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譯文題目： Automotive brake systems
汽車制動系統(tǒng)
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要求學生結(jié)合畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）課題參閱一篇以上的外文資料，并翻譯至少一萬印刷符（或譯出3千漢字）以上的譯文。譯文原則上要求打?。ㄈ缡謱懀宦捎?00字方格稿紙書寫），連同學校提供的統(tǒng)一封面及英文原文裝訂，于畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）工作開始后2周內(nèi)完成，作為成績考核的一部分。
Automobile?Brake?System?
The?braking?system?is?the?most?important?system?in?cars.?If?the?brakes?fail,?the?result?can?be?disastrous.?Brakes?are?actually?energy?conversion?devices,?which?convert?the?kinetic?energy?(momentum)?of?the?vehicle?into?thermal?energy?(heat).When?stepping?on?the?brakes,?the?driver?commands?a?stopping?force?ten?times?as?powerful?as?the?force?that?puts?the?car?in?motion.?The?braking?system?can?exert?thousands?of?pounds?of?pressure?on?each?of?the?four?brakes.?
Two?complete?independent?braking?systems?are?used?on?the?car.?They?are?the?service?brake?and?the?parking?brake.?
The?service?brake?acts?to?slow,?stop,?or?hold?the?vehicle?during?normal?driving.?They?are?foot-operated?by?the?driver?depressing?and?releasing?the?brake?pedal.?The?primary?purpose?of?the?parking?brake?is?to?hold?the?vehicle?stationary?while?it?is?unattended.?The?parking?brake?is?mechanically?operated?by?when?a?separate?parking?brake?foot?pedal?or?hand?lever?is?set.?
??The?brake?system?is?composed?of?the?following?basic?components:?the?“master?cylinder”?which?is?located?under?the?hood,?and?is?directly?connected?to?the?brake?pedal,?converts?driver?foot’s?mechanical?pressure?into?hydraulic?pressure.?Steel?“brake?lines”?and?flexible?“brake?hoses”?connect?the?master?cylinder?to?the?“slave?cylinders”?located?at?each?wheel.?Brake?fluid,?specially?designed?to?work?in?extreme?conditions,?fills?the?system.?“Shoes”?and?“pads”?are?pushed?by?the?slave?cylinders?to?contact?the?“drums”?and?“rotors”?thus?causing?drag,?which?(hopefully)?slows?the?car.
The?typical?brake?system?consists?of?disk?brakes?in?front?and?either?disk?or?drum?brakes?in?the?rear?connected?by?a?system?of?tubes?and?hoses?that?link?the?brake?at?each?wheel?to?the?master?cylinder?(Figure).?
Basically,?all?car?brakes?are?friction?brakes.?When?the?driver?applies?the?brake,?the?control?device?forces?brake?shoes,?or?pads,?against?the?rotating?brake?drum?or?disks?at?wheel.?Friction?between?the?shoes?or?pads?and?the?drums?or?disks?then?slows?or?stops?the?wheel?so?that?the?car?is?braked.?
In?most?modern?brake?systems?(see?Figure?15.1),?there?is?a?fluid-filled?cylinder,?called?master?cylinder,?which?contains?two?separate?sections,?there?is?a?piston?in?each?section?and?both?pistons?are?connected?to?a?brake?pedal?in?the?driver’s?compartment.?When?the?brake?is?pushed?down,?brake?fluid?is?sent?from?the?master?cylinder?to?the?wheels.?
At?the?wheels,?the?fluid?pushes?shoes,?or?pads,?against?revolving?drums?or?disks.?The?friction?between?the?stationary?shoes,?or?pads,?and?the?revolving?drums?or?disks?slows?and?stops?them.?This?slows?or?stops?the?revolving?wheels,?which,?in?turn,?slow?or?stop?the?car.??The?brake?fluid?reservoir?is?on?top?of?the?master?cylinder.?Most?cars?today?have?a?transparent?reservoir?so?that?you?can?see?the?level?without?opening?the?cover.?The?brake?fluid?level?will?drop?slightly?as?the?brake?pads?wear.?This?is?a?normal?condition?and?no?cause?for?concern.?If?the?level?drops?noticeably?over?ashort?period?of?time?or?goes?down?to?about?two?thirds?full,?have?your?brakes?checked?as?soon?as?possible.?Keep?the?reservoir?covered?except?for?the?amount?of?time?you?need?to?fill?it?and?never?leave?a?cam?of?brake?fluid?uncovered.Brake?fluid?must?maintain?a?very?high?boiling?point.?Exposure?to?air?will?cause?the?fluid?to?absorb?moisture?which?will?lower?that?boiling?point.?
