輕質(zhì)石膏墻板搬運機械手的設(shè)計【含10張CAD圖紙+PDF圖】
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【中文6450字】
機械手的機械和控制系統(tǒng)
文章來源: Dirk Osswald, Heinz W?rn. Department of Computer Science , Institute for Process Control and Robotics (IPR).,Engler-Bunte-Ring 8 - Building 40.28.
摘要: 最近,全球內(nèi)帶有多指夾子或手的機械人系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)發(fā)展起來了, 多種方法應(yīng)用其上,有擬人化的和非擬人化的。不僅調(diào)查了這些系統(tǒng)的機械結(jié)構(gòu),而且還包括其必要的控制系統(tǒng)。如同人手一樣,這些機械人系統(tǒng)可以用它們的手去抓不同的物體,而不用改換夾子。這些機械手具備特殊的運動能力(比如小質(zhì)量和小慣性),這使被抓物體在機械手的工作范圍內(nèi)做更復(fù)雜、更精確的操作變得可能。這些復(fù)雜的操作被抓物體繞任意角度和軸旋轉(zhuǎn)。本文概述了這種機械手的一般設(shè)計方法,同時給出了此類機械手的一個示例,如卡爾斯魯厄靈巧手Ⅱ。本文末介紹了一些新的構(gòu)想,如利用液體驅(qū)動器為類人型機器人設(shè)計一個全新的機械手。
關(guān)鍵詞:多指機械手;機器人手;精操作;機械系統(tǒng);控制系統(tǒng)
1. 引言
2001年6月在德國卡爾斯魯厄開展的“人形機器人”特別研究,是為了開發(fā)在正常環(huán)境(如廚房或客廳)下能夠和人類合作和互動的機器人系統(tǒng)。設(shè)計這些機器人系統(tǒng)是為了能夠在非專業(yè)、非工業(yè)的條件下(如身處多物之中),幫我們抓取不同尺寸、形狀和重量的物體。同時,它們必須能夠很好的操縱被抓物體。這種極強的靈活性只能通過一個適應(yīng)性極強的機械人手抓系統(tǒng)來獲得,即所謂的多指機械手或機器人手。
上文提到的研究項目,就是要制造一個人形機器人,此機器人將裝備這種機器人手系統(tǒng)。這個新手將由兩個機構(gòu)合作制造,它們是卡爾斯魯厄大學(xué)的IPR(過程控制和機器人技術(shù)研究院)和c(計算機應(yīng)用科學(xué)研究院)。這兩個組織都有制造此種系統(tǒng)的相關(guān)經(jīng)驗,但是稍有不同的觀點。
IPR制造的卡爾斯魯厄靈巧手Ⅱ(如圖1所示),是一個四指相互獨立的手爪,我們將在此文中詳細介紹。IAI制造的手(如圖17所示)是作為殘疾人的假肢。
圖1.IPR的卡爾斯魯厄靈巧手Ⅱ 圖2. IAI開發(fā)的流體手
2. 機器人手的一般結(jié)構(gòu)
一個機器人手可以分成兩大主要子系統(tǒng):機械系統(tǒng)和控制系統(tǒng)。
機械系統(tǒng)又可分為結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計、驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)和傳感系統(tǒng),我們將在第三部分作進一步介紹。在第四部分介紹的控制系統(tǒng)至少由控制硬件和控制軟件組成。
我們將對這兩大子系統(tǒng)的問題作一番基本介紹,然后用卡爾斯魯厄靈巧手Ⅱ演示一下。
3. 機械系統(tǒng)
機械系統(tǒng)將描述這個手看起來如何以及由什么元件組成。它決定結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計、手指的數(shù)量及使用的材料。此外,還確定驅(qū)動器(如電動機)、傳感器(如位置編碼器)的位置。
3.1 結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計
結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計將對機械手的靈活度起很大的作用,即它能抓取何種類型的物體以及能對被抓物體進行何種操作。設(shè)計一個機器人手的時候,必須確定三個基本要素:手指的數(shù)量、手指的關(guān)節(jié)數(shù)量以及手指的尺寸和安置位置。
為了能夠在機械手的工作范圍內(nèi)安全的抓取和操作物件,至少需要三根手指。為了能夠?qū)Ρ蛔ノ矬w的操作獲得6個自由度(3個平移和3個旋轉(zhuǎn)自由度),每個手指必須具備3個獨立的關(guān)節(jié)。這種方法在第一代卡爾斯魯厄靈巧手上被采用過。但是,為了能夠重抓一個物件而無需將它先釋放再拾取的話,至少需要4根手指。
要確定手指的尺寸和安置位置,可以采用兩種方法:擬人化和非擬人化。然后將取決與被操作的物體以及選擇何種期望的操作類型。擬人化的安置方式很容易從人手到機器人手轉(zhuǎn)移抓取意圖。但是每個手指不同的尺寸和不對稱的安置位置將增加加工費用,并且是其控制系統(tǒng)變得更加復(fù)雜,因為每個手指都必須分別加以控制。對于相同手指的對稱布置,常采用非擬人化方法。因為只需加工和構(gòu)建單一的“手指模塊”,因此可減少加工費用,同時也可是控制系統(tǒng)簡化。
3.2 驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)
指關(guān)節(jié)的驅(qū)動器對手的靈活度也有很大的影響,因為它決定潛在的力量、精度及關(guān)節(jié)運動的速度。機械運動的兩個方面需加以考慮:運動來源和運動方向。在這方面,文獻里描述了有幾種不同的方法,如文獻[3]中說可由液壓缸或氣壓缸產(chǎn)生運動,或者,正如大部分情況一樣使用電動機。在多數(shù)情況下,運動驅(qū)動器(如電機)太大而不能直接與相應(yīng)的指關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)合在一起,因此,這個運動必須由驅(qū)動器(一般位于機器臂最后的連接點處)轉(zhuǎn)移過來。有幾種不同的方法可實現(xiàn)這種運動方式,如使用鍵、傳動帶以及活動軸。使用這種間接驅(qū)動指關(guān)節(jié)的方法,或多或少地降低了整個系統(tǒng)的強度和精度,同時也使控制系統(tǒng)復(fù)雜化,因為每根手指的不同關(guān)節(jié)常常是機械地連在一起,但是在控制系統(tǒng)的軟件里卻要將它們分別獨立控制。由于具有這些缺點,因此小型化的運動驅(qū)動器與指關(guān)節(jié)的直接融合就顯得相當必要。
3.3 傳感系統(tǒng)
機器手的傳感系統(tǒng)可將反饋信息從硬件傳給控制軟件。對手指或被抓物體建立一個閉環(huán)控制是很必要的。在機器手中使用了3種類型的傳感器:
1. 手爪狀態(tài)傳感器確定指關(guān)節(jié)和指尖的位置以及手指上的作用力情況。知道了指尖的精確位置將使精確控制變得可能。另外,知道手指作用在被抓物體上的力,就可以抓取易碎物件而不會打破它。
2. 抓取狀態(tài)傳感器提供手指與被抓物體之間的接觸狀態(tài)信息。這種觸覺信息可在抓取過程中及時確定與物體第一次接觸的位置點,同時也可避免不正確的抓取,如抓到物體的邊緣和尖端。另外還能察覺到已抓物體是否滑落,從而避免物體因跌落而損壞。
3. 物體狀態(tài)或姿態(tài)傳感器用于確定手指內(nèi)物體的形狀、位置和方向。如果在抓取物體之前并不清楚這些信息的情況下,這種傳感器是非常必要的。如果此傳感器還能作用于已抓物體上的話,它也能控制物體的姿態(tài)(位置和方向),從而監(jiān)測是否滑落。
根據(jù)不同的驅(qū)動系統(tǒng),有關(guān)指關(guān)節(jié)位置的幾何信息可以在運動驅(qū)動器或直接在關(guān)節(jié)處出測量。例如,如在電動機和指關(guān)節(jié)之間有一剛性聯(lián)軸器,那么就可以用電機軸上的一個角度編碼器(在齒輪前或齒輪后)來測量關(guān)節(jié)的位置。但是如果此聯(lián)軸器剛度不夠或著要獲得很高的精度的話,就不能用這種方法。
3.4卡爾斯魯厄靈巧手Ⅱ的機械系統(tǒng)
為了能夠獲得如重抓等更加復(fù)雜的操作,卡爾斯魯厄靈巧手Ⅱ(KDHⅡ)由4根手指組成,且每根手指由3個相互獨立的關(guān)節(jié)組成。設(shè)計該手是為了能夠在工業(yè)環(huán)境中應(yīng)用(圖3所示)和操縱箱、缸及螺釘螺帽等物體。因此,我們選用四個相同手指,將它們作對稱、非擬人化配置,且每個手指都能旋轉(zhuǎn)90°(圖4所示)。
鑒于從第一代卡爾斯魯厄靈巧手設(shè)計中得到的經(jīng)驗,比如因傳動帶而導(dǎo)致的機械問題以及較大摩擦因數(shù)導(dǎo)致的控制問題,卡爾斯魯厄靈巧手Ⅱ采用了一些不同的設(shè)計決策。每根手指的關(guān)節(jié)2和關(guān)節(jié)3之間的直流電機被整合到手指前部肢體中(圖5所示)。這種布置可使用很硬的球軸齒輪將運動傳遞到手指的關(guān)節(jié)處。處在電機軸上的角度編碼器(在齒輪前)此時可作為一個精度很高的位置狀態(tài)傳感器。
圖3.工業(yè)機器人上的KDHⅡ 圖4. KDHⅡ的頂視圖
