長途客車無人為干涉防超載系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計

長途客車無人為干涉防超載系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計,長途客車,人為,干涉,超載,系統(tǒng),設(shè)計 譯文標(biāo)題 汽車安全系統(tǒng)和技術(shù)的研究和分析 原文標(biāo)題 Automotive safety systems and technology research and analysis 作 者 譯 名 國 籍 原文出處 汽車安全系統(tǒng)的技術(shù)研究和分析作為現(xiàn)代化的交通工具和絕對數(shù)量急劇增加,交通事故也在增加。交通事故已成為嚴(yán)重的全球性社會問題。毫無疑問,先進(jìn)的汽車安全設(shè)施是行車安全不可缺少的保障。所以我們應(yīng)該開始,從技術(shù)研究和開發(fā)高性能、高安全車,也要加強車輛的定期檢查,及時維修調(diào)查,使車輛經(jīng)常處于良好的技術(shù)狀態(tài),以提高汽車的安全性能。 這里我們介紹汽車汽車主動安全技術(shù)和被動安全技術(shù)。汽車安全是根據(jù)交通事故發(fā)生之前和之后的分類。一個是在一次交通事故中采取安全措施,尤其是之前立即將產(chǎn)生風(fēng)險條件下,駕駛員操縱方向盤避免或緊急制動,以避免交通事故。在車?yán)?開車通常以確?；镜牟倏v穩(wěn)定性,駕駛員對周圍環(huán)境和確保視覺識別性沖動汽車本身,開發(fā)ant-lock制動系統(tǒng)(ABS)的基本性能,防滑驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)(ASR),主動制導(dǎo)懸架系統(tǒng),動力轉(zhuǎn)向和四輪驅(qū)動(四輪驅(qū)動),四輪轉(zhuǎn)向(4 ws)、照明系統(tǒng)、刮水器,后視鏡,防止追尾的汽車報警系統(tǒng)和激光雷達(dá),等等。這些安全設(shè)備和技術(shù),稱為主動安全系統(tǒng),也可以稱為預(yù)防性安全系統(tǒng)。另一方面,為了減少交通事故和公司人員直接承受程度,確保公司人員和行人的安全,說被動安全的安全,還可以叫沖突安全。當(dāng)事故發(fā)生后,為了防止災(zāi)害,包括防止火災(zāi)的擴張,使船員從交通事故可以使安全設(shè)備和系統(tǒng),防止災(zāi)害擴大安全系統(tǒng)。 One.Automobile主動安全技術(shù) 1.ABS制動系統(tǒng) Ant-lock制動系統(tǒng)(ABS剎車系統(tǒng),鎖定計算機作為ABS),液壓裝置,車輪速度傳感器、制動液壓管道、電線等,其結(jié)構(gòu)如下所示。 ABS的流蘇在各種駕駛汽車制動性能和制動條件安全特別重要,尤其是緊急制動,可以充分利用輪胎和路面附著力屬性之間的峰值,提高汽車抗側(cè)滑性能,減少制動距離、制動性能充分發(fā)揮,但也增加了汽車制動過程控制。以減少交通事故的可能性。 沒有安裝ABS汽車,如果踩制動踏板的驅(qū)動力,輪將迅速降低速度,最后車輪停止轉(zhuǎn)動,但身體由于慣性仍向前滑動。這種現(xiàn)象在車輪和路面之間發(fā)生更大的“滑”,出現(xiàn)這種情況,汽車輪胎的汽車側(cè)滑幾乎消失,所以可憐的力將會出現(xiàn)以下現(xiàn)象: (1)操縱穩(wěn)定性下降:方向盤是無效的,操縱車輛尾部的卷發(fā),嚴(yán)重時汽車圈或出現(xiàn)折疊現(xiàn)象; (2)處理下降:操縱方向盤的轉(zhuǎn)向和短要求; (3)制動距離延長:超過一般的制動距離。所以,我們可以想象已經(jīng)安裝了汽車ABS系統(tǒng)的安全是非常重要的。 2. ASR驅(qū)動轉(zhuǎn)矩控制系統(tǒng) ABS是用來防止汽車制動過程中車輪鎖,將車輪滑動率控制在理想范圍,縮短制動距離,提高汽車制動方向穩(wěn)定性和轉(zhuǎn)向控制,以提高汽車的安全性。隨著汽車性能要求的提高,不僅在制動過程中必須防止車輪抱死,并要求司機防止驅(qū)動輪滑轉(zhuǎn)過程中,制造汽車的方向穩(wěn)定性,駕駛過程轉(zhuǎn)向控制能力和加速性能,也提高了汽車驅(qū)動扭矩轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)ASR加速度調(diào)節(jié)滑動。ASR是完美的補充和ABS ASR,但大多數(shù)單獨設(shè)置與ABS組合在一起,常用的ABS / ASR說,叫防滑控制系統(tǒng)。 ASR主要用于防止汽車在一開始,加速車輪,保單在汽車加速和提高穩(wěn)定在惡劣路面駕駛附加條件。它沒有區(qū)別速度鎖在車?yán)锉牡缆泛湍酀舻牡缆烽_始,提高其能力,也可以防止高速度通過把汽車滑翔路面和后輪側(cè)滑現(xiàn)象。 總之,防止車輪因為ASR滑動,可以最大化汽車有足夠的引擎驅(qū)動力矩,保證縱向力、側(cè)向力和操作的能力,在開始制造汽車,轉(zhuǎn)向和加速過程中,在滑翔和泥濘的道路,在一個山區(qū)下坡過程可以穩(wěn)步推動,保證了安全,減少輪胎磨損和油耗,提高了汽車駕駛能力。 汽車巡航系統(tǒng)(CCS)的角色是所需的司機:閉合開關(guān)后,沒有速度的油門踏板可以自動保持速度,使車輛以固定的速度。使用這種裝置,當(dāng)在高速公路上很長一段時間后,司機開車不需要控制油門踏板,減輕疲勞,同時減少不必要的變速,可以減少節(jié)省燃油。汽車巡航控制系統(tǒng)是最早的汽車電子控制系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展。這系統(tǒng)使用另一個速度傳感器,將速度信號輸入發(fā)動機控制微機,微機控制真空系統(tǒng)工作。這個系統(tǒng)可以使用的服務(wù)器,速度控制開關(guān)操縱桿和剎車踏板真空開關(guān)等,它的功能和基本系統(tǒng)是一樣的。在此系統(tǒng)中,電子控制裝置可以協(xié)議行駛阻力的變化,自動調(diào)節(jié)發(fā)動機節(jié)氣門角度,使速度常數(shù)。這樣不但減少不必要的速度變化,也節(jié)省了燃料,減少了司機的負(fù)擔(dān)。 1.安全帶 汽車安全帶是安全裝置,它可以在汽車碰撞或急轉(zhuǎn)彎,盡可能使船員保持原來的位置沒有移動和旋轉(zhuǎn),避免碰撞與車內(nèi)部件造成損害?，F(xiàn)代汽車安全帶和安全氣囊,安全設(shè)備,但前者的歷史悠久,普及的范圍。 看似簡單的安全帶實際上不是“簡單”。注意交通安全的前沿,通過分析車禍后的通用汽車(general motors)發(fā)現(xiàn):安全帶不僅讓人們保護(hù)生命,可以在超過一半的事故減少甚至消除司機,司機受傷的機會。汽車碰撞或意想不到的緊急制動力量產(chǎn)生巨大的慣性,讓司機和乘客和汽車擋風(fēng)玻璃,方向盤,座椅,碰撞發(fā)生的對象(如二次駕駛極易造成人員嚴(yán)重傷害,甚至駕駛乘員座位或把頂點,安全帶能將騎在座位。束縛人員發(fā)生事故時,可有效防止碰撞,和它的緩沖作用可以吸收大量的動能,減少人員的傷害程度。 系好安全帶安全氣囊發(fā)揮我們的作用也是一個重要條件。因為乘坐的安全氣囊的作用最大化物理位置的影響,坐在即時行動有非常嚴(yán)格的要求。否則,安全氣囊開始強烈瞬時瓦勒普斯也脆弱的網(wǎng)站,可能造成嚴(yán)重的損傷,特別是兒童,這種損害可以是致命的。即使是最普通的三個腰帶,試著可以及時在崩潰住騎包,確保上部騎的安全氣囊完全擴展范圍,使安全氣囊最有效地發(fā)揮功效。因此,不能因為汽車配備安全氣囊和感覺無憂無慮的安全帶系好,只有減少或消除交通事故的發(fā)生。 2.安全氣囊前發(fā)生了強烈的碰撞,因為慣性,誰騎身體向前快速移動,然后安全帶,將嘗試“拉動式”騎在人體內(nèi),吸收部分沖擊能量,而“目鏡趨勢”的安全氣囊充氣,完全打開,然后騎上身體會沉到安全氣囊,氣也開始從通風(fēng)空氣均勻逃跑,和吸收大部分沖擊能量;隨后,坐后座,回到身體。上述整個過程幾乎總是發(fā)生在一瞬間,誰騎完全在被動的情況下,在這種情況下,被動依賴輔助乘員保護(hù)系統(tǒng)是唯一的選擇。安全氣囊開發(fā)設(shè)計是基于保護(hù)安全帶有限公司有限公司;他們相互合作騎玩輔助的保護(hù)作用。 安全帶的使用條件下的船員,氣球幫助減少胸部,頭部和面部受傷在碰撞的嚴(yán)重性。