基于碰撞安全性的轎車車身結(jié)構(gòu)輕量化設(shè)計(jì)
基于碰撞安全性的轎車車身結(jié)構(gòu)輕量化設(shè)計(jì),基于,碰撞,安全性,轎車,車身,結(jié)構(gòu),量化,設(shè)計(jì)
本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開題報(bào)告
論文(設(shè)計(jì))題目
基于碰撞安全性的轎車車身
結(jié)構(gòu)輕量化設(shè)計(jì)
作者所在系別
機(jī)電工程學(xué)院
作者所在專業(yè)
車輛工程
作者所在班級
B13141
作 者 姓 名
宋志鵬
作 者 學(xué) 號
201322251
指導(dǎo)教師姓名
許文娟
指導(dǎo)教師職稱
講師
完 成 時(shí) 間
2017
年
3
月
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開題報(bào)告
學(xué)生姓名
宋志鵬
專 業(yè)
機(jī)電
班 級
B13141
指導(dǎo)教師姓名
許文娟
職 稱
講師
工作單位
北華航天工業(yè)學(xué)院
課題來源
教師自擬課題
課題性質(zhì)
應(yīng)用課題
課題名稱
基于碰撞安全性的轎車車身結(jié)構(gòu)輕量化設(shè)計(jì)
本設(shè)計(jì)的科學(xué)依據(jù)
(科學(xué)意義和應(yīng)用前景,國內(nèi)外研究概況,目前技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀、水平和發(fā)展趨勢等)
輕量化是提高汽車燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性、減少尾氣排放、節(jié)約材耗、提升安全性的有效手段。國外有試驗(yàn)表明,若汽車整車重量降低10%,燃油效率可提高6%—8%;汽車整備質(zhì)量每減少100公斤,百公里油耗可降低0.3—0.6升;汽車重量降低1%,油耗可降低0.7%。而在駕駛方面,汽車輕量化后其加速性能也將得到提高,而在碰撞時(shí)由于慣性小,制動(dòng)距離也將減少。此外,車輛每減輕100公斤,二氧化碳排放可減少約5克/公里。這些數(shù)據(jù)顯示出輕量化設(shè)計(jì)具備這樣三個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn):節(jié)油、減排、提升駕駛樂趣。輕量化對于制造環(huán)境、國家、企業(yè)和消費(fèi)者都是有益的,所以汽車輕量化的發(fā)展對人類的影響具有不可估量的劃時(shí)代的意義。
目前國內(nèi)外針對車身輕量化的研究比較廣泛。車身輕量化可以應(yīng)用新型輕量化材料,例如高強(qiáng)鋼、鋁合金或鎂合金等。車身結(jié)構(gòu)的輕量化研究在已有車型的輕量化改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)中應(yīng)用廣泛,可以在保證車身結(jié)構(gòu)整體性能基本不變的前提下 ,最大限度地減輕各零部件的質(zhì)量, 先進(jìn)制造工藝:推廣液壓成形、激光焊接在汽車制造中的應(yīng)用,但是車身結(jié)構(gòu)的輕量化設(shè)計(jì)往往忽略了車身碰撞安全性的要求。此外,汽車所有零部件質(zhì)量總和約占整車質(zhì)量的3/4,汽車零部件輕量化技術(shù)研究必須得到重視。故而,充分發(fā)揮不同輕量化技術(shù)的優(yōu)勢,實(shí)現(xiàn)汽車輕量化技術(shù)的系統(tǒng)化和集成化,是未來汽車輕量化的必然之路。
設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容和預(yù)期成果
(具體設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容和重點(diǎn)解決的技術(shù)問題、預(yù)期成果和提供的形式)
設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容與預(yù)期成果:
1、介紹汽車車身輕量化設(shè)計(jì)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀。
2、對車身零件的厚度進(jìn)行優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算并對其進(jìn)行調(diào)整。
3、應(yīng)用有限元分析軟件對轎車的正面碰撞進(jìn)行模擬計(jì)算,和輕量化的結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較分析。
4、根據(jù)碰撞結(jié)果對優(yōu)化的車身零件厚度進(jìn)行調(diào)整。(重點(diǎn))
5、總結(jié)及發(fā)展前景。
6、在基于碰撞安全性的前提下可以充分驗(yàn)證輕量化設(shè)計(jì)方法的可行性以及可以應(yīng)用于實(shí)踐的結(jié)果。
圖文并行
擬采取設(shè)計(jì)方法和技術(shù)支持
(設(shè)計(jì)方案、技術(shù)要求、實(shí)驗(yàn)方法和步驟、可能遇到的問題和解決辦法等)
汽車輕量化的工作不是一個(gè)減薄的工作,輕量化是設(shè)計(jì)出來的。本課題是在車身結(jié)構(gòu)輕量化設(shè)計(jì)的同時(shí),還要保證其碰撞的安全性。論文以某轎車為例,在保證剛度和模態(tài)的前提下,以車身質(zhì)量最小化為優(yōu)化目標(biāo),對車身零件的厚度進(jìn)行優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算,根據(jù)零件的可制造性和加工成本對優(yōu)化的零件厚度進(jìn)行調(diào)整。應(yīng)用有限元分析方法對轎車的正面碰撞進(jìn)行模擬計(jì)算,對輕量化的設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)果進(jìn)行對比分析,根據(jù)碰撞結(jié)果對優(yōu)化的車身零件厚度進(jìn)行調(diào)整,使輕量化的車身滿足碰撞安全性的要求。