??The?brake?fluid?travels?from?the?master?cylinder?to?the?wheels?through?a?series?of?steel?tubes?and?reinforced?rubber?hoses.?Rubber?hoses?are?only?used?in?places?that?require?flexibility,?such?as?at?the?front?wheels,?which?move?up?and?down?as?well?as?steer.?The?rest?of?the?system?uses?non-corrosive?seamless?steel?tubing?with?special?fittings?at?all?attachment?points.?If?a?steel?line?requires?a?repair,?the?best?procedure?is?to?replace?the?compete?line.?If?this?is?not?practical,?a?line?can?be?repaired?using?special?splice?fittings?that?are?made?for?brake?system?repair.?You?must?never?use?copper?tubing?to?repair?a?brake?system.?They?are?dangerous?and?illegal.?
Drum?brakes,?it?consists?of?the?brake?drum,?an?expander,?pull?back?springs,?a?stationary?back?plate,?two?shoes?with?friction?linings,?and?anchor?pins.?The?stationary?back?plate?is?secured?to?the?flange?of?the?axle?housing?or?to?the?steering?knuckle.?The?brake?drum?is?mounted?on?the?wheel?hub.?There?is?a?clearance?between?the?inner?surface?of?the?drum?and?the?shoe?lining.?To?apply?brakes,?the?driver?pushes?pedal,?the?expander?expands?the?shoes?and?presses?them?to?the?drum.?Friction?between?the?brake?drum?and?the?friction?linings?brakes?the?wheels?and?the?vehicle?stops.?To?release?brakes,?the?driver?release?the?pedal,?the?pull?back?spring?retracts?the?shoes?thus?permitting?free?rotation?of?the?wheels.?
Disk?brakes,?it?has?a?metal?disk?instead?of?a?drum.?A?flat?shoe,?or?disk-brake?pad,?is?located?on?each?side?of?the?disk.?The?shoes?squeeze?the?rotatin?g?disk?to?stop?the?car.?Fluid?from?the?master?cylinderforces?the?pistons?to?move?in,?toward?the?disk.?This?action?pushes?the?friction?pads?tightly?against?the?disk.?The?friction?between?the?shoes?and?disk?slows?and?stops?it.?This?provides?the?braking?action.?Pistons?are?made?of?either?plastic?or?metal.?There?are?three?general?types?of?disk?brakes.?They?are?the?floating-caliper?type,?the?fixed-caliper?type,?and?the?sliding-caliper?type.?Floating-caliper?and?sliding-caliper?disk?brakes?use?a?single?piston.?Fixed-caliper?disk?brakes?have?either?two?or?four?pistons.?
?The?brake?system?assemblies?are?actuated?by?mechanical,?hydraulic?or?pneumatic?devices.?The?mechanical?leverage?is?used?in?the?parking?brakes?fitted?in?all?automobile.?When?the?brake?pedal?is?depressed,?the?rod?pushes?the?piston?of?brake?master?cylinder?which?presses?the?fluid.?The?fluid?flows?through?the?pipelines?to?the?power?brake?unit?and?then?to?the?wheel?cylinder.?The?fluid?pressure?expands?the?cylinder?pistons?thus?pressing?the?shoes?to?the?drum?or?disk.?If?the?pedal?is?released,?the?piston?returns?to?the?initialposition,?the?pull?back?springs?retract?the?shoes,?the?fluid?is?forced?back?to?the?master?cylinder?and?braking?ceases.?
?The?primary?purpose?of?the?parking?brake?is?to?hold?the?vehicle?stationary?while?it?is?unattended.?The?parking?brake?is?mechanically?operated?by?the?driver?when?a?separate?parking?braking?hand?lever?is?set.?The?hand?brake?is?normally?used?when?the?car?has?already?stopped.?A?lever?is?pulled?and?the?rear?brakes?are?approached?and?locked?in?the?“on”?position.?The?car?may?now?be?left?without?fear?of?its?rolling?away.?When?the?driver?wants?to?move?the?car?again,?he?must?press?a?button?before?the?lever?can?be?released.?The?hand?brake?must?also?be?able?to?stop?the?car?in?the?event?of?the?foot?brake?failing. For?this?reason,?it?is?separate?from?the?foot?brake?uses?cable?or?rods?instead?of?the?hydraulic?system.?Anti-lock?Brake?System?