為了感知作用在物體上的手指力量,我們發(fā)明了一個六維力扭矩傳感器(圖6所示)。這個傳感器可當作手指末端肢體使用,且配有一個球形指尖。它可以抓取較輕的物體,同時也能抓取3-5kg相近的較重物體。此傳感器能測量X、Y和Z方向的力及繞相關(guān)軸的力矩。另外,3個共線的激光三角測量傳感器被安置在KDHⅡ的手掌上(圖5所示)。因為有3個這樣的傳感器,因此不僅可以測量3單點之間的距離,如果知道物體的形狀,還能測出被抓物體表面之間的距離和方向。物體狀態(tài)傳感器的工作頻率為1kHz,它能檢測和避免物體的滑落。
圖5. KDHⅡ的側(cè)視圖 圖6. 帶應(yīng)變計量傳感器的六自由度扭轉(zhuǎn)傳感器
4. 控制系統(tǒng)
機器人手的控制系統(tǒng)決定哪些潛在的靈巧技能能夠被實際利用,這些技能都是由機械系統(tǒng)所提供的。如前所述,控制系統(tǒng)可分為控制計算機即硬件和控制算法即軟件。
控制系統(tǒng)必須滿足以下幾個的條件:
1. 必須要有足夠的輸入輸出端口。例如,一具有9個自由度的低級手,其驅(qū)動器至少需要9路模擬輸出端口,且要有9路從角度編碼器的輸入端口。如再加上每個手指上的力傳感器、觸覺傳感器及物體狀態(tài)傳感器的話,則端口數(shù)量將增加號幾倍。
2. 需具備對外部事件快速實時反應(yīng)的能力。例如,當檢測到物體滑落時,能立即采取相應(yīng)的措施。
3. 需具備較高的計算能力以應(yīng)對一些不同的任務(wù)。如可以對多指及物體并行執(zhí)行路徑規(guī)劃、坐標轉(zhuǎn)換及閉環(huán)控制等任務(wù)。
4. 控制系統(tǒng)的體積要小,以便能夠?qū)⑵渲苯蛹傻讲僮飨到y(tǒng)當中。
5. 在控制系統(tǒng)與驅(qū)動器及傳感器之間必須要電氣短接。特別是對傳感器來說,若沒有的話,很多的干擾信號將會干擾傳感器信號。
4.1 控制硬件
為了應(yīng)對系統(tǒng)的要求,控制硬件一般分布在幾個專門的處理器中。如可通過一個簡單的微控制器處理很低端的輸入輸出接口(馬達和傳感器),因此控制器尺寸很小,能輕易地集成到操縱系統(tǒng)中。但是較高水平的控制端口則需要較高的計算能力,且需要一個靈活實時操作系統(tǒng)的支持。這可以通過PC機輕易地解決。
因此,控制硬件常由一個非均勻的分布式計算機系統(tǒng)組成,它的一端是微控制器,而另一端則是一個功能強大的處理器。不同的計算單元則通過一個通信系統(tǒng)連接起來,比如總線系統(tǒng)。
4.2 控制軟件
機器人手的控制軟件是相當復(fù)雜的。必須對要對手指進行實時及平行控制,同時還要計劃手指和物體的新的軌跡。因此,為了減少問題的復(fù)雜性,就有必要將此問題分成幾個子問題來處理。
另一方面涉及軟件的開發(fā)。機器人手其實是一個研究項目,它的編程環(huán)境如用戶界面,編程工具和調(diào)試設(shè)施都必須十分強大和靈活。這些只能使用一個標準的操作系統(tǒng)才能得到滿足。在機械人中普遍使用的分層控制系統(tǒng)方法都經(jīng)過了修剪,以滿足機械手的特殊控制要求。
4.3卡爾斯魯厄靈巧手Ⅱ的控制系統(tǒng)
如在4.1節(jié)中所說,對于卡爾斯魯厄靈巧手Ⅱ的控制硬件,采用了一種分布式方法(圖7所示)。一個微控制器分別控制一個手指的驅(qū)動器和傳感器,另外一個微控制器用于控制物體狀態(tài)傳感器(激光三角傳感器)。這些微控制器(圖7左側(cè)和右側(cè)的外箱)直接安裝在手上,所以可以保證和驅(qū)動器及傳感器之間較短的電氣連接。這些微控制器都是使用串行總線系統(tǒng)和主控計算機連在一起的。這個主控計算機(圖7、圖8中的灰色方塊)是由六臺工業(yè)計算機組成的一個并行計算機。這些電腦都被排列在一個二維平面。相鄰電腦模塊(一臺電腦最多有8個相鄰模塊)使用雙端口RAM進行快速通信(圖7中暗灰色方塊所示)。一臺電腦用于控制一個手指。另一臺用于控制物體狀態(tài)傳感器及計算物體之間的位置。其余的電腦被安在前面提到的電腦的周圍。這些電腦用于協(xié)調(diào)整個控制系統(tǒng)??刂栖浖慕Y(jié)構(gòu)反映了控制硬件的架構(gòu)。如圖9所示。
圖7. KDH II的控制硬件構(gòu)架 圖8.控制KDH II的平行主計算機
一個關(guān)于此手控制系統(tǒng)的三個最高層次的網(wǎng)上計劃正在規(guī)劃。理想的物體位移命令可由優(yōu)越的機器人控制系統(tǒng)得到,并可用作物體路徑的精確規(guī)劃。根據(jù)已產(chǎn)生的目標路徑就可規(guī)劃可行的抓取行為(手指作用在物體上的可行抓取位置點)?,F(xiàn)在知道了物體的運動計劃,就可以由手指路徑規(guī)劃得出每個手指的運動軌跡,并傳遞給系統(tǒng)的實時能力部分。如果一個物體被抓取了,那么其手指的運動路徑就傳遞給了物體的狀態(tài)控制器。這個控制器控制物體的姿態(tài),它由手指和物體狀態(tài)傳感器所決定,用以獲得所需的物體姿態(tài)。如果一個手指沒有跟物體接觸,那么它的移動路徑將會直接傳遞給手控制器。這個手控制器將相關(guān)的預(yù)期手指位置傳遞給所有的手指控制器,以協(xié)調(diào)所有手指的運動。這些在手指傳感器的幫助下又反過來驅(qū)動手指驅(qū)動器。
圖9. KDHⅡ的手部控制系統(tǒng)
5. 實驗結(jié)果
為了驗證卡爾斯魯厄靈巧手Ⅱ的能力,我們選擇了兩個要求操作問題。一個問題是在網(wǎng)上對處于外部影響下的被抓物體姿態(tài)(位置和方向)的控制。另一個問題是被抓物體必須能夠繞任意角度旋轉(zhuǎn),這只能通過重抓才能實現(xiàn)。這可以反映卡爾斯魯厄靈巧手Ⅱ?qū)?fù)雜任務(wù)的操作能力。
5.1 物體姿態(tài)控制
這個物體姿態(tài)控制器的目的是為了確定好被抓物體的位置和方向以適合給定的軌跡。此任務(wù)必須在實時條件通過在線獲得,盡管有內(nèi)部變化及外部干擾的存在。內(nèi)部變化比如在物體移動過程中,球形指尖在被抓物體上的滾動。這種狀況如圖10、圖11所示。這將導(dǎo)致物體的不必要的額外移動和傾斜。這些錯誤的物體姿勢很難預(yù)先估計。因此,物體狀態(tài)傳感器的輸入必須要修改這些錯誤。對于卡爾斯魯厄靈巧手Ⅱ來說,其上的三個激光三角傳感器就是用來糾正此種錯誤的。圖12定量地說明了圖9中物體在沒有姿態(tài)控制情況下的傾斜情況。下圖顯示了在X方向上隨時間推移的預(yù)期軌跡,而上圖顯示了物體實際的旋轉(zhuǎn)(傾斜)結(jié)果情況。因為啟用了物體狀態(tài)控制,圖13中的物體傾斜得到了很大的減少。上圖物體的旋轉(zhuǎn)保持基本恒定,這和期望的一樣。
圖10.因滾動產(chǎn)生的額外位移 圖12.沒有狀態(tài)控制的物體傾斜
圖11.因球形指尖在物體上的滾動而產(chǎn)生 圖13.物體狀態(tài)控制下減少的物體
額外的不期望傾斜情況 傾斜情況
物體狀態(tài)控制器對補償外界干擾也是十分必要的。比如,機器人(手臂、手或手指)或被抓物體與外界的碰撞可能導(dǎo)致物體的滑落。這更有可能導(dǎo)致被抓物體的損耗,這是不能出現(xiàn)的情況。為了能夠避免物體在這種情況下的損失,就必須檢測出物體的滑落并迅速采取行動以穩(wěn)定物體的狀態(tài)。
為了驗證卡爾斯魯厄靈巧手Ⅱ控制系統(tǒng)對這種干擾情況的處理能力,我們做了以下的實驗:物件被抓后,將手指的接觸力恒定減少直至物體開始滑落。在激光三角傳感器檢測滑落后,物體狀態(tài)控制器采取措施將物體重新調(diào)控到所期望的位置。圖14和圖15展示了此種實驗的一個例子。尤其是圖14,它顯示出物體滑落啟動的相當突然且相當快。但是物體狀態(tài)控制器也能夠足夠快地檢測和補償滑落,這樣物體的位置(這里:特別是X方向,就是滑落的方向)和物體的方向能夠與最開始的期望值很快地相符。
圖14.滑落實驗:X方向的實際物體 圖15.滑落實驗:關(guān)于Z軸的實際
位置 物體方向
5.2 重抓
雖然卡爾斯魯厄靈巧手Ⅱ非常的靈活,但是它不能在第一次操作中就能得到每一個理想的對象操縱。這源于這樣一個事實:手指相對于正常的工業(yè)機器人來說是十分小的,因此所具備的工作范圍也是很有限的。如果物體被手指抓住,那么它第一次只能在所有手指的剩余空間內(nèi)被操縱??尚胁僮鞯臈l件是所有的接觸點必須長期地處在相聯(lián)手指的工作范圍內(nèi)。這很大地限制了操作的可行性。為了能夠克服此種限制,一個叫做重抓的操作就必須執(zhí)行。即當一個接觸點到達了相聯(lián)手指的限制區(qū)域時,這個手指就必須從物體上脫離,并移到一個新的接觸位置。這必須是多于3個手指的手才能使操作可靠。周期性的移動這些手指,就能使任意的操作變得可行。關(guān)于此種操作有一個例子,就是在大角度旋轉(zhuǎn)被抓物體時,此時重抓動作很有必要。圖16顯示了卡爾斯魯厄靈巧手Ⅱ在旋轉(zhuǎn)一個螺帽狀物體時的一系列圖片。這個物體是繞它的垂直軸旋轉(zhuǎn)的。在a到c圖中所有的手指都跟物體接觸,并且四個手指相互協(xié)調(diào)運動才使物體旋轉(zhuǎn)。圖d到圖f顯示了一個手指的的重抓動作。在d圖中這個手指已經(jīng)運動到其工作范圍的極限位置,這時所有手指的協(xié)調(diào)運動也被終止。左前方的手指脫離物體并單獨移動到另一個接觸點。在圖f中這個手指重新跟物體接觸,另一個手指此時可以重新定位(沒有顯示)。所有的手指重新定位之后,協(xié)調(diào)旋轉(zhuǎn)運動繼續(xù)進行。視具體情況而定,卡爾斯魯厄靈巧手Ⅱ也可以同時進行幾個手指的重抓動作。這可以加速重抓過程,但是只能是被抓物體與外界接觸的條件下才有可能。比如說螺絲釘上的螺帽或孔里的一掛鉤。圖17顯示了卡爾斯魯厄靈巧手Ⅱ?qū)⒁粋€木柱從一個平方的基座孔內(nèi)拉出來的一系列圖片。圖a到圖b顯示木柱被拉出一半,然后左手指和右手指在同一時刻脫離物體并重新定位(圖c到圖e)。那之后,前面與后面的手指也重新定位(圖f)。那之后,整個木柱被拉出,從而可進行進一步的操作(沒有顯示)。