設(shè)計(jì)方法:
1.更新設(shè)計(jì)思想
2.結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)
建立梁、板殼單元有限元模型,優(yōu)化梁截面形狀尺寸、板的厚度以及設(shè)計(jì)等效車身結(jié)構(gòu)。車身結(jié)構(gòu)性能分析:剛度分析、碰撞安全性分析
3.采用輕質(zhì)材料
輕量化材料:高強(qiáng)度鋼板和特種鋼板;鋁、鎂輕金屬合金;塑料、復(fù)合材料;泡沫塑料。
4.革新制造工藝。
用薄板焊接結(jié)構(gòu)代替梁、建立車身設(shè)計(jì)明細(xì)
此次設(shè)計(jì)無法做出實(shí)物,只能進(jìn)行模擬。
實(shí)現(xiàn)本項(xiàng)目預(yù)期目標(biāo)和已具備的條件
(包括過去學(xué)習(xí)、研究工作基礎(chǔ),現(xiàn)有主要儀器設(shè)備、設(shè)計(jì)環(huán)境及協(xié)作條件等)
過去我們了解過汽車碰撞安全性的一些知識在書中以及文稿中看到過這方面的研究。因不具備太多的實(shí)驗(yàn)條件故以某轎車為例,在保證其碰撞的安全性的前提下,進(jìn)行車身輕量化設(shè)計(jì)。
各環(huán)節(jié)擬定階段性工作進(jìn)度
(以周為單位)
時(shí)間進(jìn)度安排:
第1周
廣泛查閱參考資料,重點(diǎn)閱讀重要參考文獻(xiàn);
第2~3周
對車身零件的厚度進(jìn)行優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算并對其進(jìn)行調(diào)整;
第4~5周
應(yīng)用有限元分析軟件對轎車的正面碰撞進(jìn)行模擬計(jì)算,和輕量化的結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較分析;
第6~7周
根據(jù)碰撞結(jié)果對優(yōu)化的車身零件厚度進(jìn)行調(diào)整;
第8周
撰寫論文,準(zhǔn)備答辯。
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本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)文獻(xiàn)綜述
論文(設(shè)計(jì))題目
基于碰撞安全性的轎車車身
結(jié)構(gòu)輕量化設(shè)計(jì)
作者所在系別
機(jī)電工程學(xué)院
作者所在專業(yè)
車輛工程
作者所在班級
B13141
作 者 姓 名
宋志鵬
作 者 學(xué) 號
201322251
指導(dǎo)教師姓名
許文娟
指導(dǎo)教師職稱
講師
完 成 時(shí) 間
2017
年
3
月
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)文 獻(xiàn) 綜 述
輕量化車身設(shè)計(jì)
摘要:本課題是基于碰撞的安全性,對轎車的車身結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行輕量化設(shè)計(jì)。論文以某轎車為例,在保證剛度和模態(tài)的前提下,以車身質(zhì)量最小化為優(yōu)化目標(biāo),對車身零件的厚度進(jìn)行優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算,根據(jù)零件的可制造性和加工成本對優(yōu)化的零件厚度進(jìn)行調(diào)整。應(yīng)用有限元分析方法對轎車的正面碰撞進(jìn)行模擬計(jì)算,對輕量化的設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)果進(jìn)行對比分析,根據(jù)碰撞結(jié)果對優(yōu)化的車身零件厚度進(jìn)行調(diào)整,使輕量化的車身滿足碰撞安全性的要求。
關(guān)鍵詞:輕量化設(shè)計(jì)、車身碰撞、安全性、模擬
Abstract: This topic is based on the safety of the collision, the lightweight design of car body structure. Paper by a car as an example, on the premise of guarantee the stiffness and modal, body quality minimizing the optimization goal, to optimize the thickness of the body parts design and calculation, according to the manufacturability of parts and tooling costs to optimize the thickness of the parts to adjust. Finite element analysis method is applied to simulation of the front of the car collision, comparing with the results of lightweight design analysis, according to the result of the collision of thickness adjustment, optimization of the body parts made of lightweight body to meet the requirements of the collision safety.
