甲苯再沸器設(shè)計(jì)【含8張CAD圖】
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I甲苯再沸器設(shè)計(jì)摘 要:本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)針對(duì)甲苯再沸器進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì),管程工作介質(zhì)為導(dǎo)熱油,進(jìn)口溫度220℃,出口溫度 180℃,工作壓力 0.5MPa,殼程工作介質(zhì)為甲苯,工作溫度 80℃~160℃,流量 30000kg/h。工作時(shí),通過(guò)導(dǎo)熱油使甲苯加熱至甲苯蒸汽,從而達(dá)到沸騰傳熱的目的,完成熱量的傳遞。該設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算說(shuō)明書(shū)介紹了甲苯再沸器的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程,主要包括工藝設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算與結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)選型。工藝設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算部分是為了保證工藝設(shè)計(jì)要求,包括傳熱計(jì)算、 ,熱量核算、壓力降計(jì)算等;結(jié)構(gòu)部分主要包括結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)選型和強(qiáng)度計(jì)算校核。根據(jù)任務(wù)書(shū)中所給數(shù)據(jù)確定工藝參數(shù)和結(jié)構(gòu)計(jì)算,在計(jì)算過(guò)程中,使用合理的方法進(jìn)行尺寸調(diào)節(jié),從而達(dá)到最優(yōu)的設(shè)計(jì)尺寸,通過(guò)查閱相關(guān)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn), ,使所設(shè)計(jì)的換熱設(shè)備達(dá)到操作穩(wěn)定、結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、便于制造維修、加工方便,運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)安全可靠的功效,然后進(jìn)行一定的尺寸調(diào)節(jié)和安全成本的考慮。換熱設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)的基本要求,主要體現(xiàn)在安全性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性上,除此之外,還應(yīng)滿足工藝過(guò)程要求,能在實(shí)際環(huán)境中正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)不被場(chǎng)地所限制,結(jié)合具體情況,從而設(shè)計(jì)出一臺(tái)安全可靠的設(shè)備。關(guān)鍵詞:管殼式換熱器;再沸器;相變;機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)II III Toluene reboiler designAbstract:This graduated design is designed for the toluene reboiler. The working medium for the tube process is heat transfer oil which inlet temperature is 220°C, outlet temperature is 180°C and working pressure is 0.5MPa.The shell-side working medium is toluene which working temperature is 80°C to 160°C and the flow is 30000kg/h.When the equipment is working, the toluene will heated to toluene vapor by a thermal oil to achieve boiling heat and heat transfer. The design calculation manual describes the design process of the toluene reboiler, mainly including the process design calculation and the structural design selection. The process design calculation part is to guarantee the process design requirements, including heat transfer calculation, heat calculation, pressure drop calculation, etc. The part of structure mainly includes the structural design selection and strength calculation check.We can determine the process parameters and structural calculations according to the data given in the task book.In the calculation process,we use the reasonable methods for size adjustment to achieve