圖16.利用重抓旋轉(zhuǎn)螺帽狀物體 圖17.利用重抓從孔中拉出木柱
6.結(jié)論
為了使機械手能夠完成靈活精確的操作,一合適的機械系統(tǒng)和控制系統(tǒng)是必需的。這些介紹的標準是必需加以考慮的,正如文中所說??査刽敹蜢`巧手Ⅱ表現(xiàn)的非常成功。這種機械手能夠抓取很大范圍的不同形狀、尺寸和重量的物體。被抓物體的姿態(tài)也能可靠地加以控制,即使在外部干擾的情況下。此外,由于此系統(tǒng),復(fù)雜的精細操作(如重抓)也能實現(xiàn)。在人行機器人的特殊研究領(lǐng)域,基于一個不同的概念叫做流體化(圖2所示)的基礎(chǔ)上,小型機械手也具有擬人化和機械化。這概念是由卡爾斯魯厄研究中心的IAI所提出的。但是,這個控制軟件的主要結(jié)構(gòu)可經(jīng)過相應(yīng)修改而為此種小型機械手所用。
圖17:在IAI開發(fā)的流體手
4. 致謝
本文基于在過程控制和機器人研究所完成的研究。Prof. Dr.-Ing。 H.W?rn以及應(yīng)用計算機科學(xué)研究所教授Dr.-Ing。 G. Bretthauer。
5. 參考
[1] Th。 Doersam和Th。菲舍爾,控制多指手爪的方面,傳統(tǒng)知識型智能電子技術(shù)國際會議系統(tǒng),1997
[2] Th。 Doersam和P.Dürrschmied,機械傳動摩擦補償對于三指機器人手爪,Proc。 1996年IEEE / RSJ Int。 CONF。在智能Robots and Systems,IROS,日本大阪,1996年11月
[3] R. Menzel,Konstruktion und Regelung einer Hand,F(xiàn)ortschritt-Berichte VDI-Reihe 8 Nr.451,1995
[4] J.K.索爾茲伯里,鉸接手:力控制和運動學(xué)問題,博士論文,
斯坦福大學(xué),1982年
[5] G.Harzinger,Mechatronik-Konzepte nicht nurfürdie Raumfahrt,Deusche ForschungsanstaltfürLuft- und Raumfahrt,Hannover Messe,1996
[6] W Paetsch,Exemplarische Untersuchungen zu mehrfingrigen Robotergreifern:Aufbau-Regelung- Systemintegration,F(xiàn)ortschritt-Berichte VDI-Reihe 8 Nr。 363,杜塞爾多夫,1993年
[7] B. Magnussen,InfrastrukturfürSteuerungsund Regelungssysteme von robotischen
Miniatur- und Mikrogreifern,F(xiàn)ortschritt- Berichte VDI Reihe 8,Nr.567,杜塞爾多夫:
VDI-Verlag,1996
[8] T. Fischer和H. Woern,機器人系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu):卡爾斯魯厄靈巧手II,
地中??刂婆c系統(tǒng)會議,1998年
[9] Th。 Doersam和Th。 Fischer,使用模糊控制器的卡爾斯魯厄靈巧手,國際。智能機器人系統(tǒng)研討會,SIRS,葡萄牙里斯本,1996年
[10]菲舍爾和J.塞弗里德,新卡爾斯魯厄靈巧手II,詮釋。符號。上
智能機器人系統(tǒng),1997
T. Fischer和H. Woern,工業(yè)用人類機器人Multifinger Grippers,
Worldics Multiconference on Systemics Cyber??netics and Informatics,Orlando,F(xiàn)lorida,1999
[12] S. Schulz,C. Pylatiuk和G. Bretthauer。一類新型柔性流體致動器及其在醫(yī)學(xué)工程中的應(yīng)用。 at-Automatisirungetechnik 47,第390-395頁,1999
本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)任務(wù)書
指導(dǎo)教師
學(xué)院
工程
所屬基層教學(xué)組織
工業(yè)工程教研室
職稱
教授/工程師
學(xué)生姓名
學(xué)號
專 業(yè)
班級
論文題目
輕質(zhì)石膏墻板搬運機械手設(shè)計
導(dǎo)師
課題
課題名稱
基于人因工程的裝備設(shè)計與分析課程群探究型教學(xué)團隊
來源單位
團隊建設(shè)項目
課題屬性
國家級
省部級
學(xué)校
橫向
自擬
其他
√
一. 本課題來源、可行性方案、對設(shè)計或研究的要求
1、課題來源:本課題來源于上海海洋大學(xué)教學(xué)團隊建設(shè)項目 “基于人因工程的裝備設(shè)計與分析課程群探究型教學(xué)團隊” 。
2、可行性方案:結(jié)合機械設(shè)計基礎(chǔ)、工程力學(xué)、現(xiàn)代物流裝備和液壓與氣動技術(shù)的知識,根據(jù)某自動化生產(chǎn)線的要求設(shè)計一個機械手的方案,進行建模及仿真分析,并設(shè)計液壓控制系統(tǒng)。
3、設(shè)計要求:搬運機械手廣泛地應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn)線中,隨著工業(yè)生產(chǎn)線自動化要求的不斷提高,對機械手的需求也越來越廣泛。根據(jù)某自動化生產(chǎn)線的搬運要求設(shè)計機械手的方案,應(yīng)用軟件實現(xiàn)機械手的虛擬樣機建模,并進行一定的仿真分析,設(shè)計相應(yīng)的液壓控制系統(tǒng)。
二. 畢業(yè)設(shè)計或研究的目標、內(nèi)容、擬解決的關(guān)鍵問題
1、 設(shè)計目標
設(shè)計一個用于輕質(zhì)石膏墻板搬運的用于物料搬運的機械手方案,包括結(jié)構(gòu)和控制系統(tǒng)。
2、設(shè)計內(nèi)容
(1)查閱資料,撰寫一篇5000字左右的文獻綜述;
(2)翻譯一萬左右英文字符的英文文獻;
(3)根據(jù)輕質(zhì)石膏墻板搬運作業(yè)要求設(shè)計機械手方案,確定各部件結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸;
(4)對設(shè)計的機械手進行動力學(xué)和運動學(xué)分析;
(5)機械手控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計;
(6)撰寫一篇畢業(yè)設(shè)計論文。
3、擬解決的關(guān)鍵問題
正確的方案設(shè)計。
三. 計劃進度
2015年12月27日~2016年1月10日 查閱文獻,了解國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀,確定英文翻譯資料。
2016年1月11日~1月21日 資料整理,撰寫文獻綜述。
2016年1月22日~2月29日 修改綜述,完成英文文獻翻譯。
2016年3月1日~3月15日 根據(jù)作業(yè)要求設(shè)計機械式方案,確定各部件結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸。
2016年3月16日~3月31日 對設(shè)計的機械手進行動力學(xué)和運動學(xué)仿真。
2016年4月1日~4月15日 機械手控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計。
2016年4月16日~4月30日 完成論文初稿撰寫。
2016年5月1日~5月13日 論文修改、學(xué)術(shù)檢測。
2016年5月16日~5月20日 準備PPT,論文答辯
2016年5月23日~6月3日 上交材料(紙質(zhì)和電子稿)修改、整理和上交。
四. 預(yù)期結(jié)果
設(shè)計出一個用于輕質(zhì)石膏墻板搬運機械手方案,包括結(jié)構(gòu)和控制系統(tǒng),完成論文的撰寫。
五. 經(jīng)費預(yù)算
調(diào)研費,資料復(fù)印,參考書等,200元
六. 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)工作中具體要求(前期準備、調(diào)研、圖表、作圖、編程等)