Keyword: Lightweight design, car crash, security, simulation
引言
當(dāng)今環(huán)保與能源問題已經(jīng)成了世界共同關(guān)注的問題,汽車行業(yè)也逐步向環(huán)保與節(jié)約能源的方向前進(jìn),而汽車輕量化設(shè)計(jì)的研究正是解決這一問題的重要課題。
長安汽車工程院提出了基于靈敏度分析和側(cè)面碰撞的汽車車身結(jié)構(gòu)輕量化設(shè)計(jì)方法。首先以車身結(jié)構(gòu)零件的板厚為設(shè)計(jì)變量, 白車身的模態(tài)和剛度為約束條件,白車身質(zhì)量最小為目標(biāo),分析了零件板厚關(guān)于車身模態(tài)和剛度的靈敏度。選取對車身模態(tài)和剛度以及抗撞性不敏感的車身零件的板厚,進(jìn)行以白車身質(zhì)量最小為目標(biāo)的優(yōu)化計(jì)算。優(yōu)化結(jié)果使車身減輕14.8 kg。輕量化后的整車和乘員約束系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了側(cè)面碰撞的模擬計(jì)算,并與輕量化前的結(jié)果進(jìn)行了對比,對整車耐撞性和乘員的安全性進(jìn)行對比校核,根據(jù)碰撞結(jié)果對車身零部件的厚度進(jìn)行了再調(diào)整。結(jié)果表明,輕量化后的車身滿足碰撞安全性的要求,假人的C-NCAP得分也是可接受的。合肥工業(yè)大學(xué)高立新提出了面向整車性能的轎車集成開發(fā)流程,構(gòu)建了包括目標(biāo)設(shè)定與分解及驗(yàn)證過程在內(nèi)的V字型整車開發(fā)流程圖;并以整車正向開發(fā)中的瓶頸問題為主線,圍繞底盤和車身這兩大復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)與開發(fā),著重對扭轉(zhuǎn)梁式后軸的拓?fù)鋬?yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)和車身前縱梁結(jié)構(gòu)的安全性能設(shè)計(jì)展開了詳細(xì)的研究,并建立了面向正向設(shè)計(jì)的汽車性能仿真優(yōu)化綜合開發(fā)平臺。研究結(jié)果表明,采用以上流程、關(guān)鍵技術(shù)和方法,不僅實(shí)現(xiàn)了整車結(jié)構(gòu)輕量化目標(biāo),而且滿足各項(xiàng)性能的要求——總體性能優(yōu)于標(biāo)桿車型。陳曉斌以國產(chǎn)某自主研發(fā)轎車為例,介紹了整車開發(fā)流程及前期開發(fā)過程中有限元數(shù)值模擬所涉及的開發(fā)內(nèi)容,同時(shí)詳細(xì)論述了整車有限元建模方法。設(shè)計(jì)并進(jìn)行了國產(chǎn)某自主研發(fā)轎車白車身模態(tài)試驗(yàn)。由試驗(yàn)結(jié)果分析得到了白車身結(jié)構(gòu)模態(tài)頻率和振型,獲得了白車身的動(dòng)態(tài)特性。還對國產(chǎn)某自主研發(fā)轎車白車身的靈敏度分析及優(yōu)化計(jì)算。通過靈敏度計(jì)算識別出了對剛度及重量影響較大的零件。通過正面碰撞試驗(yàn)的變形時(shí)間歷程及整車結(jié)構(gòu)變形驗(yàn)證了整車碰撞有限元模型的有效性后,首次將正面碰撞與側(cè)面碰撞的數(shù)值仿真聯(lián)合應(yīng)用于車身輕量化設(shè)計(jì)前后的整車結(jié)構(gòu)抗撞性能研究。提出了基于引擎蓋剛度與行人頭部保護(hù)要求的輕量化設(shè)計(jì)方法。奇瑞汽車研究院與上海交通大學(xué)研究院以某型轎車為例,建立了車身的有限元模型,應(yīng)用以靈敏度分析為基礎(chǔ)的修正可行方向優(yōu)化算法,在保證車身剛度和模態(tài)性能不降低的前提下,以車身結(jié)構(gòu)質(zhì)量的最小化為目標(biāo),優(yōu)化車身零件的厚度,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)車身結(jié)構(gòu)的輕量化,車身減輕的質(zhì)量為原來的6.22%,車身結(jié)構(gòu)的彎曲和扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度也都獲得不同程度的提高,主要模態(tài)頻率變化在1Hz以內(nèi)。
朱平、張宇以某轎車為研究對象,運(yùn)用顯式有限元理論,建立整車有限元模型,基于“汽車正面碰撞乘員保護(hù)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)則(CMVDR294)”的耐撞安全性仿真,從滿足整車正面耐撞安全性能的角度,分別采用高強(qiáng)鋼和鋁合金對車身主要覆蓋件進(jìn)行輕量化研究,使車身減質(zhì)量分別達(dá)9.31kg和53.10 kg,減質(zhì)量效果達(dá)到11.30%和64.50%。對整車變形、整車與剛性墻的碰撞力、運(yùn)動(dòng)速度和加速度、主要零部件吸能等方面進(jìn)行分析、評價(jià),數(shù)值仿真驗(yàn)證了輕量化方案的可行性。王增武等人建立了左前車門的有限元分析模型,對車門在自由狀態(tài)下進(jìn)行模態(tài)分析;在一定工況下對車門的框架剛度分析;在一定工況下對車門進(jìn)行腰線剛度的分析,通過通用的有限元分析軟件進(jìn)行分析,為結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)選擇及結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化提供了理論依據(jù).車門是車身結(jié)構(gòu)的重要組成部件,其性能直接影響著車身結(jié)構(gòu)性能的好壞.車門作為一個(gè)綜合的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)部件,和車廂一起構(gòu)成乘員的周圍空間范圍,應(yīng)具有足夠大的強(qiáng)度、剛度和良好的振動(dòng)特性,以滿足車門閉合時(shí)耐沖擊性及與側(cè)碰時(shí)的耐撞性等各項(xiàng)性能的要求. 周云郊、蘭鳳崇、陳吉清等利用有限元法分析了某半承載式客車車身骨架的剛度與模態(tài)。在此基礎(chǔ)上,重點(diǎn)以整車狀態(tài)下的車架為研究對象,進(jìn)行靈敏度分析,通過選擇有效的設(shè)計(jì)變量,在滿足剛度和模態(tài)性能的條件下,以整車質(zhì)量最小為目標(biāo)函數(shù)進(jìn)行了尺寸優(yōu)化。