the optimal design size.We also consult the relevant national standards, so that the design of the heat transfer equipment can make operation stableil, structur simply, manufactue easily and process conveniently,make operation become safe and reliable, and then make a certain size adjustment and security costs considerations. The basic requirements for the design of heat exchange equipment are mainly include safety and economy. In addition, the requirements of the technological process shall also be met. The normal operation in the actual environment, the structural design is not limited by the site, and the specific conditions In order to design a safe and reliable equipment.Key words:Shell-and-tube heat exchanger; reboiler; phase change; mechanical design.IV 目錄摘 要 .........................................................................................................................................IAbstract ......................................................................................................................................II1 前言.........................................................................................................................................11.1 發(fā)展趨勢(shì) ..........................................................................................................................11.2 結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) ..........................................................................................................................11.3 材料選擇 ..........................................................................................................................12 工藝計(jì)算.................................................................................................................................12.1 傳熱計(jì)算 ...........................................................................................................................12.1.1 確定設(shè)計(jì)方案 ...........................................................................................................12.1.2 確定物性參數(shù) ...........................................................................................................12.1.3 估算傳熱面積 ...........................................................................................................22.2 工藝結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸的計(jì)算 ......................................................................................................22.2.1 管徑和管內(nèi)流速 .......................................................................................................22.2.2 管程數(shù)和換熱管數(shù) ...................................................................................................32.2.3 傳熱管排列和分程方法 ...........................................................................................32.2.4 殼體內(nèi)徑 ...................................................................................................................42.2.5 折流板 .......................................................................................................................42.2.6 拉桿 ...........................................................................................................................4V 2.3 熱量核算 ..........................................................................................................................52.3.1 管程對(duì)流傳熱系數(shù) ...................................................................................................52.3.2 殼程對(duì)流傳熱系數(shù) ...................................................................................................52.3.3 傳熱系數(shù) K ...............................................................................................................62.3.4 傳熱面積 ...................................................................................................................62.4 壓力降計(jì)算 ......................................................................................................................62.4.1 管程流動(dòng)阻力 ...........................................................................................................62.4.2 殼程流動(dòng)阻力 ...........................................................................................................63 結(jié)構(gòu)與強(qiáng)度計(jì)算.....................................................................................................................73.1 設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 ..........................................................................................................................73.1.1 管箱計(jì)算 ...................................................................................................................73.1.2 殼程筒體計(jì)算 ...........................................................................................................83.1.3 分程隔板 ...................................................................................................................83.1.4 封頭計(jì)算 ...................................................................................................................93.1.5 換熱管和布管限定圓 .............................................................................................103.1.6 墊片 .........................................................................................................................103.1.7 管板 .........................................................................................................................113.1.8 法蘭 .........................................................................................................................293.1.9 拉桿和拉桿孔 .........................................................................................................323.1.10 支座 .......................................................................................................................323.2 開(kāi)孔補(bǔ)強(qiáng)計(jì)算 ................................................................................................................334 制造、檢驗(yàn)、安裝、適用、維修.......................................................................................364.1 制造 ................................................................................................................................364.2 檢驗(yàn) .................................................................................................................................374.2.1 無(wú)損檢測(cè) .................................................................................................................374.2.2 耐壓試驗(yàn)和泄露試驗(yàn) .............................................................................................384.3 安裝維修 ........................................................................................................................385 結(jié)束語(yǔ)...................................................................................................................................38參 考 文 獻(xiàn).............................................................................................................................40VI 致 謝.........................................................................................................................................41第 1 頁(yè) 共 41 頁(yè)1 前言1.1 發(fā)展趨勢(shì)隨著現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展,強(qiáng)化傳熱的技術(shù)應(yīng)用越來(lái)越廣泛,隨之而來(lái)的是各種換熱設(shè)備的涌現(xiàn),換熱器成為了化工生產(chǎn)中交換和傳遞熱量的不可或缺的部分。如今在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中,換熱器被廣泛地應(yīng)用于化工、石油、能源等各個(gè)領(lǐng)域,國(guó)內(nèi)外各相關(guān)企業(yè)的規(guī)模也越來(lái)越大,通過(guò)不斷的技術(shù)革新,換熱器生產(chǎn)制造水平也在不斷增長(zhǎng)。 [1]目前,國(guó)內(nèi)外工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中所用的換熱設(shè)備中,管殼式換熱器仍占主導(dǎo)地位,雖然它在換熱效率、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊性和金屬材料消 耗等方面,不如其他新型換熱設(shè)備,但它具有結(jié)構(gòu)堅(jiān)固,操作彈性大, 適應(yīng)性強(qiáng),可靠程度高,選材范圍廣,處理能力大,能承受高溫高壓等 特點(diǎn),所以在工程中仍得到廣泛應(yīng)用。 [9]本文所設(shè)計(jì)的再沸器也廣泛應(yīng)用于煉油化工裝置中,它的選用與安裝對(duì)整個(gè)裝置的平穩(wěn)安全運(yùn)行都至關(guān)重要1.2 結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)換熱設(shè)備由壓力容器和內(nèi)件組成,而壓力容器和不同的內(nèi)件相互組合,又可以形成不同的設(shè)備,換熱器就是由一個(gè)壓力容器外殼和管板、管束、折流板等內(nèi)件組成。 [8]1.3 材料選擇根據(jù)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)驗(yàn),操作工況及材料特性分析來(lái)選擇換熱器的材料,同時(shí)也要考慮到經(jīng)濟(jì)成本和耐腐蝕性 [10]。