheel drive mechanism to promote deflection, and to make the turn to.
In recent years, automobile industry in our country present a steady and rapid growth trend. As one of the key components of the automobile redirector also obtained fast development, the scale of production and marketing in growing at the same time, the technical level also got some degree of ascension.
In the domestic cars equipped with the steering gear products (mainly trucks, commercial vehicle) more than 95% is the independent brand steering gear. In the upscale cars, two-thirds of the vehicle use is a sino-foreign joint venture or a wholly foreign owned enterprise production of steering gear, a third of the vehicle use independent brand steering gear. Cheap car is almost all of the use of the independent brand steering gear [4].
Automobile redirector agencies involved in the vehicle handling, stability and safety, its quality also reflect the quality of the vehicle, is directly related to vehicle performance of the key components.
To turn to the requirements of the system, the most is to the sensitivity of the portability and manipulation. High sensitivity to request with small steering gear transmission ratio of; Good manipulate light sex, and the requirements of steering gear had transmission. The conflict has been a difficult to solve the problem. Ball type redirector and circulation of the transmission efficiency can reach 75% ~ 85%; The steering gear transmission ratio can change; Steady and reliable; Rack and tooth fan clearances between adjustment easily; Suitable for used to make integral power steering gear, achieve the balance of the contradiction.
Second, the main research results.
1. make integral power steering gear used in various modes of the DuoZhong vehicles
2. variable transmission ratio steering gear to solve made the sensitivity and to force the contradiction between.
3. reversible steering gear steering wheel and to ensure that after steering wheel to be automatic back to lighten the card, fatigue, improve road safety.
4. the variable thick tooth fan simple steering gear transmission that gap adjusting structure, the sensitivity of the steering.
Three, the development trend.
As the production and the development of technology, power steering system in volume, price and the power consumption has made amazing progress. Electric power steering technology is rapidly developing, its application already from the small cars to large cars and buses direction. Japan's great car company, mitsubishi motor company, wood field automobile company, the United States, Britain Oelph company Lueas company, Germany's government, which is the company, developed the white of EPS. EPS technology improvement, and its cost greatly reduced, therefore the application area will more and more big.
In China, more and more enterprises to participate in the r&d and production of steering gear, jiangmen and jiang, shashi JiuLong, jingzhou, some of the local enterprise started 5 hydraulic power steering gear as a key to development of enterprise strategy, and foreign-invested enterprise in China such as Shanghai, guangzhou numbered by ella has GuangYang, faw main production cars with hydraulic power steering gear. In 2006 in China's major automobile redirector 27 production enterprise production to 8.043 million units. Export import and export scale than the number of 30.481 million kg, and realize the exchange 14451. $80000.
But need to note that our country local enterprises with domestic equipment is given priority to, the production equipment processing precision low, process control is not standard, many process was briefly away. Mountain in production technology party and accumulation and innovation is less, local enterprises rely mainly on the introduction and imitating foreign advanced technology to improve products. So advocate of local production domestic car also widely used the traditional mechanical steering gear.
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