1、 查閱有關(guān)物流搬運機械手的文獻,就研究現(xiàn)狀撰寫5000字左右的文獻綜述;
2、 翻譯10000英文字符左右的的與課題有關(guān)的英文文獻;
3、 結(jié)合實際要求,設(shè)計物流搬運機械手方案;
4、 嚴格遵守校紀校規(guī),抓緊時間,按時完成任務(wù);
5、 獨立思考,獨立工作,有所創(chuàng)新。
七. 主要參考文獻
八.指導(dǎo)教師工作記錄
No
時間
主要指導(dǎo)內(nèi)容
導(dǎo)師簽名
學(xué)生簽名
1
2015/12/27
布置畢業(yè)設(shè)計任務(wù)。
2
2016/1/12
介紹注意事項,綜述的寫法,資料查閱方法等。
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
以下簽名在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)任務(wù)完成后執(zhí)行:
基層教學(xué)負責人(簽名): 年 月 日
教學(xué)院長(簽名): (公章) 年 月 日
教務(wù)處編
- 3 -
Proceedings of the IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid RobotsCopyright 2001Mechanical System and Control System of a DexterousRobot HandDirk Osswald, Heinz WrnUniversity of KarlsruheDepartment of Computer ScienceInstitute for Process Control and Robotics (IPR)Engler-Bunte-Ring 8 - Building 40.28D-76131 Karlsruheemail: osswaldira.uka.de , woernira.uka.deAbstract: In recent years numerous robot systemswith multifingered grippers or hands have beendeveloped all around the world. Many differentapproaches have been taken, anthropomorphic andnon-anthropomorphic ones. Not only themechanical structure of such systems wasinvestigated, but also the necessary control system.With the human hand as an exemplar, such robotsystems use their hands to grasp diverse objectswithout the need to change the gripper. The specialkinematic abilities of such a robot hand, like smallmasses and inertia, make even complexmanipulations and very fine manipulations of agrasped object within the own workspace of thehand possible. Such complex manipulations are forexample regrasping operations needed for therotation of a grasped object around arbitraryangles and axis without depositing the object andpicking it up again. In this paper an overview onthe design of such robot hands in general is given,as well as a presentation of an example of such arobot hand, the Karlsruhe Dexterous Hand II. Thepaper then ends with the presentation of some newideas which will be used to build an entire newrobot hand for a humanoid robot using fluidicactuators.Keywords: Multifingered gripper, robot hand, finemanipulation, mechanical system, control system1 IntroductionThe special research area Humanoid Robotsfounded in Karlsruhe, Germany in July 2001 isaimed at the development of a robot system whichcooperates and interacts physically with humanbeings in normal environments like kitchen orliving rooms. Such a robot system which isdesigned to support humans in non-specialized,non-industrial surroundings like these must, amongmany other things, be able to grasp objects ofdifferent size, shape and weight. And it must alsobe able to fine-manipulate a grasped object. Suchgreat flexibility can only be reached with anadaptable robot gripper system, a so calledmultifingered gripper or robot hand.The humanoid robot, which will be built in theabove mentioned research project, will be equippedwith such a robot hand system. This new hand willbe built by the cooperation of two institutes, theIPR (Institute for Process Control and Robotics) atthe University of Karlsruhe and the IAI (Institutefor Applied Computer Science) at the KarlsruheResearch Center. Both organizations already haveexperience in building such kind of systems, butfrom slightly different points of view.The Karlsruhe Dexterous Hand II (see figure 1)built at the IPR, which is described here in detail, isa four fingered autonomous gripper. The handsbuilt at the IAI (see figure 17) are built asprosthesis for handicapped people.The approach taken so far will be presented anddiscussed in the following sections, as it founds thebasis for the novel hand of the humanoid robot.Figure 1: Karlsruhe Dextrous Hand II from IPRProceedings of the IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid RobotsCopyright 20012 General structure of a robot handA robot hand can be split up in two majorsubsystems: The mechanical system The control systemThe mechanical system, further described in section3, can be subdivided into:- The mechanical design- The actuator system- The sensor systemAnd the control system described in section 4consists at least