當(dāng)汽車發(fā)生碰撞之前,首先是汽車停止運動,汽車在慣性力的作用下人員仍然與原來的速度向前運動。不戴安全帶人員將轉(zhuǎn)向盤,前擋風(fēng)玻璃在一起,所以它可以嚴(yán)重傷害;停車系好安全帶,船員可以停止運動,逐步前進(jìn)。如果碰撞暴力,機組人員安全帶的向前移動,更快的完成之前停止運動,仍然和車內(nèi)的東西在一起。如果這種方式轉(zhuǎn)向內(nèi)的磁盤或彈出氣球充氣,它可以保護(hù)主人一起減少汽車的可能性,更均勻分散的頭,胸,吸收沖擊能量的運動,因此工作人員增加了安全帶的效果。 外除了安全帶和安全氣囊的汽車被動安全技術(shù)包括汽車保險杠,汽車安全玻璃、安全的身體,乘員頭部和頸部保護(hù)系統(tǒng)(鞭子)等。這些車輛改善安全性能有非常重要的貢獻(xiàn)。 As traffic tools of the modernization and absolute number increase sharply, traffic accidents are also increasing. Car accident has become severe global social issues. Undoubtedly, advanced auto safety facilities are the driving safety indispensable safeguard. So, we should start, from technology to research and development of high performance, high safety car, also want to strengthen the regular inspection in cars, so timely maintenance investigation, make cars often in good technical status, so as to improve the safety performance of the car. Here we introduced active safety technology and automobile car passive safety technology. Auto safety is according to the traffic accident happened before and after the classified. One is in a traffic accident take safety measures, especially before immediately will produce risk condition, drivers manipulate the steering wheel avoid or emergency brake to avoid traffic accidents. In the car, drive in usually to ensure the basic manipulation stability, drivers on the surrounding environment and to ensure the visual recognition sex drive the car itself, developed the basic performance ant-lock braking system (ABS), prevent slippery drive system (ASR), active suspension, power steering and four-wheel drive (4WD), four-wheel steering (4WS), lighting system, wiper, the rearview mirror, prevent from rear-end collision car alarm system and laser radar, etc. These security devices and technology, called active safety system, can also be called preventive security system. On the other hand, in order to reduce traffic accidents and company by personnel directly suffer degree, ensure company take staff and pedestrian safety, says the security for passive safety, can also be called conflict safety. When after the accident, in order to prevent disasters, including prevent the expansion of fire and make crew from traffic accident can extricate the security devices and systems, called prevent disaster expand security system. One．Automobile active security technology 1. ABS braking system Ant-lock Braking System (Braking System, lock do by ABS computers as ABS), hydraulic device, the wheel speed sensors, brake hydraulic pipeline and electrical wiring etc. Their structures are shown below. ABS tasseled for the car in various driving conditions braking performance and brake safety particularly important, especially is emergency braking, can make full use of the peak between tire and road surface adhesion properties, improve performance and reduce automobile fight sideslip braking distance, give full play to the braking performance, but also increase the automobile braking process control. So as to reduce the possibility of car accidents. No installation ABS car, if the driving force trample brake pedal, wheel will rapidly lower speed, and finally wheels stop turning, but body because of inertia remains forward sliding. This phenomenon was at the wheel and pavement occur between larger "slip", appear this kind of situation, the car tires of automobile lateral spreads almost disappear, so poor force will appear the following phenomena: (1) Steering stability fall: the steering wheel is ineffective, vehicle tail manipulation of curl, serious when vehicle circles or appear folding phenomenon; (2) Handling fall: manipulate the steering wheel and short of steering requirements; (3) Braking distance extended: more than general braking distance. So, we can imagine to have installed ABS system of the car safety is very important. 