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青島理工大學本科畢業(yè)設計（論文）說明書
附件1
機電一體化技術
機電一體化又稱機械電子學，英語稱為Mechatronics，它是由英文機械學Mechanics的前半部分與電子學Electronics的后半部分組合而成。機電一體化最早出現在1971年日本雜志《機械設計》的副刊上，隨著機電一體化技術的快速發(fā)展，機電一體化的概念被我們廣泛接受和普遍應用。隨著計算機技術的迅猛發(fā)展和廣泛應用,機電一體化技術獲得前所未有的發(fā)展?，F在的機電一體化技術，是機械和微電子技術緊密集合的一門技術，他的發(fā)展使冷冰冰的機器有了人性化，智能化。
機電一體化技術具體包括以下內容：
（1） 機械技術 機械技術是機電一體化的基礎，機械技術的著眼點在于如何與機電一體化技術相適應，利用其它高、新技術來更新概念，實現結構上、材料上、性能上的變更，滿足減小重量、縮小體積、提高精度、提高剛度及改善性能的要求。在機電一體化系統制造過程中，經典的機械理論與工藝應借助于計算機輔助技術，同時采用人工智能與專家系統等，形成新一代的機械制造技術。
（2） 計算機與信息技術
其中信息交換、存取、運算、判斷與決策、人工智能技術、專家系統技術、神經網絡技術均屬于計算機信息處理技術。
（3） 系統技術
系統技術即以整體的概念組織應用各種相關技術，從全局角度和系統目標出發(fā)，將總體分解成相互關聯的若干功能單元，接口技術是系統技術中一個重要方面，它是實現系統各部分有機連接的保證。
（4） 自動控制技術
其范圍很廣，在控制理論指導下，進行系統設計，設計后的系統仿真，現場調試，控制技術包括如高精度定位控制、速度控制、自適應控制、自診斷校正、補償、再現、檢索等。
（5） 傳感檢測技術
傳感檢測技術是系統的感受器官，是實現自動控制、自動調節(jié)的關鍵環(huán)節(jié)。其功能越強，系統的自動化程序就越高?，F代工程要求傳感器能快速、精確地獲取信息并能經受嚴酷環(huán)境的考驗，它是機電一體化系統達到高水平的保證。
（6） 伺服傳動技術 包括電動、氣動、液壓等各種類型的傳動裝置，伺服系統是實現電信號到機械動作的轉換裝置與部件、對系統的動態(tài)性能、控制質量和功能有決定性的影響。
機電一體化系統組成
1.機械本體 機械本體包括機架、機械連接、機械傳動等，它是機電一體化的基礎，起著支撐系統中其他功能單元、傳遞運動和動力的作用。與純粹的機械產品相比，機電一體化系統的技術性能得到提高、功能得到增強，這就要求機械本體在機械結構、材料、加工工藝性以及幾何尺寸等方面能夠與之相適應，具有高效、多功能、可靠和節(jié)能、小型、輕量、美觀的特點。
2.檢測傳感部分 檢測傳感部分包括各種傳感器及其信號檢測電路，其作用就是檢測機電一體化系統工作過程中本身和外界環(huán)境有關參量的變化，并將信息傳遞給電子控制單元，電子控制單元根據檢查到的信息向執(zhí)行器發(fā)出相應的控制。
3.電子控制單元 電子控制單元又稱ECU（Electrical Control Unit ），是機電一體化系統的核心，負責將來自各傳感器的檢測信號和外部輸入命令進行集中、存儲、計算、分析，根據信息處理結果，按照一定的程度和節(jié)奏發(fā)出相應的指令，控制整個系統有目的地進行。
4.執(zhí)行器 執(zhí)行器的作用是根據電子控制單元的指令驅動機械部件的運動。執(zhí)行器是運動部件，通常采用電力驅動、氣壓驅動和液壓驅動等幾種方式。
5.動力源 動力源是機電一體化產品能量供應部分，其作用是按照系統控制要求向機械系統提供能量和動力使系統正常運行。提供能量的方式包括電能、氣能和液壓能，以電能為主。
機電一體化主要課程
機械方面：機械制圖，機械設計，工程材料，工程力學，數控編程技術，autoCAD，Mastercam軟件，C#
電工方面：可編程控制器PLC，單片機，自動控制原理，數字電路，電工電子
實習課程：電力拖動，PLC，單片機，鉗工，普通車、銑、刨床，數控車、銑，加工中心
本專業(yè)的培養(yǎng)目標
本專業(yè)培養(yǎng)德、智、體、美全面發(fā)展，具有創(chuàng)業(yè)、創(chuàng)新精神和良好職業(yè)道德的高等專門人才，掌握機械技術和電氣技術的基礎理論和專業(yè)知識；具備相應實踐技能以及較強的實際工作能力，熟練進行機電一體化產品和設備的應用、維護、安裝、調試、銷售及管理的第一線高等技術應用型人才。