of :- The control hardware- The control softwareFor each of these parts we will describe theconsiderations for a robot hand in general and thenpresent the exemplary implementation in theKarlsruhe Dexterous Hand II.3 Mechanical systemThe mechanical system describes how the handlooks like and what kind of components it is madeof. It defines the mechanical design, e.g. thenumber of fingers and the kind of materials used.Additionally actuators, e.g. electric motors, andsensors, e.g. position encoders, are settled.3.1 Mechanical designThe mechanical design determines the fundamentaldexterousness of the hand, i.e. what kind ofobjects can be grasped and what kind ofmanipulations can be performed with a graspedobject. Three basic aspects have to be settled whendesigning a robot hand: The number of fingers The number of joints per finger The size and placement of the fingersTo be able to grasp and manipulate an object safelywithin the workspace of the hand at least 3 fingersare required. To achieve the full 6 degrees offreedom (3 translatory and 3 rotatory DOF) for themanipulation of a grasped object at least 3independent joints are needed for each finger. Thisapproach was taken for the first KarlsruheDexterous Hand 1,2. However, to be able toregrasp an object without having to release it andthen pick it up again, at least 4 fingers arenecessary.To determine the size and the placement of thefingers two different approaches can be taken: Anthropomorphic Non-anthropomorphicIt then depends on the objects to manipulate and onthe type of manipulations desired which one ischosen. An anthropomorphic placement allows toeasily transfer e.g. grasp strategies from a humanhand to the robot hand. But the different sizes ofeach finger and their asymmetric placement makesthe construction more expensive and the controlsystem more complicated, because each finger hasto be treated separately.When a non-anthropomorphic approach is takenmost often identical fingers are arrangedsymmetrically. This reduces the costs for theconstruction and simplifies the control systembecause there is only one single finger module tobe constructed and controlled.3.2 Actuator systemThe actuation of the finger joints also has a greatinfluence in the dexterousness of the hand, becauseit determines the potential forces, precision andspeed of the joint movements. Two differentaspects of the mechanical movement have to beconsidered: Movement generation Movement forwardingSeveral different approaches for these aspects aredescribed in the literature. E.g. the movement canbe generated by hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders3 or, as in most cases, by electric motors.As the movement generators (motors) are in mostcases to big to be integrated in the correspondingfinger joint directly, the movement must beforwarded from the generator (most times locatedin the last link of the robot arm) to the finger joint.Again different methods can be used, like tendons4,5,6, drive belts 1,2 or flexible shafts. The useof such more or less indirect actuation of the fingerjoint reduces the robustness and the precision of thesystem and it complicates the control systembecause different joints of one finger are oftenmechanically coupled and must be decoupled insoftware by the control system. Due to thesedrawbacks an integration of miniaturizedmovement generators directly into the finger jointsis desirable.3.3 Sensor systemThe sensor system of a robot hand provides thefeedback information from the hardware back tothe control software. This is necessary to perform aclosed loop control of the fingers or a graspedobject. Three types of sensors are used in robothands 7,8: Gripper state sensors determine the position ofthe finger joints, and hence the finger tip, andthe forces which act upon the finger. Knowingthe exact position of the fingertip makes preciseposition control possible, which is necessary fordexterous fine manipulations. With theknowledge of the forces applied to a graspedobject by the fingers it is possible to grasp afragile object without breaking it.Proceedings of the IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid RobotsCopyright 2001 Grasp state sensors provide information aboutthe contact situation between the finger and theobject. This tactile information can be used todetermine the point in time of the first contactwith the object while grasping, and to avoidundesired grasps, like grasping at an edge or atip of the object. But it can also be used todetect slippage of an already grasped object,which might lead to a loss of the object. Object state or pose sensors are used todetermine the shape, position and orientation ofan object in the workspace of the gripper. Thisis necessary if these data is not known exactly,prior to grasping the object. If the object statesensors still works on a grasped object it can beused to control the pose (position andorientation) of a grasped object too, e.g. todetect slippage.Depending on the actuator system the geometricalinformation about the finger joint position can bemeasured at the movement generator or directly atthe joint. For example if there is a stiff couplingbetween an electric motor and the finger joint thenthe joint position can be measured by an angleencoder at the axis of the motor (before or after thegear). This is not possible if the coupling is lessstiff and a high position precision is desired.3.4 The mechanical system of the KarlsruheDexterous Hand IIIn order to permit more complex manipulations likeregrasping the current Karlsruhe Dexterous Hand II(KDH II) was built with 4 fingers and 3independent joints per finger. It is designated forapplications in industrial environments (seefigure 2) and for manipulation of objects likeboxes, cylinders, screws or nuts. Therefore asymmetric, non-anthropomorphic configuration offour identical fingers, each rotated by 90 waschosen (see figure 3).Due to the experiences gained with the firstKarlsruhe Dexterous Hand, like e.g. mechanicalproblems caused by the drive belts or controllingproblems caused by large friction factors, somedifferent design decisions were chosen for theKDH II. The dc-motors for joint 2 and 3 of eachfinger are integrated into the previous finger limb(see figure 4). This permits the use of very stiffball-spindle-gears for the forwarding of themovement to the finger joint. Angle encodersdirectly on the motor axis (before the gear) are usedas very precise position state sensors.Figure 4: Side view of the KDH II3 lasersensorsfixation frameone complete fingercontrol hardware(microcontroller)Figure 3: Top view of the KDH IIFigure 2: KDH II mounted on an industrial robotProceedings of the IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid RobotsCopyright 2001For sensing the forces applied to an object by afinger a prototype of a 6 dimensional force torquesensor has been developed (see figure 5). It can beused as the last finger limb and is equipped with aspherical finger tip. It is able to grasp light objectsas well as relatively heavy objects up to 3 to 5 kg.The sensor is able to measure forces in x- y- and z-direction and torques around these axes.Additionally 3 colinear laser triangulation sensorsare mounted in the palm of the KDH II (seefigure 4) 11. Because there are three such sensorsnot only the distances of 3 single points can bemeasured, but also the distance and orientation ofthe surface of a grasped object, if the shape of theobject is known. This object pose sensor workswith a frequency of 1 kHz which allows thedetection and avoidance of a slipping object.4 Control systemThe control system of a robot hand determineswhich of the potential dexterous skills provided bythe mechanical system can actually be exploited.As mentioned before the control system can besubdivided in the control computer or hardware andthe control algorithms or software.The control system must meet several conflictingrequirements: Many input/output resources like actor orsensor signals must be attached. For examplefor a minimum hand with 9 degrees of freedom,at least 9 analog outputs to the motors and 9inputs from angle encoders must be estimated.With force and tactile sensors for every fingerand additional object state sensors the numberof inputs