Anti-lock?brake?systems?make?braking?safer?and?more?convenient,?Anti-lock?brake?systems?modulate?brake?system?hydraulic?pressure?to?prevent?the?brakes?from?locking?and?the?tires?from?skidding?on?slippery?pavement?or?during?a?panic?stop.?
Anti-lock?brake?systems?have?been?used?on?aircraft?for?years,?and?some?domestic?car?were?offered?with?an?early?form?of?anti-lock?braking?in?late?1990’s.?Recently,?several?automakers?have?introduced?more?sophisticated?anti-lock?system.?Investigations?in?Europe,?where?anti-lock?brakin?g?systems?have?been?available?for?a?decade,?have?led?one?manufacture?to?state?that?the?number?of?traffic?accidents?could?be?reduced?by?seven?and?a?half?percent?if?all?cars?had?anti-lock?brakes.?So?some?sources?predict?that?all?cars?will?offer?anti-lock?brakes?to?improve?the?safety?of?the?car.?
?Anti-lock?systems?modulate?brake?application?force?several?times?per?second?to?hold?the?tires?at?a?controlled?amount?of?slip;?all?systems?accomplish?this?in?basically?the?same?way.?One?or?more?speed?sensors?generate?alternating?current?signal?whose?frequency?increases?with?the?wheel?rotational?speed.?An?electronic?control?unit?continuously?monitors?these?signals?and?if?the?frequency?of?a?signal?drops?too?rapidly?indicating?that?a?wheel?is?about?to?lock,?the?control?unit?instructs?a?modulating?device?to?reduce?hydraulic?pressure?to?the?brake?at?the?affected?wheel.?When?sensor?signals?indicate?the?wheel?is?again?rotating?normally,?the?control?unit?allows?increased?hydraulic?pressure?to?the?brake.?This?release-apply?cycle?occursseveral?time?per?second?to?“pump”?the?brakes?like?a?driver?might?but?at?a?much?faster?rate.?
In?addition?to?their?basic?operation,?anti-lock?systems?have?two?other?things?in?common.?First,?they?do?not?operate?until?the?brakes?are?applied?with?enough?force?to?lock?or?nearly?lock?a?wheel.?At?all?other?times,?the?system?stands?ready?to?function?but?does?not?interfere?with?normal?braking.?Second,?if?the?anti-lock?system?fail?in?any?way,?the?brakes?continue?to?operate?without?anti-lock?capability.?A?warning?light?on?the?instrument?panel?alerts?the?driver?when?a?problem?exists?in?the?anti-lock?system.?
?The?current?Bosch?component?Anti-lock?Braking?System?(ABSⅡ),?is?a?second?generation?design?wildly?used?by?European?automakers?such?as?BWM,?Mercedes-Benz?and?Porsche.?ABSⅡ?system?consists?of?:?four?wheel?speed?sensor,?electronic?control?unit?and?modulator?assembly.?A?speed?sensor?is?fitted?at?each?wheel?sends?signals?about?wheel?rotation?to?control?unit.?Each?speed?sensor?consists?of?a?sensor?unit?and?a?gear?wheel.?The?front?sensor?mounts?to?the?steering?knuckle?and?its?gear?wheel?is?pressed?onto?the?stub?axle?that?rotates?with?the?wheel.?The?rear?sensor?mounts?the?rear?suspension?member?and?its?gear?wheel?is?pressed?onto?the?axle.?The?sensor?itself?is?a?winding?with?a?magnetic?core.?The?core?creates?a?magnetic?field?around?the?winding,?and?as?the?teeth?of?the?gear?wheel?move?through?this?field,?an?alternating?current?is?induced?in?the?winding.?The?control?unit?monitors?the?rate?o?change?in?this?frequency?to?determine?impending?brake?lockup.?
?The?control?unit’s?function?can?be?divided?into?three?parts:?signal?processing,?logic?and?safety?circuitry.?The?signal?processing?sectionis?the?converter?that?receives?the?alternating?current?signals?form?the?speed?sensors?and?converts?them?into?digital?form?for?the?logic?section.?The?logic?section?then?analyzes?the?digitized?signals?to?calculate?any?brake?pressure?changes?needed.?If?impending?lockup?is?sensed,?the?logic?section?sends?commands?to?the?modulator?assembly.?Modulator?assembly?