本專業(yè)職業(yè)面向
機電一體化專業(yè)是一個寬口徑專業(yè)，適應范圍很廣，學生在校期間除學習各種機械、電工電子、計算機技術、控制技術、檢測傳感等理論知識外，還將參加各種技能培訓和國家職業(yè)資格證書考試，充分體現重視技能培養(yǎng)的特點。學生畢業(yè)后主要面向珠江三角洲各企業(yè)、公司，從事加工制造業(yè)，家電生產和售后服務，數控加工機床設備使用維護，物業(yè)自動化管理系統，機電產品設計、生產、改造、技術支持，以及機電設備的安裝、調試、維護、銷售、經營管理等等。
1、主要就業(yè)崗位：機電一體化設備的安裝、調試、維修、銷售及管理；普通機床的數控化改裝等。
2、次要就業(yè)崗位：機電一體化產品的設計、生產、改造、技術服務等
傾斜表面移動熱源模型
在磨削加工中，大部分產生的能量會轉換成熱量。磨削加工區(qū)的高溫對工件表面質量、磨削精確度、磨削效率和砂輪的磨削磨削表現都有很重要的影響。因此對磨削熱方面的就顯得相當重要并且在多年來一直作為磨削加工中的重要研究課題。
1 引言
對于磨削溫度的計算，目前大多數熱源模型都將熱源平面假設為以速度v沿半無限體移動，即忽略磨削深度并將磨削上下表面當作同一表面。熱源平面與移動方向平行（圖1，=0）。對于普通的淺磨來說，這種假設很好地接近實際情況的，但是對于深磨的情況，例如緩進給磨削和高效深切磨削，磨削深度大約能達到10毫米。這種圖1(b)所示的簡化的熱量轉移情況表明熱源平面與它的移動方向之間存在一個傾斜角，傾斜平面熱以速度v轉換和預熱材料直接在前面的這個平面在不斷消除。很明顯對于深磨情況上述的假設需要被修改且磨削深度、傾斜角應該被考慮。
圖1 熱源平面和它在深磨中的運動
對于垂直磨削的磨削區(qū)溫度的研究也需要考慮熱源平面的傾斜移動。有一個比較好的的方法是通過假設一個統一的溫度帶來表現磨削區(qū)熱源平面以磨削速度在加工表面移動，該平面與有一個傾斜角，表面被當作半無限體。Jaeger的解決方案是直接用在剪切面和是與溫度有關的解決方案，在切屑方面。雖然一個比較明確和直接的解決辦法是源自與假設，Dawson和Malkin的求解方法仍然存在一些值得商榷方面，由于相對過度簡化指出的那樣。在現實中熱源對剪切機不會移動，沿剪切面，但動作與切削速度對材料在前面的剪切機，一部分熱量進入到工件是不斷帶走的物質拆除之前，它可以轉移到該地區(qū)下方的前沿。
簡化的解決方案，與直接利用Jaeger理論對剪切面，缺乏理論的合理性，雖然也是必要的精度，特別是在較大的剪切角度和更高的切削速度時。Rapier的方法則解決了這個問題與數值計算方法，這是一種基于一維穩(wěn)定傳熱移動無限熱平面均勻的溫度分布在一個無限固體的方法;問題是處理在這方面，不僅速度垂直切變，平面不可或缺的作用，對熱轉移在剪切帶。為案件高切削速度，劍桿織機的解決方案是一個較好的逼近，但未能得到有效的，當磨削情況有較低的切削速度和較小的剪切角時不適合的分析磨削區(qū)溫度。
在此基礎上的基本微分方程穩(wěn)定的傳熱和統一熱流的假設，Dawson和Malkin解決了傳熱問題的斜平面移動源的有限元方法，并取得了一系列的數值解，根據不同的熱條件。熱兩方面正交切削和緩進給磨削進行了分析與這些解決方案。與統一的熱流所承擔的熱源平面，最高量綱溫升在于大約在磨削尾區(qū)，這是并非如此，在普通和緩進給磨削中。雖然整體的有限元分析應提供最準確的分析估計的溫度所產生的（即前面所提到的Dawson和Malkin的方法），這種方法是相當復雜的，必須反復為每一個情況都考慮。他們的結果還出現一些分歧，與其他研究者的分析方法仍然是一個直接的方法由于其方便的利用和明確的理論意義，如果一個理性的解析解可以得到。
上面所提到的熱傳遞的熱分析中存在的問題在本論文中得到了比較好的解決。本論文中建立了三中相關聯的熱傳遞熱源模型，其中平均熱源模型和三角形熱源模型都分別進行了一維或二維熱傳遞分析。這三種熱源模型都將熱原平面的傾斜移動考慮在內，這對于研究高效深切磨削和大傾斜角熱源平面都有很重要的意義。從這些熱源模型中得到的溫升求解方案，在高效深切磨削中也做了研究。該論文中提出的熱源模型可以用作對深切磨削和垂直磨削的問題進行分析，其中對垂直磨削的分析只是簡短的討論了一下。
2 一維傾斜移動熱源模型
2.1統一熱流量模型
直角坐標系如圖2所示，引起AB面溫度升高的熱量在工作平面中，來自同一個熱源，熱源在臨近的以速度v移動的平面上，熱源沿z軸一維傳遞。坐標值z當平面靠近平面AB時減小，熱量逐漸由B傳遞到A，直到平面與平面AB重合。