一般常用材料為碳鋼和不銹鋼,該設(shè)計(jì)筒體選用 Q345R 鋼,屬于低合金鋼,它具有良好的綜合力學(xué)性能和工藝性能,它是目前我國(guó)用途最廣、用量最大的壓力容器專(zhuān)用鋼板;換熱管部分為 20 鋼,含碳量為 0.2%,具有良好的塑性韌性,屬于低碳鋼;拉桿、折流板、鞍座選擇 Q235-B。2 工藝計(jì)算2.1 傳熱計(jì)算2.1.1 確定設(shè)計(jì)方案兩流體溫度變化情況:熱流體進(jìn)口溫度 220℃,出口溫度 180℃,工作壓力0.5MPa;冷流體(甲苯)工作溫度為 80℃~160℃,流量 30000Kg/h。管殼程溫差不是很大,可選擇固定管板式換熱器,從而使設(shè)備具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單緊湊,便于清潔維修等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。 [12]2.1.2 確定物性參數(shù)殼程與管程的有關(guān)物性數(shù)據(jù):2 管程定性溫度: t=220+1802 =200℃設(shè)計(jì)條件:第 3 頁(yè) 共 41 頁(yè)表 2.1 設(shè)計(jì)條件殼程 管程溫度/℃ 80-160 220-180壓力(絕壓)/MPa 0.5流量/(kg/h) 30000表 2.2 物性參數(shù)表密度????/??3比熱????/(?????℃)粘度???????熱導(dǎo)率??/(?????)殼程(甲苯) 774 1.99 0.23×10?3 0.109管程(導(dǎo)熱油 YD-340) 848 2.4985 0.5×10?3 0.41912.1.3 估算傳熱面積熱流量的計(jì)算:再沸器的工作原理是通過(guò)管程的導(dǎo)熱油將熱量傳遞給殼程,殼程介質(zhì)加熱直至汽化,從而得到甲苯蒸汽,這個(gè)過(guò)程發(fā)生了相變,因此殼程總的熱量包括顯熱和潛熱兩部分。首先是對(duì)液態(tài)的甲苯進(jìn)行加熱,此時(shí)它的形態(tài)不變,加進(jìn)熱量的多少都可以顯示出來(lái),這個(gè)過(guò)程引起的溫度變化產(chǎn)生的熱量為顯熱。當(dāng)甲苯溫度不斷升高,達(dá)到沸點(diǎn) 110.6℃時(shí),此時(shí)不斷加熱,但溫度不再升高,加進(jìn)去的熱量變?yōu)榧妆秸羝?,在這個(gè)過(guò)程中物質(zhì)的溫度不變,僅發(fā)生相變,此時(shí)產(chǎn)生的熱量為潛熱。(2.1) ??總 =??顯熱 +??潛 熱 =?????????????+?????????=1.99×300003600×(160?80)+356.1×300003600=4294.2????根據(jù)熱量守恒,管程總熱量與殼程一致:??總 =2.4985×????導(dǎo) ×( 220?180)第 4 頁(yè) 共 41 頁(yè)解得導(dǎo)熱油流量: ????導(dǎo) =42.97????/??平均溫度差:=78.43℃?????=(220?160)?(180?80)????220?160180?80取傳熱系數(shù) K=221 ,估算傳熱面積:??/(??2???)(2.2) ????=?????????=4294200221×78.43=247.275??22.2 工藝結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸的計(jì)算2.2.1 管徑和管內(nèi)流速選取換熱管規(guī)格為 ,管內(nèi)流速 。?25×2.5 ????=0.42??/??2.2.2 管程數(shù)和換熱管數(shù)單程傳熱管數(shù):(2.3)????=????4??2????= 42.978480.785×0.022×0.42=350所需管長(zhǎng):(2.4) ??=??????????????= 247.2753.14×0.025×350=9??取雙管程,管長(zhǎng) l=4.5m。圖 2.1 管束分程計(jì)算總傳熱管束 :????=350×2=700根2.2.3 傳熱管排列和分程方法第 5 頁(yè) 共 41 頁(yè)圖 2.2 換熱管排列形式換熱管按正三角形排列(如圖 2.1 所示) ,換熱管排列是一個(gè)正六邊形,排在正六邊形內(nèi)的換熱管數(shù)為:+1 (2.5) ????=3??(??+1)設(shè) b 為正六邊形對(duì)角線上的傳熱管數(shù)目,a 為正六邊形的邊長(zhǎng),b=2a+1 ,算出:a=11, b=23。管心距 t=1.25 ,取 32mm。????分程隔板槽兩側(cè)相鄰管中心距 Sn=44mm,如圖 2.2 所示。(2.6) ????=??(???1)=32×22=704????圖 2.3 隔板槽兩側(cè)相鄰管中心距第 6 頁(yè) 共 41 頁(yè)=10.2m/s (2.7)????????=(1161.119)0.52.2.4 殼體內(nèi)徑采用雙管程,取管板利用率為 0.85,則殼體內(nèi)徑為:. (2.8)??=1.05??????/??=1.05×32×700/0.85=964????圓整為 DN1000mm。2.2.5 折流板采用弓形折流板,取弓形折流板圓缺高度為殼體內(nèi)徑的 25%,則切去的圓缺高度為: ??=0.25×1000=250????圖 2.4 單弓形折流板取折流板間距 h=0.3D,則 ?=0.3×1000=0.3??折流板數(shù)目: (2.9)????=傳熱 管 長(zhǎng)折流板 間 距 ?1=4.50.3?1=142.2.6 拉桿拉桿的直徑和數(shù)量可按表 2-1 確定,其直徑應(yīng)不小于 10mm,數(shù)量不少于 4 根。由表格,選擇的拉桿規(guī)格為 φ16。拉桿應(yīng)盡量均布在管束的外緣。對(duì)于較大直徑的熱交換器,在布管區(qū)內(nèi)或靠近折流板缺口處應(yīng)布置適當(dāng)數(shù)量的拉桿,且每一個(gè)折流板不少于 3 個(gè)拉桿支承點(diǎn)。表 2.3 拉桿直徑換熱管外徑 d 10≤??≤14 14???????? =54.75[??]