The?hydraulic?modulator?assembly?regulates?pressure?to?the?wheel?brakes?when?it?receives?commands?from?the?control?utuit.?The?modulator?assembly?can?maintain?or?reduce?pressure?over?the?level?it?receives?from?the?master?cylinder,?it?also?can?never?apply?the?brakes?by?itself.?The?modulator?assembly?consists?of?three?high-speed?electric?solenoid?valves,?two?fluid?reservoirs?and?a?turn?delivery?pump?equipped?with?inlet?and?outlet?check?valves.?The?modulator?electrical?connector?and?controlling?relays?are?concealed?under?a?plastic?cover?of?the?assembly.?
Each?front?wheel?is?served?by?electric?solenoid?valve?modulated?independently?by?the?control?unit.?The?rear?brakes?are?served?by?a?single?solenoid?valve?and?modulated?together?using?the?select-low?principle.?During?anti-braking?system?operation,?the?control?unit?cycles?the?solenoid?valves?to?either?hold?or?release?pressure?the?brake?lines.?When?pressure?is?released?from?the?brake?lines?during?anti-braking?operation,?it?is?routed?to?a?fluid?reservoir.?There?is?one?reservoir?for?the?front?brake?circuit.?The?reservoirs?are?low-pressure?accumulators?that?store?fluid?under?slight?spring?pressure?until?the?return?delivery?pump?can?return?the?fluid?through?the?brake?lines?to?the?master?cylinder.
汽車制動系統(tǒng)
制動系統(tǒng)是汽車上最重要的系統(tǒng)。如果制動系統(tǒng)壞了，結(jié)果會很嚴重。制動器實際上是能量轉(zhuǎn)化裝置，制動器能將車輛的動能（動量）轉(zhuǎn)化為熱能（熱）。當司機踩制動踏板時，司機施加的使汽車停下的力相當于推動汽車的力的十倍。制動系統(tǒng)能施加在每個制動器上的力有幾千磅。?
汽車上裝有兩套完全獨立的制動系統(tǒng)，即行車制動系統(tǒng)和駐車制動系統(tǒng)?行車制動用來減速、停車或者控制正在正常行駛的車輛，它是通過司機踩下和釋放剎車踏板來控制的。駐車制動的主要目的是使車輛在無人看管時保持靜止狀態(tài)。駐車制動是機械式操作，司機可以通過一個獨立的駐車制動剎車腳踏板或者剎車手柄來操控。?
制動系統(tǒng)由下列基本部分組成：“制動主缸”，安裝在發(fā)動機罩的下面，直接與制動踏板相連，將司機腳部的機械壓力轉(zhuǎn)化為液壓壓力。鋼制的“制動管路”和柔韌的“制動軟管”將制動主缸與安裝在各個車輪上的“制動輪缸”連接起來。制動液，特別設(shè)計工作在極端環(huán)境下，充滿制動系統(tǒng)?！爸苿犹恪焙汀爸苿右r塊”在制動輪缸的推動下分別與“制動鼓”和“制動盤”接觸而產(chǎn)生阻力，從而（有希望）使汽車減速。?
典型的制動系統(tǒng)由前部的盤式制動器和后部的盤式或鼓式制動器組成，制動器用管道與制動主缸相連。?
基本上，所有的汽車制動器都是摩擦式制動器。當司機開始制動時，控制裝置迫使制動蹄或者制動襯塊擠壓車輪上的旋轉(zhuǎn)的制動鼓或者制動盤。制動蹄與制動鼓或者制動襯塊與制動盤之間的摩擦使車輪減速或者停下，從而使汽車被剎住。?
大多數(shù)現(xiàn)代制動系統(tǒng)里都有一個充滿液體的缸體，叫做制動主缸，它包含兩個獨立的部分，每個部分都有一個活塞，每個活塞都和司機駕駛室的剎車踏板相連。當踩下制動踏板時，制動液就被從制動主缸壓到各個車輪。?
在各個車輪處，制動液推動制動蹄或制動襯塊與旋轉(zhuǎn)的制動鼓或制動盤接觸。靜止的制動蹄或制動襯塊與轉(zhuǎn)動的制動鼓或制動盤之間的摩擦，使制動鼓或制動盤減速或停止，這將使車輪減速或者停止，進而使汽車減速或者停止。?