平面與平面AB近似取作相等，AB==L，L是磨削弧的長度。熱源平面在平面AB上的作用時間。
在熱量傳遞的一瞬間，平面?zhèn)鬟f的熱量為，是熱源平面的平均熱流量，被當作半無限體的平面，平面AB上點E(x,0)的溫升即由和點E的座標共同決定，根據半無限體表面瞬態(tài)熱源的鏡像原理，即可計算出該熱量值[14,15]：
(1)
其中：，，（見圖2），分別是比熱容，密度，熱分散率和熱傳導率。點E從熱源面開始受熱的時間是：，。從到時間內，E點的溫升為：
(2)
求解得：
圖2 一維統一熱流量熱源模型
(3)
方程（3）的無量綱形式為：
(4)
其中：
，，
2.2 三角形熱源模型
沿磨削加工區(qū)，切屑的厚度并不一致，在磨削加工區(qū)的前沿厚度最大而在磨削加工區(qū)的尾部磨屑厚度接近零，所以三角形熱源模型更合理。在熱源平面上假設一個三角形熱源模型，如圖3所示。那么在時刻內（），在點E(x,0)上來自熱源平面的熱量是，這一時刻至的時間間隔等于。
點E靠近半無限體上的熱源平面的溫升受到熱發(fā)散率的影響，也可以用和方程(1)類似的方法計算這個溫升，即：
(5)
在時間內E點的溫升為：
(6)
該方程可以通過以下幾步進行積分求解：
(7)
方程(6)的無量綱形式為：
(8)
圖3 一維三角形熱源模型
3 二維傾斜移動熱源模型
處理二維熱傳遞問題需要通過幾個步驟來求解。首先要認為在y方向上有一條無限長的熱源線，且其在無限體內沿x軸方向上的熱流率q和速度為，有一點M(x,y,z)在固體內以速度沿z軸移動(見圖4)。
圖4 在無限體中的無數條無限熱源線
在時刻，由熱源平面的熱流量引起單位點M(x,y,z)的溫升（這與y坐標軸無關）可以根據在無限體內的無限熱源線方程式求解：
(9)
變量間的關系如圖4所示，。移動坐標系采用：，。從時刻到時間內，M點的溫升可以根據方程(10)來計算，即：
(10)
求解得：
(11)
其中：
當時，可近似認為
傾斜平面AB的熱源可視作無數條沿y方向的熱源線，且移動坐標系以速度移動，如圖5所示：
圖5 二維統一熱流量熱源模型
每條熱源線的移動速度為，即，。在單獨一條熱源線的作用下，點的溫升可以用等式(11)附加鏡像熱源法則來計算，即等式(12)：
(12)
在全部熱源平面作用下點的溫升如下用等式(13)來計算：
(13)
在熱源平面上：
(14)
求解得：
(15)
其中：
表面溫升的無量綱形式為：
(16)
當，時：
(17)
這與Jaeger的求解方法一致，即Jaeger的方法是傾斜移動熱源模型的一種特殊形式，這就進一步證明了上面的假設與得出的結論的正確性。
附件2
Mechatronics
Electrical machinery and electronics, also known as the integration of science, English as Mechatronics, it is by English mechanics of the first half of Mechanics and Electronics of the latter part of a combination of Electronics. Mechatronics 1971, first appeared in Japanese magazine, "Machine Design" on the supplement, with the mechanical-electrical integration of the rapid development of technology, electromechanical integration, the concept was widely accepted and we have universal application. With the rapid development of computer technology and extensive application of mechatronics technology unprecedented development. Mechatronics present technology, mechanical and micro-electronics technology is closely a set of technologies, the development of his machine has been cold humane, intelligent.