最后通過對后排五人座椅處結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整,優(yōu)化了該局部的受力模式,進(jìn)一步減少了該處的下沉量,得到了符合設(shè)計(jì)要求的改進(jìn)方案。黃宜松.陳吉清.李宇彤.隨著汽車工業(yè)的發(fā)展,節(jié)能、環(huán)保、安全及使用性能已經(jīng)成為汽車行業(yè)最為關(guān)注的幾大問題。汽車輕量化不僅能降低油耗,提高資源利用率,還能延長汽車使用壽命,同時(shí)汽車的使用性也有了顯著的提高,車身輕量化對于整車的輕量化起著舉足輕重的作用。綜述車身輕量化材料的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀,并且針對輕量化材料,對其成形性能進(jìn)行總結(jié),基于目前的研究現(xiàn)狀,提出了輕量化材料成形有待于進(jìn)一步解決的問題和發(fā)展方向。吉林大學(xué)唐洪斌利用對車輛在實(shí)際交通事故中的碰撞類型的模擬分析,提取車輛結(jié)構(gòu)的碰撞特征值,應(yīng)用于車輛概念設(shè)計(jì)開發(fā)過程。在產(chǎn)品概念設(shè)計(jì)階段應(yīng)用MADYMO和CAE相結(jié)合的方法,對車輛正面抗撞性進(jìn)行概念設(shè)計(jì),實(shí)現(xiàn)車輛前端結(jié)構(gòu)斷面參數(shù)概念階段的參數(shù)提取,并實(shí)現(xiàn)初步的能量管理。從實(shí)際道路交通事故調(diào)查到乘用車產(chǎn)品概念設(shè)計(jì),再到車輛前端結(jié)構(gòu)分階段多工況設(shè)計(jì)和分析,最后到正面碰撞乘員約束系統(tǒng)性能設(shè)計(jì),實(shí)現(xiàn)了對乘用車車身結(jié)構(gòu)正面抗撞性和乘員約束系統(tǒng)性能設(shè)計(jì)的控制。 本文所研究的方法初步形成了乘用車正面抗撞性的碰撞控制邏輯、判斷邏輯和結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則,為實(shí)現(xiàn)乘用車被動(dòng)安全性能控制提供了切實(shí)可行的方法和依據(jù),并對國產(chǎn)汽車自主開發(fā)企業(yè)乘用車被動(dòng)安全性的開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)有重要的借鑒意義。從客車車身骨架結(jié)構(gòu)的三種不同形式的對比分析入手,運(yùn)用有限元技術(shù),對桂林某客車公司設(shè)計(jì)的某款客車進(jìn)行了靜動(dòng)態(tài)的有限元分析計(jì)算。在建立有限元計(jì)算模型時(shí),借助于功能強(qiáng)大的有限元前處理軟件HyperMesh建立車身骨架的有限元模型;根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)要求及具體配置,將發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、變速箱、燃油箱以及乘客、座椅、行李廂等載荷添加到模型中;對客車實(shí)際使用過程中可能遇到的路面情況進(jìn)行科學(xué)的分析,確定有限元分析工況,最終采用更貼近實(shí)際情況的強(qiáng)迫位移的方法模擬扭轉(zhuǎn)工況。在整個(gè)建模過程中,充分結(jié)合車輛的實(shí)際結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)及實(shí)際使用情況,力爭做到有限元模型能夠準(zhǔn)確的反映出車輛的實(shí)際情況。最后對計(jì)算結(jié)果進(jìn)行研究分析,并對暴露出的強(qiáng)度問題,進(jìn)行針對性的改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì),并計(jì)算驗(yàn)證了改進(jìn)方案的有效性。計(jì)算分析不僅解決了具體的設(shè)計(jì)問題,同時(shí)豐富完善了產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)庫,有助于加速新車型的研發(fā),進(jìn)一步提高產(chǎn)品性能和技術(shù)含量。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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[2] 高立新.轎車集成開發(fā)中若干關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究[D].合肥工業(yè)大學(xué).2010.
[3] 陳曉斌.基于現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法和提高整車碰撞安全性的車身輕量化研究[D].吉林大學(xué).2011.
[4] 韓旭.朱平.余海東.基于剛度和模態(tài)性能的轎車車身輕量化研究[J].汽車工程.2007.07.
[5] 朱平.張宇.葛龍.林忠欽.基于正面耐撞性仿真的轎車車身材料輕量化研究[J].機(jī)械工程學(xué)報(bào).2005.09.
[6] 王增武.靳曉雄.何劍鋒.基于有限元某轎車左前門的模態(tài)剛度分析[J].佳木斯大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版).2011.05
[7] 周云郊.蘭鳳崇.陳吉清.李宇彤.裘芝敏.基于剛度與模態(tài)分析的客車結(jié)構(gòu)輕量化研究[A].2009年廣東先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)(佛山)活動(dòng)周文集[C].2009.
[8] 黃宜松.陳吉清.李宇彤.裘芝敏.車身輕量化材料的應(yīng)用及其成形性能研究進(jìn)展[A].2009海峽兩岸機(jī)械科技論壇論文集[C].2009年.
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[10] 栗廣生.輕型客車車身骨架結(jié)構(gòu)有限元分析及改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)[D].廣西工學(xué)院.2011.