quickly increases to several dozens. Quick reactions in real-time to external eventsare required. If for example a slipping of thegrasped object is detected immediate countermeasures must be taken. High computing power for several differenttasks must be available. For example pathplanning, coordinate transformations, closedloop control in software are executed in parallelfor multiple fingers as well as for the object. Small physical size is needed to be able tointegrate the control system into themanipulation system. Short electrical connections between the controlsystem and the actuators and sensors should beused. This is especially relevant for the sensorsbecause otherwise massive interference mightdisturb the sensor signal.4.1 Control hardwareTo cope with the requirements the control hardwareis usually distributed among several specializedprocessors. For example the input/output on thelowest level (motors and sensors) can be handledby a simple microcontroller, which is also of smallsize and thus can be integrated more easily into themanipulation system. But the higher levels ofcontrol need more computing power and thesupport of a flexible real time capable operatingsystem. This can be achieved most easily with PC-like components.Therefore the control hardware often consist of anon-uniform, distributed computing system withmicrocontrollers on the one end and more powerfulprocessors on the other. The different computingunits then have to be connected with acommunication system, like for example a bussystem.4.2 Control softwareThe control software of a robot hand is quitecomplex. Several fingers must be controlled in real-time and in parallel while new trajectories for thefingers and the object must be planned at the sametime. Therefore it is necessary to reduce thecomplexity by dividing the problem into subproblems.Another aspect concerns software development. Asa robotic hand is usually a research project for mostof its lifetime, the programming environment, likeuser interface, programming tools and debuggingfacilities, should be powerful and flexible. This canonly be achieved if a standard operating system isused.Figure 5: 6 DOF force torque sensor with straingage sensors used as the last finger limbof the KDH IIFigure 6: control hardware architecture of the KDH IIProceedings of the IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid RobotsCopyright 2001The usual hierarchical control system approachused in robotics has to be trimmed to fit the specialneeds of the controlling of a robot hand.4.3 The control system of the KarlsruheDexterous Hand IIAs suggested in section 4.1 a distributed approachto the control hardware was taken for the KarlsruheDexterous Hand II (KDH II) (see figure 6) 8. Onemicrocontroller is used to control the actuators andsensors of one finger respectively. An additionalmicrocontroller is used for the object state sensor(laser triangulation sensors). Thesemicrocontrollers (the outer boxes to the left andright in figure 6) are mounted directly on the hand,thus short electrical connections to the actuatorsand sensors are guaranteed. The microcontrollersare connected to the main control computer byserial bus systems (CAN-bus).The main control computer of the KDH II (the lightgrey box in figure 6, and figure 7) is implementedas a parallel computer consisting of 6 industrialPCs (PC104 standard). These PCs are arranged in a2D-plane. Neighboring PC-modules (a PC has atmost 8 neighbors) use a dual ported RAM (DPR)for fast communication (the dark grey boxes infigure 6).One PC is used to control a finger respectively.One PC controls the object state sensors andcalculates the objects position. The remaining PCis placed such that it neighbors all the previouslymentioned PCs. It is used for the coordination ofthe whole control systemThe structure of the control software reflects thecontrol hardware architecture. It is shown infigure 8.On the three top levels of the local hand controlsystem an on-line planning is performed. Desiredobject movement commands are received from thesuperior robot control system and used for a fineplanning of the object