Specific mechanical and electrical integration technologies, including the following:
(1) mechanical engineering machinery and technology is the basis of mechatronics, mechanical technology, focused on how to adapt to mechanical and electrical integration technologies, the use of other high and new technology to update the concept, the realization of the structure, materials, the performance changes to meet the needs to reduce weight, reduce the size and improve accuracy, increase the stiffness and improving the performance requirements. Mechatronic systems in the manufacturing process, the classical theory and technology of mechanical computer-aided technology should help, while the use of artificial intelligence and expert systems, the formation of a new generation of mechanical manufacturing technology.
(2) Computer and Information Technology
Which information exchange, access, computing, judge and decision-making, artificial intelligence techniques, expert system technology, neural networks are computer information processing technology.
(3) System Technology
System technology that is the concept of the overall application of related technology organizations, from the perspective of the overall objectives and systems will be interconnected into the overall number of functional units, system interface technology is an important aspect of technology, it is an organic part of the realization of system guarantee connectivity.
(4) Automatic Control Technology
Its scope is broad, under the guidance of the control theory for system design, design of system simulation, live debugging, control technology include, for example, high-precision positioning control, speed control, adaptive control, self-diagnosis calibration, compensation, reproduction, retrieval, etc. .
(5) Sensor detection technology
Sensor detection technology is the feeling of organ systems, is to achieve automatic control, the key to automatic adjustment. The stronger its functions, the system the higher the automation process. Engineering requirements of modern sensors can be fast and accurate access to information and are able to withstand the harsh environment of the test, it is the mechanical-electrical integration systems to achieve a high level of assurance.
(6) Servo-drive technology, including electric, pneumatic, hydraulic and other types of actuators, servo system is a signal to the mechanical action to achieve the conversion devices and components, the dynamic performance of the system, control the quality and features have a decisive impact.
Mechatronics system
1. Machinery ontology ontology including mechanical rack, mechanical connections, such as mechanical transmission, which is the basis of mechanical-electrical integration, play a support system of other functional units, transmission of the role of movement and power. And compared to purely mechanical products, electrical and mechanical systems integration technology to improve performance, enhanced functionality, which requires mechanical ontology in the mechanical structure, materials, processing technology, as well as the areas of geometry to adapt, with high efficiency, multi-functional, reliable and energy-saving, small, lightweight, aesthetically pleasing characteristics.
2. Detection sensor detecting sensor part includes a variety of sensors and signal detection circuit, and its function is to detect the process of mechatronic systems in the work itself and the external environment changes in the relevant parameters and information to the electronic control unit, electronic control unit checks the information in accordance with the actuator to the corresponding control issue.
3. Electronic Control Unit, also known as electronic control unit ECU (Electrical Control Unit), is the core of Mechatronic Systems, responsible for testing the sensor from the external input signal and centralized command, storage, computing, analysis, information processing based on the results of according to a certain extent and pace of the instructions issued to control the destination for the entire system.
4. Executor's role in the implementation of electronic control unit in accordance with the order-driven movement of mechanical components. Implementation is moving parts, usually electric, pneumatic and hydraulic drive, such as driving a number of ways.
5. The power source power source is a mechanical-electrical integration products part of the energy supply, the role of system control in accordance with the requirements of mechanical systems to provide energy and power system normal operation. Way to provide energy, including electricity, gas, energy and hydraulic energy, mainly electricity.
Main Courses Mechatronics
Mechanical aspects: mechanical drawing, mechanical design, engineering materials, engineering mechanics, numerical control programming techniques, autoCAD, Mastercam software, C #
Electrical connection: Programmable Logic Controller PLC, MCU, Automatic Control Theory, Digital Circuits, Electrical and Electronic
Internship Program: Power Drive, PLC, MCU, fitter, ordinary cars, milling, planer, NC cars, milling, machining center
The professional training objectives
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Analytical Thermal Models of Oblique Moving Heat Source for Deep Grindingand Cutting
Author:Professor G. Q. Cai, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University
Three related analytical thermal models of plane heat source moving obliquely along the surface of a semi-infinite solid are presented. The temperature distribution of grinding zone under deep-cut conditions is investigated with these models. It is proposed that the oblique angle of the heat source plane to its moving direction has an essential influence on the grinding zone temperature rise and its distribution of high efficiency deep grinding(HEDG). Compared with that in creep-feed grinding, HEDG has a different form of heat flux distribution in grinding zone and should be treated with different thermal models. The temperature distribution at the shear zone of orthogonal cutting is also briefly discussed with the thermal models. The models developed in the paper provide a more rational and integrated analytical basis for dealing with the heat transfer problems of inclined moving heat sources.