2．the ASR drive torque control system ABS are used to prevent car braking process wheel lock, will wheel sliding rate control in ideal range, so as to shorten the braking distance, improve automobile braking direction stability and steering control, so as to improve the safety of the car. Along with the increase of vehicle performance requirements, not only in braking process required to prevent wheel lock, and asked the driver to prevent drive roller skating turn in the process, making cars in the direction stability, driving process steeringAutomotive safety systems and technology research and analysis As traffic tools of the modernization and absolute number increase sharply, traffic accidents are also increasing. Car accident has become severe global social issues. Undoubtedly, advanced auto safety facilities are the driving safety indispensable safeguard. So, we should start, from technology to research and development of high performance, high safety car, also want to strengthen the regular inspection in cars, so timely maintenance investigation, make cars often in good technical status, so as to improve the safety performance of the car. Here we introduced active safety technology and automobile car passive safety technology. Auto safety is according to the traffic accident happened before and after the classified. One is in a traffic accident take safety measures, especially before immediately will produce risk condition, drivers manipulate the steering wheel avoid or emergency brake to avoid traffic accidents. In the car, drive in usually to ensure the basic manipulation stability, drivers on the surrounding environment and to ensure the visual recognition sex drive the car itself, developed the basic performance ant-lock braking system (ABS), prevent slippery drive system (ASR), active suspension, power steering and four-wheel drive (4WD), four-wheel steering (4WS), lighting system, wiper, the rearview mirror, prevent from rear-end collision car alarm system and laser radar, etc. These security devices and technology, called active safety system, can also be called preventive security system. On the other hand, in order to reduce traffic accidents and company by personnel directly suffer degree, ensure company take staff and pedestrian safety, says the security for passive safety, can also be called conflict safety. When after the accident, in order to prevent disasters, including prevent the expansion of fire and make crew from traffic accident can extricate the security devices and systems, called prevent disaster expand security system. One．Automobile active security technology 1. ABS braking system Ant-lock Braking System (Braking System, lock do by ABS computers as ABS), hydraulic device, the wheel speed sensors, brake hydraulic pipeline and electrical wiring etc. Their structures are shown below. ABS tasseled for the car in various driving conditions braking performance and brake safety particularly important, especially is emergency braking, can make full use of the peak between tire and road surface adhesion properties, improve performance and reduce automobile fight sideslip braking distance, give full play to the braking performance, but also increase the automobile braking process control. So as to reduce the possibility of car accidents. No installation ABS car, if the driving force trample brake pedal, wheel will rapidly lower speed, and finally wheels stop turning, but body because of inertia remains forward sliding. This phenomenon was at the wheel and pavement occur between larger "slip", appear this kind of situation, the car tires of automobile lateral spreads almost disappear, so poor force will appear the following phenomena: (1)Steering stability fall: the steering wheel is ineffective, vehicle tail manipulation of curl, serious when vehicle circles or appear folding phenomenon; (2)Handling fall: manipulate the steering wheel and short of steering requirements; (3)Braking distance extended: more than general braking distance. So, we can imagine to have installed ABS system of the car safety is very important. 