??????=????????1.5(1?????????2????) ( 3.32)=1.841.5×(1? 54.752×143.15)=99.2??????對(duì)于延長(zhǎng)部分兼作法蘭的管板:預(yù)緊狀態(tài)下所需最小螺栓載荷: ????=????=15272.96??操作狀態(tài)下所需最小螺栓載荷:(3.33)??=0.785??2??????=0.785×1039.682×0.6=509120.15??最小墊片壓緊力:(3.3 ????=3.14????????=3.14×1039.68×7.16×38=888231.06 4)????=6.28????????????=6.28×1039.68×7.16×3.25×0.6=91160.55第 19 頁(yè) 共 41 頁(yè)(3.35)(3.36) ????=??+????=600280.7??螺栓面積:預(yù)緊狀態(tài): (3.37)????=????[??]????=888231.06177.2×106=0.005??2操作狀態(tài): (3.38)????=????[??]????=600280.7177.2×106=0.034??2????=5×10?3??2基本法蘭力矩:(3.39) ????=????????[??]??=5×10?3×0.03×177.2×106=26580?????螺栓設(shè)計(jì)載荷:預(yù)緊狀態(tài): (3.40)??=????+????2 [??]??=903720操作狀態(tài): ??=557739.1法蘭力矩預(yù)緊狀態(tài):(3.41) ????=????+????2 [??]?????? =0.005+0.00522 ×177.2×106×30=27111600?????操作狀態(tài):作用于法蘭內(nèi)徑截面上的內(nèi)壓引起的軸向力(3.42) ????=0.785??2??????=0.785×10002×0.6=471000??(3.43) ????=???????=38120.15??第 20 頁(yè) 共 41 頁(yè)(3.44) ????=????+0.5??1=30+0.5×12=36(3.45) ????=????+??1+????2 36(3.46) ????=?????????2 =30(3.47) ????=????????+????????+????????=471×36+38.12×36+992×30=48088.32?????殼體法蘭寬: (3.48)????=12(?????????)=12(1140?1000)=70????換熱器加強(qiáng)系數(shù):(3.49) ??=[1.32?????? ??????????????????]12=[1.32×100056× 191200×123690189200×0.4×4500×56]12=5.12(3.50) ??=??(1?????)=5.12×(1?9801000)=0.1(3.51)殼程: ????=1.82????????= 1.821000×12=0.0166(3.52) 管程: ???=1.82???????= 1.82980×2.7=0.035(3.53)??'=2(1+??????'??)(????????)2=2×(1+0.0166×56)(0.044×1000)2 =1.99×10?3(3.54)??''=2(1+?????'??)(???????)2=2×(1+0.035×56)(0.035×980)2 =5.03×10?3第 21 頁(yè) 共 41 頁(yè)??'=4.4????????[1+(1+??????'??)2](????????)3 ( 3.55) =4.4×0.0166×1000×[1+(1+0.0166×56)2]( 121000)3=5.95×10?4??''=4.4???????[1+(1+?????'??)2](???????)3 ( 3.56) =4.4×0.035×980×[1+(1+0.03×56)2]( 121000)3=2.7×10?3??'??=112[2??'??????????+????(2??'??????)3+??'????] ( 3.57) =19300012[189200193000× 2×701000+70×(2×561000)3+5.95×10?4]=12.47??''??=112[2??''??????????+????(2??''??????)3+??''???] ( 3.58) =18920012[191200189200× 2×701000+70×(2×56980)3+2.7×10?3]=2.897(3.59)????=??'??+??''??=12.47(3.60)????=??????4????=3.14× 12.474×5255.45=0.00186根據(jù) GB150 圖 7-12,m1=0.68, (3.61)ψ =??1??????= 0.695.12×0.00186=72.5根據(jù)圖 7-14, ;查圖 7-13 和 7-15,得:??2=2.7 ??2=2.1, ??3=0.86??1=??2??(??????+??2)= 0.672×5.12×(3.2+2.1)=0.012(3.62)第 22 頁(yè) 共 41 頁(yè)(3.63)法蘭力矩折減系數(shù)ζ =????????+??3= 1.961.96+0.86=0.69(3.64)???= 1ζ +??'????''??= 10.69+12.472.897=0.2(3.65)?????=??'????''?????=2.897×0.2=0.86(2) 管板設(shè)計(jì)條件下的危險(xiǎn)組合表 3.2 計(jì)算工況組合計(jì)算工況 ③ ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥殼程壓力 ps 作用 ps ps 0 0 ps ps管程壓力 pt 作用 0 0 pt pt pt pt膨脹變形差 γ 0 γ 0 γ 0 γ對(duì)以下 6 種工況進(jìn)行計(jì)算校核:① 殼程 ,管程 ,膨脹變形差 。????=0.32??????????=0 ??=0當(dāng)量組合壓力: (3.66)????=?????????(1+??)=0.32??????