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本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) (論文)
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原 文 標(biāo) 題
A Lightweight Optimization Method of Vehicle
Body Structure Design
譯 文 標(biāo) 題
車身結(jié)構(gòu)輕量化優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)方法
作者所在系別
機(jī)電工程學(xué)院
作者所在專業(yè)
車輛工程
作者所在班級
B13141
作 者 姓 名
宋志鵬
作 者 學(xué) 號
201322251
指導(dǎo)教師姓名
許文娟
指導(dǎo)教師職稱
講師
完 成 時(shí) 間
2017
年
3
月
譯文標(biāo)題
車身結(jié)構(gòu)輕量化優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)方法
原文標(biāo)題
A Lightweight Optimization Method of Vehicle Body Structure Design
作 者
Zhixiang Li
原文出處
Proceedings of the FISITA 2012 World Automotive Congress
摘要:輕量化車身可以有效減少排放污染物,提高防撞性能和動(dòng)態(tài)性能。輕量級指數(shù)與車身質(zhì)量成比例,與扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度成反比,用于評估車身結(jié)構(gòu)的輕度度。可以根據(jù)增加的扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度和減小質(zhì)量降低輕量級指數(shù)。車身剛度的計(jì)算是一個(gè)線性過程,可以通過有限元分析高精度模擬。在本文中,通過使用CAE分析軟件研究了車身的扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度。模擬后,根據(jù)車身質(zhì)量和扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度計(jì)算輕量級指數(shù)。為了改善輕質(zhì)指數(shù),應(yīng)優(yōu)化車身結(jié)構(gòu),以改善扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度和減輕體重。當(dāng)考慮燃料經(jīng)濟(jì)性時(shí),車輛的重量起到顯著的作用,因此,車輛的車體結(jié)構(gòu)是減輕重量的主要焦點(diǎn)。然而,車身結(jié)構(gòu)在支撐其他車輛部件,在碰撞情況下保護(hù)乘客和整體車輛性能方面發(fā)揮重要作用。
關(guān)鍵詞:輕量化 扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度 地形優(yōu)化 靈敏度分析
1前言
車身質(zhì)量是車輛整體的主要組成部分,通常是帳戶占整個(gè)質(zhì)量的30%以上。 汽車重量直接影響車輛被動(dòng)安全性能NVH性能,廢氣排放和車輛處理性能具有國家汽車排放法規(guī)和安全法規(guī)越來越嚴(yán)格,對汽車的要求重量變得更加嚴(yán)格,如何設(shè)計(jì)汽車產(chǎn)品來滿足所有法律在規(guī)章制度的前提下,盡量減少體質(zhì),成為其中之一汽車行業(yè)的主要研究方向。
輕型車身設(shè)計(jì)方法,采用先進(jìn)的生產(chǎn)技術(shù),創(chuàng)新材料和優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)優(yōu)化車身初步設(shè)計(jì)的結(jié)構(gòu),以達(dá)到目標(biāo)設(shè)計(jì)性能最佳車身結(jié)構(gòu)質(zhì)量[2]。 當(dāng)一輛汽車在路上行駛時(shí),它會(huì)持續(xù)一個(gè)各種不均勻路面的載荷,這些載荷可分為彎曲載荷和它們是扭轉(zhuǎn)載荷,而車輛結(jié)構(gòu)上的扭轉(zhuǎn)載荷更嚴(yán)重可能導(dǎo)致門變形,密封條脫落,體結(jié)構(gòu)局部變形或即使是局部裂縫,所以車身扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度是最基本和最重要的一表現(xiàn)車身結(jié)構(gòu)。 在本文中,使用有限元分析研究了車身的扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度,得到優(yōu)化部件規(guī)格和結(jié)構(gòu),以改善車身扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度并減少體重。
可以使用模擬分析來分析車身的扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度和實(shí)驗(yàn)分析,仿真分析采用有限元法建立實(shí)際扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P?,然后?jì)算其剛度計(jì)算。 目前電腦的性能可以及時(shí)有效地進(jìn)行計(jì)算出一個(gè)高度詳細(xì)的有限元汽車車身模型,具有滿意的精度。 謝謝到CAE方法它將節(jié)省大量的測試成本,及時(shí)指導(dǎo)車身的設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu),提出優(yōu)化方法; 有限元法已經(jīng)成為在車身特性設(shè)計(jì)和分析過程中不可或缺的[3]。
在結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化過程中,首先,敏感性分析應(yīng)該是對的以設(shè)計(jì)變量的靈敏度來確定目標(biāo)[4]然后根據(jù)靈敏度修改設(shè)計(jì)變量以獲得最佳設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)與約束條件。 設(shè)計(jì)變量的靈敏度與A輕量級優(yōu)化方法相關(guān)其目標(biāo)函數(shù)是由客觀因素的變化來衡量的單位設(shè)計(jì)變量的變化,靈敏度分析是opti的基礎(chǔ)可以根據(jù)敏感度進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)分析,優(yōu)化結(jié)構(gòu)分析,這將節(jié)省大量的計(jì)算時(shí)間并改進(jìn)優(yōu)化因此,在工業(yè)中期望提供一種改進(jìn)的輕型汽車車身結(jié)構(gòu),特別是車身框架,其保持所需的強(qiáng)度,剛度和穩(wěn)定性特性,以滿足乘客安全和車輛性能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。此外,身體結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)當(dāng)可使用現(xiàn)有技術(shù)和材料制造,以實(shí)現(xiàn)減輕重量而不增加成本。此外,主體結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該能夠減少總成分,以進(jìn)一步降低成本和制造時(shí)間。
2靈敏度分析的基本理論
從結(jié)構(gòu)分析可以分為動(dòng)態(tài)分析和靜態(tài)分析兩個(gè)方面,結(jié)構(gòu)敏感性分析也可以分為動(dòng)力敏感性分析和靜態(tài)敏感性分析。動(dòng)態(tài)靈敏度分析包括特征值靈敏度分析,傳遞函數(shù)靈敏度分析和動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)敏感性分析。靜態(tài)敏感性分析可以是壓力,位移等。對于車輛,靈敏度分析是指車身剛度強(qiáng)度,自由模式和敏感性分析的應(yīng)變能,部分結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)包括材料厚度和橫截面轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量[5 |。有兩種計(jì)算靈敏度的方法,推導(dǎo)方法和伴隨結(jié)構(gòu)的方法。直接推導(dǎo)法,是親由胡力構(gòu)成R.Kapoor M.P,然后由許多人開發(fā)和推廣人們在廣泛的領(lǐng)域。直接推導(dǎo)法具有明顯的物理意義概念,簡單的數(shù)學(xué)理論方便計(jì)算可擴(kuò)展從一階敏感度到高階靈敏度,因此是廣泛的在工業(yè)領(lǐng)域[6]。
3 BIW扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度分析