2．the ASR drive torque control system ABS are used to prevent car braking process wheel lock, will wheel sliding rate control in ideal range, so as to shorten the braking distance, improve automobile braking direction stability and steering control, so as to improve the safety of the car. Along with the increase of vehicle performance requirements, not only in braking process required to prevent wheel lock, and asked the driver to prevent drive roller skating turn in the process, making cars in the direction stability, driving process steering control ability and acceleration performance, so are improved by the car drive torque steering system ASR (Accelerations Regulation) Slip. ASR is the perfect complement and ABS ASR, but most alone is set with ABS combined together, commonly used ABS/ASR says, called antiskid control system. ASR is mainly used to prevent car in the beginning, accelerate the wheels, guarantee slip in the car accelerated rate and improve the stability in bad pavement drive attached conditions. It makes no difference speed in the car lock ice roads and muddy road started and to improve its capacity, also can prevent high in speed by turning cars gliding pavement and rear lateral spreads phenomenon. Anyhow, prevent the wheel because ASR slip, can maximize the engine driving moment of cars had enough, ensure the longitudinal force, lateral force and manipulation of power, make cars in starting, steering and accelerate the process, in gliding and muddy road, in a mountain area downhill process can steadily driving, guarantees the safety, reducing tire wear and fuel consumption, and improves the car driving capability. Car cruising system (CCS) role is required by the driver: after a normally-closed switch, no speed on the accelerator pedal can automatically keep the speed, make the vehicle with the fixed speed. Using this device, when on the highway after a long time, the driver driving not have to control the accelerator pedal, reduce fatigue, while reducing unnecessary speed change, can reduce save fuel. Auto cruise control system is the earliest development of the automotive electronic control system. This system USES another speed sensor, will speed signal input engine control microcomputer, by microcomputer control vacuum system work. This system can make use of the server, speed control switch lever and brake pedal on vacuum lift switches etc, its function and basic system the same. In this system, electronic control device can accord change of driving resistance, automatic regulation engine throttle Angle, make the speed constant. Such not only reduce unnecessary speed change, which saves fuel, also reduced the driver's burden. The electronic cruise control system which is shown in figure 2. Two. Automobile passive safety technology 1. Seat belt Car seat belt is a safety device, it can in car collision or sharp turn, make crew to keep its original position as possible without mobile and rotation, avoid collision with in-car hard parts caused damage. Seat belts and airbags, as modern cars are safety devices, but the long history of the former, popularize the scope. The seemingly simple seat belt actually not "simple". Attention has been at the forefront of traffic safety, through the analysis of general motors after a car accident found: seat belt not only makes people protect the lives, can be in more than half of the accident