1 Introduction
In grinding, most of the energy dissipated in the process is converted to heat. Elevated temperatures generated at the grinding zone have essential influences on the surface quality, grinding precision and efficiency, and also on the performance of the grinding wheel. Investigation into the thermal aspects of grinding is thus of considerable importance and has been a subject of much research for many years.
For the calculation of grinding temperatures, most thermal models developed up to now handle the conditions in which the heat source plane is assumed to move with feed velocity v along the surface of a semi-infinite solid, i.e., ignore the existence of grinding depth and take the ground and unground surfaces as the same one; the source plane is thus parallel to its moving direction(Fig.1: =0) For ordinary shallow-cut grinding conditions, the assumption above is a good approximation to reality,but for those with quite deep cuts, e.g., in creep-feed grinding and high efficiency deep grindingHEDG, the depth of cut can reach the level of some 10 mm. The simplified heat transfer condition in Fig.(1)b shows that the heat source plane has an oblique angle to its moving direction, the oblique heat plane translates with velocity v and the preheated materials directly in front of the plane are continually removed. It is obvious that for the heat transfer solution under deep-cut conditions the above assumption should be modified and the effects of depth of cut and oblique angle should be taken into account.
The analysis on the shear zone temperature of orthogonal cutting also involves the oblique moving heat source problems. The well known method simplifies the solution by assuming that a uniform heat band presenting the shearing heat source moves with shearing velocity on the shear plane, which has an oblique shear angle to the cutting direction and is taken as the surface of a semi-infinite solid. Jaeger’s solution is then directly used on the shear plane and is related to temperature solution at chip side. Although a relatively clear and direct solution is derived with the assumption, there still exists some questionable aspects due to the relative excessive simplifications, as pointed out by Dawson and Malkin.In reality the heat source on the shear plane does not move along the shear plane but moves with cutting speed towards the material in front of the shear plane, a part of the heat entering to workpiece is continually taken away by the material removed just before it could transfer to the area beneath the cutting edge. The simplified solution with direct use of Jaeger’s theory on the shear plane thus lacks the theoretical rationality and also the necessary precision, especially in the case of larger shear angle and higher cutting speed. Rapier solved the problem with a numerical method, which is based on the one-dimensional stable heat transfer of a moving infinite heat plane with uniform temperature distribution in an infinite solid; the problem is handled in that only the velocity perpendicular to the shear plane has an essential effect on the thermal transfer at shear zone. For the case of high cutting speed, Rapier’s solution is a better approximation, but fails to be valid in the case of lower cutting speed and smaller shear angle and is also not suited for the analysis of grinding zone temperatures.
Based on the basic differential equation of stable heat transfer and the uniform heat flux assumption, Dawson and Malkin solved the heat transfer problem of oblique moving plane source with finite element method and obtained a series of numerical solutions under diverse thermal conditions. The thermal aspects of both orthogonal cutting and creep-feed grinding were analyzed with these solutions. With the uniform heat flux assumed on the source plane, the maximum dimensionless temperature rise lies approximately at the tail of the grinding zone, which is not the case in ordinary and creep-feed grinding. Although an overall finite element analysis should provide the most accurate analytical estimation of the temperature generated,(as mentioned by Dawson and Malkin) such a method is quite complex and must be repeated for each case at hand. Their results also show some differences with other authors. The analytical approach is still a straightforward way due to its convenience of utilization and clear theoretical meaning if a rational analytical solution can be derived.The heat transfer problem mentioned above is solved in this paper with analytical methods. Three related thermal models are developed in which both uniform and triangular heat flux distribution are respectively considered with the approach of one or two dimensional heat transfer analysis. All the three models take account of the oblique movement of the heat source plane, which is of particular importance for the conditions of high moving speed and large oblique angle of the heat source plane. With the solutions gained from the models the temperature and heat flux distribution at the grinding zone of HEDG is investigated. The models proposed in this paper can be used for the analysis of heat transfer problems of both deep-cut grinding and orthogonal cutting; the latter is briefly discussed.
2 One-Dimensional Heat Transfer Models of Oblique Moving Heat Source
2.1 Uniform Heat Flux Model.
The coordinate system is shown in Fig.2.The heat causing the temperature rise of plane AB in the workpiece comes from the uniform heat source on the vicinal surface plane which moves with velocity v and