汽車BIW的有限元模型由769 862組成元素包括三角形元素和四邊形元素重量為371.2公斤。為了比較車輛扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度試驗(yàn)過程中的有限元分析模型需要使用直徑為50 mm的梁單元進(jìn)行模擬測試設(shè)備如圖有限元邊界條件分析模型如圖1所示。 3,左右后方的震動(dòng)塔都很硬點(diǎn)被限制在X,翻譯DOF左右前方震動(dòng)吸收塔受限于X方向DOF。負(fù)載被施加到兩個(gè)前沖擊塔的中心在垂直方向這是平等的,但與相反的方向。負(fù)載通過公式F = M / L獲得,其中M是測試扭矩值,L是左右前沖擊中心之間的距離塔。剛度結(jié)果與施加的扭矩?zé)o關(guān),但對于目的是與試驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較,施加的扭矩為4000 Nm,進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)過程如圖1所示。 4。導(dǎo)出左右負(fù)載點(diǎn)的Z方向位移使用公式計(jì)算扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度值,扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度K如下: M施加扭矩; ts Z大號和AZ尺是負(fù)載點(diǎn)的Z方向位移;L是負(fù)載點(diǎn)之間的距離。輕量級指標(biāo)[7],是評估的關(guān)鍵因素之一車身結(jié)構(gòu)的性能,通過車身扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度和質(zhì)量計(jì)算該越少越好輕體重指數(shù)與車身質(zhì)量成正比,反之亦然與扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度成比例因此減輕輕量級的指標(biāo)最多有效的方法是增加扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度,同時(shí)減少體重,車身輕量級指數(shù)計(jì)算公式如下。在公式中:M是體重; K是扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度; A是車身項(xiàng)目區(qū)(軸距x胎面)。通過有限元軟件的分析計(jì)算,剛度車身如表1所示,主體Z方向的輪廓顯示如下圖。 5,根據(jù)圖車身的位移改變了總之,符合預(yù)期的負(fù)載情況。
4 BIW結(jié)構(gòu)剛度靈敏度分析與優(yōu)化
根據(jù)敏感性分析,各種零件的影響相關(guān)性能可以判斷,靈敏度更大意味著部件厚度更多重要的是相應(yīng)的屬性,因此關(guān)鍵組件可以確定并優(yōu)化。部件的主要特點(diǎn)包括結(jié)構(gòu)。形狀,厚度,材料性能,加工性等,用于線性分析如扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度材料的非線性特性不會(huì)影響扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度性能,部件的結(jié)構(gòu)形狀和尺寸是扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度的主要因素。車身扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度主要取決于連接器部件屬性和車身com幾何特性部分厚度和部分厚度是確定幾何的因素之一部件的特點(diǎn),是影響扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度的主要因素之一。
通過有限元分析,部件厚度對扭轉(zhuǎn)的影響剛度可以方便地研究。在本文中,50部分的車身(包括對稱部分)設(shè)置靈敏度分析,在分析中只有一面的對稱分量被選擇用于分析最后39厚靈敏度分析中選擇變量。選擇的組件顯示在剛度靈敏度優(yōu)化分析中,將最小質(zhì)量設(shè)置為優(yōu)化目標(biāo)和左載荷點(diǎn)的Z位移為約束條件部件厚度相對于扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度和整個(gè)車輛質(zhì)量的敏感度。較大的靈敏度對此有較大的影響目標(biāo)性能和目標(biāo)性能可以通過增強(qiáng)來有效增加厚度,同一部分可能對扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度有很大的影響車輛質(zhì)量,當(dāng)增加厚度以提高扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度也將導(dǎo)致車輛質(zhì)量的提高這種類型的零件不適合通過增加厚度來優(yōu)化扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度。不同部件對扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度和質(zhì)量的貢獻(xiàn)是多樣的如何選擇合適部件用于厚度優(yōu)化,以提高扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度,而不會(huì)影響體重是指優(yōu)化效率的問題,這可以通過扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度靈敏度和質(zhì)量的比較來表示靈敏度,一部分的比較靈敏度相對于其他部分較大的手段,改變其厚度可以提高扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度,但較少增強(qiáng)車輛質(zhì)量比其他人比較靈敏度優(yōu)化效率。
為了提高扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度和減少車輛質(zhì)量,最終優(yōu)化可以采取措施來增加部件厚度較大的部件比較靈敏度,減少組件的厚度比較靈敏度。零件量規(guī)根據(jù)圖1進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化。 9,扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度為重量相對于原始模型,扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度增加38 Nm /度整體重量減少3.1公斤輕量級指數(shù)下降0.061。
5車身結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化
車身結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化,優(yōu)化鈑金結(jié)構(gòu)肋結(jié)構(gòu)的分布和尺寸可用于優(yōu)化零件強(qiáng)度和剛度,同時(shí)減輕重量,為片材提供優(yōu)化方金屬零件設(shè)計(jì)。在設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域,車身優(yōu)化決定了最佳由元素節(jié)點(diǎn)擾動(dòng)引起的位置和優(yōu)化參數(shù)質(zhì)量和體積對車身優(yōu)化中的元素變化不敏感因此,質(zhì)量和體積不被設(shè)定為約束或目標(biāo)車身優(yōu)化。優(yōu)化過程中有三個(gè)組成部分,即設(shè)計(jì)變量,目標(biāo)函數(shù)和約束,設(shè)計(jì)變量是在優(yōu)化過程中改變的參數(shù),以提高每個(gè)形式目標(biāo),它們是目標(biāo)函數(shù)的變量,約束是對設(shè)計(jì)的限制,它們是設(shè)計(jì)變量和其他要求表現(xiàn)[8]。
6結(jié)論
靈敏度分析方法可以有效地分析各部分的影響衡量要求的性能,并可以輕松識別關(guān)鍵部件進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化。測量優(yōu)化和靈敏度分析技術(shù)基本的輕量化設(shè)計(jì)方法,首先,靈敏度分析決定了關(guān)鍵零件,然后測量和車身優(yōu)化優(yōu)化車身結(jié)構(gòu)
參考文獻(xiàn)
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[4]Floor assembly for a passenger car and method of making same .999.08.31
[5]Method of manufacturing a passenger compartment from a cylindrical tube 1997.09.36
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附錄:
A Lightweight Optimization Method of Vehicle Body Structure Design
Abstract
Lightweight body is effective for reducing the concentration of pollutant in emissions, improving crashworthiness performance and dynamic performance. Lightweight Index, which is proportional to body mass and inversely proportional to torsion stiffness, is used to evaluate the lightweight degree of body structure. Lightweight index can be reduced according to increasing torsion stiffness and reducing mass. The calculation of body stiffness is a linear process, which can be simulated by finite element analysis withhigh precision. In this paper, the torsion stiffness of a vehicle body was studied by using CAE analysis software. After sim-ulation, the lightweight index was calculated according to body mass and torsion stiffness. For the purpose of improving lightweight index, body structure should be optimized to improve torsion stiffness and decrease body weight.