to reduce or even eliminate drivers, motorists are the chance of injury. Car collision or unexpected emergency braking force generated great inertia, will allow the driver and passenger and car windscreen, steering wheel, seat, collision happened objects such as secondary to drive is caused extremely easily crew serious damage, even drive occupant seats or threw the apex, seat belts can will ride in the seat. Bondage personnel When has the accident, which can effectively prevent the collision, and its buffer role can absorbs a great deal of kinetic energy, reduce rides personnel extent of the injuries. Fasten your seat belt airbags play our role is also an important condition. Because the airbag to maximize role for the ride in the impact of the physical location, sitting instant action have extremely strict and the requirements. Otherwise, the airbag started strong instantaneous wallops to head are fragile site, may cause serious damage, especially for children, this damage can be fatal. Even the most ordinary three belts, try a can timely in crash that lived rides the bundle, ensure the upper part of a ride in the airbag fully extended range, make the airbag most effectively play efficacy. Accordingly, must not because the car is equipped with airbags and feel carefree seat belt fastened, only to reduce or eliminate the traffic accident happen. 2. The airbag When the front collision happened strong, because inertia, who rides the body forward fast moving, then seat belts and will try to "pull" rides on person the body, absorb some of the impact energy, while the airbag with "the eyepiece trend" inflatable and completely open; Then the rides the upper body will sink to airbags, gas also began from the vent air uniform escaping, and absorbed most of the impact energy; Subsequently, the ride back seat and return to the body. Above the whole process is almost always happens in a flash, who rides the completely in passive situation, in this case, the passive rely on auxiliary occupant protection system is the only option. Airbags development design is based on the protection on seat belt Co., LTD; they cooperate with each other to ride the play the auxiliary protective effect. Seat belt usage in under the condition of the crew, balloon help reduce chest, head and facial injuries in the seriousness of the collision. When car collision happened before, the first is the car to stop motion, car under the action of inertial force crews to go forward with the original speed still sport. Not wearing a seat belt crews will and steering dish, front windscreen together, so it can be severely hurt; Wearing a seat belt as car stop the crew can stop moving forward movement and gradually. If collision violent, crew forward movement of the seat belts, even faster in the complete stop before motion, still and in-car things together. If this fashion in steering the disk or within the pop up balloon inflated dash, it can protect the occupant reduce the possibility of car together with things, more uniform dispersion head, chest, absorb the impact energy of movement, thus crew has added effect of seat belts. In addition to seat belts and airbags outside car passive safety technology includes car bumper, automobile safety glass, security body, occupant head and neck protection system(WHIPS), etc. These vehicles to improve the safety performance has very important contribution. 指 導(dǎo) 教 師 評 語 外文翻譯成績： 指導(dǎo)教師簽字： 年 月 日 注：1. 指導(dǎo)教師對譯文進(jìn)行評閱時應(yīng)注意以下幾個方面：①翻譯的外文文獻(xiàn)與畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）的主題是否高度相關(guān)，并作為外文參考文獻(xiàn)列入畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）的參考文獻(xiàn)；②翻譯的外文文獻(xiàn)字?jǐn)?shù)是否達(dá)到規(guī)定數(shù)量（3 000字以上）；③譯文語言是否準(zhǔn)確、通順、具有參考價值。 2. 外文原文應(yīng)以附件的方式置于譯文之后。 共 5 頁 第 8 頁