制動液儲液罐在制動主缸的頂部。今天大部分的汽車的制動液儲液罐都是透明的，以便你不必打開蓋子就能看到液面的高度。制動液的液面會隨著制動襯塊的摩擦而下降，這是正常狀況不必擔心。如果液面高度在短時間內(nèi)明顯下降或者下降了三分之二，請盡快檢查你的制動系統(tǒng)。保持制動液儲液罐的蓋子是關(guān)閉狀態(tài)，除非你需要加油，絕不要讓凸輪制動液暴漏著。制動液必須保持非常高的沸點，暴漏在空氣中將造成制動液吸收水分而沸點降低。?
制動液通過一系列鋼制管路和強化的橡膠管從制動主缸到達車輪處。橡膠管路僅僅用在對柔韌性有要求的地方，如前輪處，管路會隨著形式上下移動。剩下的系統(tǒng)管路用不銹無縫鋼管通過特殊配件相連。如果鋼制管路需要修理，最好的方式是更換相同的管路，如果這不實際，也可以用為制動系統(tǒng)維修專門生產(chǎn)的專用接頭配件來修理。決不能用銅制管路來維修制動系統(tǒng)，那樣很危險而且違反規(guī)定。?
鼓式制動器，包括制動鼓、一個制動輪缸、回位彈簧、一個制動底板、兩個帶摩擦片的制動蹄和支承銷。制動底板固定在驅(qū)動橋殼的法蘭盤上或者轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)上。制動鼓安裝在輪轂上。制動鼓的內(nèi)表面與制動蹄摩擦片之間有一段間距。制動時，司機踩下踏板，制動輪缸是制動蹄張開壓在制動鼓上。制動鼓與摩擦片之間的摩擦使車輪制動，使車輛停止。解除制動時，司機放開踏板，回位彈簧拉回制動蹄從而使車輪能自由轉(zhuǎn)動。?
盤式制動器，有一個金屬盤代替了制動鼓。制動盤兩側(cè)各裝有一個平的制動蹄或者叫盤式制動摩擦襯塊。制動襯塊擠壓旋轉(zhuǎn)的制動盤使汽車停止。來自制動主缸的制動液迫使輪缸的活塞向制動盤移動，從而推動摩擦襯塊緊緊地壓在制動盤上。摩擦襯塊與制動盤之間的摩擦使制動盤減速和停止，這就是制動的過程?；钊撬芰匣蛘呓饘僦频?。盤式制動器有三種基本類型，浮鉗盤式制動器、定鉗盤式制動器和滑動鉗盤式制動器。浮鉗盤式制動器和滑動鉗盤式制動器用一個活塞，定鉗盤式制動器有兩個或者四個活塞。?
制動系統(tǒng)裝配組件驅(qū)動方式有機械式、液壓式或者氣壓式。機械式杠桿機構(gòu)適用于所有汽車的駐車制動。當踩下制動踏板時，推桿推動制動主缸的活塞移動，制動液從油管流到動力制動單元再流到制動輪缸，制動液的壓力推開輪缸的活塞，從而使摩擦片擠壓制動鼓或制動盤。如果放開制動踏板，活塞回到初始位置，回位彈簧使制動蹄回位，制動液被壓回主缸，制動停止。?
駐車制動的主要作用是使車輛在無人看管時保持靜止，駐車制動是機械式操作，司機通過一個獨立的制動手柄來操縱。手剎通常在汽車已經(jīng)停下時使用。當拉動手剎時，后制動系統(tǒng)被剎住并被鎖在“打開”的位置，現(xiàn)在可以把汽車扔下而不用擔心它自己移走了。當司機想要再次移動汽車時，他必須按一個按鈕才能使手剎拉桿松開。手剎還必須能在腳剎失靈的情況下使汽車停止，因此，手剎系統(tǒng)采用拉索或杠桿，不同于腳剎采用液壓系統(tǒng)。?
防抱死制動系統(tǒng)使制動更加安全和方便，防抱死制動系統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié)制動系統(tǒng)液壓，防止制動器鎖死，防止輪胎在光滑路面上或緊急制動時發(fā)生打滑。?