有效組合壓力: (3.67)????=∑???????∑??????+??????????=0.48×0.32=1.56??????基本法蘭力矩系數(shù):(3.68)????=4??????????3??????= 4×265800.5625×3.14×10003×1.56=3.86×10?5(3.69)????=4??????????3??????= 4×48088.320.5625×3.14×10003×1.56=6.98×10?5第 23 頁(yè) 共 41 頁(yè)(3.70) ??=????+(???)??1=3.86×10?5+0.56×0.0026=1.49×10?3管板邊緣剪切系數(shù) ??=ψ ??=0.069×72.5=0.11(3.71)管板周邊總彎矩系數(shù): (3.72) ??=??1+????21+ ?? =0.69+10.11×2.71+0.11 =0.890.3≤??≤0.9,??????=?0.16計(jì)算彎矩折減系數(shù):(3.73) ??1=0.7???0.7??2(1+ 21.35+0.4??)=0.75.12?0.726.2×(1+ 21.35+0.91)=0.086??2=?0.5??3=0.2357?0.25.12=0.196(3.74)??4=0.91(0.194?0.1821 +(3??)4)?1=0.91×(0.194? 0.1821.11787)?1=?0.97(3.75) ??5=0.7071?0.5??=0.609(3.76) ??6=112???1.9?16=?0.12第 24 頁(yè) 共 41 頁(yè)????=1+??1??+??2??2+??3??3+1??(??4??+??5??2+??6??3) ( 3.77) =1+0.086×0.1+(?0.5)×0.12+0.196×0.13+ 10.89(?0.97×0.1+0.609×0.01+(?0.12)×0.001)=0.9(3.78) ????=??????=??????=0.9×0.69=0.62(3.79) ??1=3??????=0.351應(yīng)力計(jì)算:(3.80) ????=(1+??)??14(??????+??2)=(1+0.11)× 0.3514×(3.2+2.1)=0.019(3.81) ????=????????????(??????)2=0.019×1.56×0.56250.4×(100040)2=22.8??????(3.82) ????=(1+??)4(??????+??2)=14×1.115.3=0.054????=????????????(??????) ( 3.83) =0.054×0.5625×1.560.4 ×(100040)=2.9??????????=??????[????+??(1+??)??????+??2????] ( 3.84) =78500038132.16×(0.5625×1.115.3 ×1.56)=3.4(3.85) ????=1??[???????(1+??)??????+??2????]= 10.28×[0.32?0.5625×1.115.3 ×8.28]=?60.9??????第 25 頁(yè) 共 41 頁(yè)(3.86) ??=????????????= 1.36×176.73.14×25×4500=0.00068|????|=22.8??????0.9計(jì)算彎矩折減系數(shù):??1=0.7???0.7??2(1+ 21.35+0.4??)=0.75.12?0.726.2×(1+ 21.35+0.91)=0.086??2=?0.5??3=0.2357?0.25.12=0.196??4=0.91(0.194?0.1821 +(3??)4)?1=0.91×(0.194? 0.1821.11787)?1=?0.97??5=0.7071?0.5??=0.609??6= 112???1.9?16=?0.12????=1+??1??+??2??2+??3??3+1??(??4??+??5??2+??6??3)=1+0.086×0.1+(?0.5)×0.12+0.196×0.13+ 10.96(?0.97×0.1+0.609×0.01+(?0.12)×0.001)=0.89????=??????=??????=0.91×0.89=0.8第 28 頁(yè) 共 41 頁(yè)??1=3??????=0.46應(yīng)力計(jì)算:????=(1+??)??14(??????+??2)=(1+0.16)× 0.464×(3.2+2.1)=0.019????=????????????(??????)2=0.019×30.47×0.56250.4×(100040)2=508.8??????????= (1+??)4(??????+??2)=14×1.165.3=0.05????=????????????(??????)=0.05×0.5625×30.470.4 ×(100040)=58.6??????????=??????[????+??(1+??)??????+??2????]=78500038132.16×(0.5625×1.165.3 ×30.47)=66.6??????????=1??[???????(1+??)??????+??2????]= 10.28×[0.32?0.655.3×30.47]=?41.96????????=????????????= 41.96×176.73.14×25×4500=0.02第 29 頁(yè) 共 41 頁(yè)|????|=508.8????????不需另行開(kāi)孔補(bǔ)強(qiáng)。(2) 導(dǎo)熱油出口 φ 219×6同(1) ,不需另行開(kāi)孔補(bǔ)強(qiáng)。(3) 甲苯進(jìn)口 φ 108×6第 50 頁(yè) 共 41 頁(yè)開(kāi)孔直徑:??????=????+2??=96+2×(2+0.3)=100.6??????不需另行開(kāi)孔補(bǔ)強(qiáng)。(4)甲苯汽出口 φ 480×10開(kāi)孔直徑:??????=????+2??=460+2×(2+0.3)=464.6??????第 53 頁(yè) 共 41 頁(yè)不需另行開(kāi)孔補(bǔ)強(qiáng)。