Keywords: Body structure Lightweight collision Sensi-tivity analysis
1Foreword
Body mass is a major component of the whole mass of a vehicle, usually accounts for more than 30 % of the whole mass. Automotive weight directly influences vehicle passive safety performance NVH performance, exhaust emissions and vehicle handling perfonnance. With the national vehicle emission regulations and safety regulations more and more stringent, the requirement for automotive weight become stricter, and how to design automotive products to meet all laws and regulations on the premise of with minimize body mass, has become one of the main research directions of the automotive industry.
The lightweight vehicle body design method, which is using advanced production technology, innovative materials and optimal design technique to optimize body structure of the initial design to meet the target design performance with optimal mass of the body structure [2]. When a car is traveling on the road, it will bears a variety of loads from uneven road, these loads can be divided into bending load and torsion load, while torsion loads on the structure of a vehicle are more serious, they may cause door deformation, sealing strips off, local deformation of body structure or even local cracks, so body torsion rigidity is one of the most basic and important performance of thebodystructure. In this paper, using finite element analysis opti-mization method, the torsion rigidity of a car body was studied to get optimized parts gauge and structure to improve body torsion stiffness and reduce body mass.
Torsion stiffness of vehicle body can be analyzed using the simulation analysis and experimental analysis, simulation analysis is use finite element method to build model of actual torsion stiffness experiment,and then calculate its stiffness by compute. The performance of current computer can be timely and effectively cal-culate a highly detailed finite element car body model with satisfied accuracy. Thanks to CAE methodit will save much of the test cost, timely guide the design of the body structure, and propose optimization approach; finite element method has become indispensable in the process of design and analysis of car body property [3].
During the structural optimization, at first, sensitivity analysis should be con-ducted to determine the sensitivity of the design variables to the objective [4], and then modify design variables according to the sensitivity to gain optimal design goal with constraints condition. The sensitivities of design variables are relative to A Lightweight Optimization Method the objective function, which are measured by the change of objective caused by the change of unit design variables, sensitivity analysis is the basis of the opti-mization analysis, optimization of structure can be carried out based on sensitivity analysis, which will save a lot of computing time and improve the optimization。
2 Basic Theory of Sensitivity Analysis
The structural analysis can be divided into two aspects of dynamic analysis and static analysis, the structure sensitivity analysis can also be divided into dynamicsensitivity analysis and static sensitivity analysis. Dynamic sensitivity analysis including eigenvalue sensitivity analysis, transfer function sensitivity analysis and dynamic response sensitivity analysis. The static sensitivity analysis can be stress, displacement and so on. For the carthe sensitivity analysis refers to body stiffness strength, free mode and sensitivity analysis of the strain energy, part structural parameters including material thicknessand cross-sectional moment of inertia [5|. There are two types of method to calculate sensitivity, derivation method and the accompanying structure method. Direct derivation method, which was pro-posed by Fox. R. L and Kapoor M. P, and then developed and promoted by many people in a wide range of areas. Direct derivation method has clear physicalconcept, simple mathematical theory convenient to calculate and can be extended from the first-order sensitivity to the high-order sensitivity, therefore, it is widely utilized in industry areas [6].