path. According to thegenerated object path feasible grasps (possiblegrasp points for fingers on the object) are planned.Now that the grasps and the object movements areknown the trajectories for each finger are plannedby the finger path planning and forwarded to thereal-time capable part of the system.If an object is already grasped, then the fingermovement paths are forwarded to the object posecontroller. This controller controls the actual objectpose, determined by the gripper and object statesensors, to reach the desired object pose. If a fingeris not attached to an object, then its movement pathis forwarded directly to the hand controller.The hand controller coordinates the movements ofall fingers by forwarding correspondent desiredfinger positions to all finger controllers. These inturn drive the finger actuators with the help of thefinger sensors.5 Experimental resultsTo validate the capabilities of the KarlsruheDexterous Hand II two demanding manipulationproblems were chosen. One problem is the on-linecontrolling of the pose (position and orientation) ofa grasped object under external influences. Herethe hard real-time conditions reveal the controllingcapabilities of the approach chosen.For the other problem a grasped object must berotated around arbitrary angles, which can only beachieved with regrasping. This reveals thecapability of the Karlsruhe Dexterous Hand II toperform very complex manipulation tasks.5.1 Object pose controlThe objective of the object pose controller is tocorrectly position and orientate a grasped object tofit a given trajectory. This task must be achievedon-line under real-time conditions and in spite ofinternal variations and external disturbances.Figure 7: parallel main computer used to control theKDH IIobjectsensorshand controller (finger coordination)object pose controllerlocal grasp planning.local object path planninglocal hand control systemFingfinger 1sensorsfinger 1actuatorsfinger controller 1online planningonline controlling (real-time)finger path planningobject movementfree movementFingfinger nsensorsfinger nactuatorsfinger controller nFigure 8: local hand control system of theKarlsruhe Dextrous Hand IIProceedings of the IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid RobotsCopyright 2001Internal variations are for example the rolling of thespherical fingertips on a grasped object duringobject movements in the workspace of the hand.This rolling is shown in figure 9 and figure 10. Itcan result in an undesired additional displacementor in an undesired tilt of the object. These objectpose errors are hard to estimate in advance.Therefore the input of an object pose sensor isneeded to correct the errors. For the KarlsruheDexterous Hand II the three laser triangulationsensors were used for this purpose.Figure 11 shows the undesired tilt of the objectaccording to figure 9 quantitatively when no objectpose control is used. The lower diagram shows thedesired trajectory over time in x-direction, whilethe upper diagram shows the resulting undesiredrotation (tilt) of the object.In figure 11 the tilt of the object is significantlyreduced due to the enabled object pose control. Inthe upper diagram the rotation of the objectremains essentially constant, as desired.An object pose controller is also necessary tocompensate external disturbances. For examplecollisions of the robot (arm, hand or fingers) or thegrasped object with the environment might result inthe slipping of the grasped object. This might evenlead to the loss of the grasped object and istherefore not acceptable. In order not to lose theobject in such situations the slipping must bedetected and a quick reaction must be performed tostabilize the object pose.To verify the capability of the Karlsruhe DexterousHand II control system to cope with this kind ofFigure 9: additional displacement due to rollingFigure 10: additonal undesired tilt due to rollingof the shperic fingertips on the objectFigure 11: Object tilt without object state controlFigure 12: Reduced object tilt with object statecontrolFigure 13:
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