4 制造、檢驗(yàn)、安裝、適用、維修壓力容器的制造、檢驗(yàn)與驗(yàn)收應(yīng)符合以下部分規(guī)定和設(shè)計(jì)文件的要求,在下列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的適用范圍內(nèi),如無(wú)附加規(guī)定一般應(yīng)滿足如下要求:封頭符合 GB/T 25198 的規(guī)定;補(bǔ)強(qiáng)圈符合 JB/T 4736 的規(guī)定; 容器法蘭及其連接件符合 JB/T 4700~4707 的規(guī)定;焊接材料符合 NB/T 47018 的規(guī)定。管法蘭的選用應(yīng)符合 TSG R0004 的相關(guān)規(guī)定4.1 制造壓力容器的基本制造工藝流程可分為選擇材料、復(fù)檢材料、凈化處理、矯形、劃線、切割、成形、組對(duì)安裝、焊接、熱處理和檢驗(yàn),其中每一步工藝在設(shè)備的制造中都至關(guān)重要。對(duì)于每一個(gè)容器來(lái)說(shuō),制造過(guò)程的工序順序基本是固定的,不可擅自更改其步驟,在每一道工序之后再進(jìn)行該工序的檢驗(yàn)。除此之外,對(duì)于一些典型設(shè)備,它的組裝精度和安裝要求都在國(guó)標(biāo)上做出相應(yīng)的規(guī)定,以此來(lái)保障設(shè)備的安全運(yùn)行。制造的過(guò)程可看作是單件制造或小批生產(chǎn),然后再進(jìn)行組裝,因此對(duì)零件制造和裝配誤差都有相關(guān)規(guī)定。 [16]各零件在制造過(guò)程中,劃線、切割等工序都會(huì)造成一定的誤差,從而使零件的尺寸幾何形狀等也不符合要求,但是組對(duì)的要求又很高,因此要遵守一些組對(duì)的技術(shù)要求,對(duì)零件制造過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的誤差加以限制。一般的機(jī)械生產(chǎn)過(guò)程可簡(jiǎn)要?dú)w納為毛壞制造、機(jī)械加工以及裝配和調(diào)試,機(jī)械零件的制造過(guò)程都是要經(jīng)過(guò)該過(guò)程加工制成,過(guò)程設(shè)備零件的主要制造工序與容器的制造類(lèi)似,大致可分為原材料的準(zhǔn)備,劃線,切割及邊緣加工,彎曲和成形。對(duì)于本文中的固定管板式換熱器,其制造和裝配順序大致如下:首先,將一塊管板垂直放置,后續(xù)零件的安裝都以此作為基準(zhǔn),然后將拉桿擰緊在管板上,拉桿的數(shù)目參照 GB/T151 的規(guī)定,根據(jù)圖紙所示,將定距管和折流板穿在拉桿上,按照一節(jié)定距管一塊折流板的順序,依次穿插,接下來(lái)穿入全部的換熱管,套上筒體,裝上另外一塊管板,并將全部管子的另一端全部引入此管板內(nèi),進(jìn)行校正后將管板與筒體點(diǎn)焊好。焊接管板與筒體連接環(huán)縫,將管子與管板連接起來(lái),采用的方法為脹接或焊接,若焊接要先點(diǎn)焊再將設(shè)備豎直起來(lái),管板處于水平位置時(shí)利于施焊。然后安裝接管和支座,接管可根據(jù)具體情況在套筒之前定位開(kāi)孔,支座安裝完成后,就可以進(jìn)行殼程的水壓第 54 頁(yè) 共 41 頁(yè)試驗(yàn)和管程水壓試驗(yàn),最后進(jìn)行清理、油漆。4.2 檢驗(yàn)為了保障換熱設(shè)備的制造質(zhì)量,確保設(shè)備能夠安全運(yùn)行,檢驗(yàn)是非常關(guān)鍵的一步,它能夠讓我們及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)制造工序中存在的缺陷減小損失,也是評(píng)判設(shè)備質(zhì)量?jī)?yōu)劣等級(jí)的依據(jù)。設(shè)備制造中的質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn),可分為原材料和設(shè)備零件尺寸幾何形狀的檢查、破壞性檢驗(yàn)、無(wú)損檢測(cè)和試壓試驗(yàn),下面對(duì)主要部分進(jìn)行具體闡釋。4.2.1 無(wú)損檢測(cè)無(wú)損檢測(cè)可以檢測(cè)出焊縫和內(nèi)部的缺陷,顧名思義是以不破壞工件為前提而進(jìn)行的檢測(cè),它不僅能夠保證質(zhì)量,也促進(jìn)了生產(chǎn)效率,降低了成本。無(wú)損檢測(cè)的種類(lèi)多達(dá) 70 余種,大致可分為檢測(cè)缺陷和檢測(cè)應(yīng)變兩類(lèi),它們各有不同的基本性質(zhì),通常根據(jù)不同的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合和制造需求,來(lái)選擇合適的檢測(cè)方式。射線檢測(cè)(RT)包括 X 射線,γ 射線,高能 X 射線等,其原理是射線直線照射到工件上,可以透過(guò)工件可以照射到暗盒中的照相軟片上,在透過(guò)工件的過(guò)程中,射線逐漸衰減,使照相軟片感光。這種檢驗(yàn)方式可以使結(jié)果直觀地表現(xiàn)出來(lái),使分析結(jié)果較為可靠,但花費(fèi)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),成本高,且不適用于厚度較厚的工件。超聲波檢測(cè)(UT)相對(duì)而言有良好的方向性,操作快速便捷,但存在盲區(qū),難以被檢測(cè)出來(lái),它和射線檢測(cè)都是用來(lái)檢測(cè)設(shè)備焊縫的內(nèi)部缺陷。磁粉檢測(cè)(MT)只限于能被磁化的鐵磁性材料,由于缺陷處的磁導(dǎo)率非常低,使磁力線向磁力高的地方集中,通過(guò)分析磁痕評(píng)價(jià)缺陷,該方法只適用于工件表面和近表面的缺陷,優(yōu)點(diǎn)是較為直觀,成本低,操作方便,靈敏度高,但由于對(duì)材料有要求,對(duì)檢測(cè)存在一些限制。滲透檢測(cè)(PT)需要滲透劑和顯像劑的輔助,使得缺陷處著色,因此只適用于表面的開(kāi)口缺陷,未裸露的內(nèi)部缺陷則不能顯現(xiàn)出來(lái),這種方法