防抱死制動系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)用在航空飛行器上多年，90年代末期，一些中國產(chǎn)汽車裝備了早期形式的防抱死制動系統(tǒng)?，F(xiàn)在，一些汽車制造商已經(jīng)引進了更先進的防抱死制動系統(tǒng)。在防抱死制動系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)應用十年的歐洲進行的一項調(diào)查說明，如果所有的車都有防抱死制動系統(tǒng)，交通事故的數(shù)量將可以減少7.5%，所以一些人預計將來所有的車都會裝上防抱死制動系統(tǒng)，以提高汽車的安全性。?
防抱死系統(tǒng)每秒調(diào)節(jié)制動作用力幾次，以把輪胎的滑移量控制在一定范圍內(nèi)；基本上所有的系統(tǒng)都是以這種方式來完成的。一個或多個速度傳感器產(chǎn)生交流信號，交流信號的頻率隨著車輪轉(zhuǎn)速的提高而增大一個電控單元不斷監(jiān)測著這些信號，如果其中一個信號的頻率下降的太迅速，表明一個車輪將要抱死，電控單元命令調(diào)節(jié)裝置減小受影響車輪的制動液壓。當傳感器信號表明車輪仍在正常轉(zhuǎn)動時，控制單元允許制動器增大液壓，這種收放循環(huán)每秒發(fā)生幾次，對制動器的控制類似于司機反復釋放和踩下踏板，但是速度更快。?
除了他們的基本作用，關(guān)于防抱死系統(tǒng)還有另外兩件事。第一，防抱死系統(tǒng)直到制動器抱死車輪才起作用，在其他時間，防抱死系統(tǒng)做好運行的準備，但是不干涉正常制動。第二，如果防抱死系統(tǒng)失靈了，制動器沒有了防抱死能力仍然能繼續(xù)工作，當防抱死系統(tǒng)存在問題時，儀表盤上的一個警示燈會提示司機。?
歐洲汽車制造商，如寶馬、奔馳和保時捷，廣泛使用的是博世的第二代防抱死制動系統(tǒng)ABSⅡ。ABSⅡ系統(tǒng)包括：四個車輪轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器、電子控制單元和調(diào)節(jié)裝置。?
裝在每個車輪上的輪速傳感器將車輪轉(zhuǎn)動信號送到控制單元，每個速度傳感器包括一個磁感應傳感頭和一個齒圈。前輪傳感器安裝在轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)上，它的齒圈安在轉(zhuǎn)向軸上，隨車輪一起旋轉(zhuǎn)。后傳感器安裝在后懸架部件上，它的齒圈安裝在車軸上。傳感器是一個有磁芯的線圈，磁芯產(chǎn)生一個環(huán)繞線圈的磁場，當齒圈的齒穿過磁場時，線圈中會產(chǎn)生交流電?？刂茊卧O(jiān)測著頻率變化的速度，以判斷什么時候即將抱死。?
控制單元的作用可以分為三部分：信號處理，邏輯計算和安全電路。信號處理部分是將從輪速傳感器接收到的交流信號轉(zhuǎn)換成數(shù)字形式，為邏輯計算做準備。然后邏輯計算部分分析這些數(shù)字化的信號，計算出制動壓力需要的改變。如果覺察到即將抱死，邏輯計算部分將向液壓調(diào)節(jié)器發(fā)出命令。?
當液壓調(diào)節(jié)器接受到控制單元的命令時，將會調(diào)節(jié)車輪制動器中的液壓。液壓調(diào)節(jié)器能保持或者減少來自制動主缸的壓力，但是它不能自己啟動制動器。液壓調(diào)節(jié)器包括三個高速的電磁閥、兩個儲液器和一個裝有進出口止回閥的輸出泵。調(diào)節(jié)器的電子連接器和控制繼電器隱蔽在塑料蓋子下。?
每個前輪都有一個電磁閥，受控制單元獨立調(diào)節(jié)。兩個后輪則只有一個電磁閥，采用低選擇原則共同調(diào)節(jié)。在防抱死制動系統(tǒng)起作用時，控制單元循環(huán)控制電磁閥保持或者減小制動系統(tǒng)的液壓，當防抱死期間制動系統(tǒng)液壓被降低時，制動液被壓入儲液器。前制動線路有一個儲液罐。儲液罐是低壓蓄能器，在低壓下儲存油液，直到回流泵將油液從管路送回制動主缸。
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