3 BIW Torsion Stiffness Analyses
Finite element model of a car BIW is shown in Fig. 1,which consists of 769 862 elements including triangular elements and quadrilateral elements, the overall weight is 371.2 kg. In order to compare with the vehicle torsion stiffness test process, finite element analysis model required to use beam element with diameter of 50 mm to simulate the test equipment such as Fig. 2. The boundary conditions of finite element analysis model is shown in Fig. 3, both the left and the right rear shock towers hard point are constrained at
Z translation DOFthe left and the right front shock absorber towers are constrained at X direction DOF. The loads are applied to the center of both front shock towers in the vertical directionwhich are equal but with opposite direction. The load is obtained by the formula F = M/L, where M is the test torque value, L is distance between the center of right and left front shock tower.
The stiffness result has nothing to do with the imposed torque, but for the purpose of compare with test result, the applied torque is 4,000 Nm, the test process is shown in Fig. 4. The Z direction displacements of the left and right load point are exported to compute torsion stiffness value, torsion stiffness K, is calculated using formula as follows: M is imposed torque; ts ZL are Z direction displacement of load points; L is the distance between load points.
The lightweight index [7], which is one of the key factors to evaluate the performance of body structure, is calculated by body torsion stiffness and massthe less the better. Light weight index is proportional to body mass and the inversely proportional to torsion stiffnesstherefore to reduce the lightweight index
the most effective way is increase the torsion stiffness while reducing body mass, body lightweight index is calculated as follows formula. e formula: M is the body mass; K , is torsion stiffness; A is body project area (wheelbase x tread). Through analysis and calculation with finite element software, the stiffness of the body is shown in Table 1,the contours display of body Z direction is shown in Fig. 5, according to the figurethe displacement of the body is changed continu-ously, in line with the expected load case.
4 BIW Structure Stiffness Sensitivity Analysis and Optimize
According to sensitivity analysis, the influence of various parts gauge to relevant performance can be judged, the sensitivity greater means the part thickness is more important for lhe corresponding property, therefore, key components can be determined and then optimized. The main features of the parts including structure. shape, thickness, material properties, processability and so on, for linear analysis such as torsion stiffness nonlinear characteristics of the material does not affect the torsion stiffness performance, the structure shape and size of the parts is the main factors of torsion stiffness. The body torsion stiffness mainly depends on connector section properties and geometric characteristics of vehicle body com-ponents, and part thickness is one of the factors that determine the geometric characteristics of parts, so it is one of the main factors affecting the torsion stiff-ness. By finite element analysis, the affection of parts thicknesses on the torsion stiffness can be studied conveniently. In this paper, 50 parts of the body (including symmetrical parts) are setup for sensitivity analysis, in the analysis, only one side of the symmetrical components are selected for analyzefinally 39 thickness variables are chose in sensitivity analysis. Components which are chose show in Fig. 6.
In the stiffness sensitivity optimization analysis, the minimum mass is set as the optimization objective and Z displacement of left load point as constraints, the sensitivities of parts thickness relative to torsion stiffness and whole vehicle mass are shown in Figs. 7 and 8. Sensitivities which are larger have more impact on the target performance, and target property can be effectively increase by enhance thickness, the same part may has great influence on both torsion stiffness and vehicle mass, when increase the thickness to improve the torsion stiffness will also result in the improve of vehicle masssuch types of parts are not suitable for optimizing torsion stiffness by increasing the thickness. The contribution of different parts to the torsion stiffness and mass are diversehow to choose suitable parts for thickness optimization to improve torsion stiffness while does not influence much on body weight is refer to the problem of optimization efficiency, which can be expressed by the compare of torsion stiffness sensitivity and mass sensitivity, the compare sensitivity of a part is larger means relative to other parts, changing its thickness can improve torsion stiffness but less enhance vehicle mass than others. The comparison sensitivity optimization efficiency is shown in Fig. 9. In order to improve torsion stiffness and decrease vehicle mass, the final optimi-zation measures can be taken to is increase the thickness of parts which have larger comparison sensitivity, and decrease thickness of components which have less comparison sensitivity. Parts gauge are optimized according to Fig. 9, and torsion stiffness is recal-culated in Table 2,in relative to original model,the torsion stiffness increase 38 Nm/degreeand whole weight reduce 3.1 kg lightweight index decrease 0.061.
5 Coat Rack Topography Optimization
Topography optimization, which is optimize sheet metal structure by optimizing the distribution and size of rib structure, can be utilized to optimize parts strength and stiffness while reducing weight, supplying a optimization method for sheet metal part design. In the design area, topography optimization determines the best position and optimized parameters of ribs by elements nodes perturbation, since mass and volume are not sensitive to element change in topography optimiza-tion, therefore, the mass and volume do not set as constraints or objective in topography optimization. There are three components in optimization process, namely the design variables, objective function and constraints, design variables are parameters that changed during the optimization process to improve the per-formance objective, they are the variables in objective function, and constraints are limitation to design, they are the requirements of design variables and other pert.
6 Conclusion
The sensitivity analysis method can effectively analyze the influence of each part gauge to required performance, and can easily identify the key components for further optimization. Gauge optimization and sensitivity analysis technology are basic method for lightweight design, at first, sensitivity analysis determines the key parts, and then gauge and topography optimization optimize References
References
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[2]Vehicle construction .2001.05.29
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[4]Floor assembly for a passenger car and method of making same .999.08.31
[5]Method of manufacturing a passenger compartment from a cylindrical tube 1997.09.36
[6]Vehicle frame components exhibiting enhanced energy absorption, an alloy and a method for their manufacture .9986.06.18
[7]Push-fit connecting joint .997.01.14
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