手推式電動小型免耕播種機(jī)三維設(shè)計【三維SW】【18張CAD圖紙+PDF圖】
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一、選題依據(jù)
1．論文（設(shè)計）題目
手推式免耕播種機(jī)三維設(shè)計
2．研究領(lǐng)域
農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械設(shè)計
3．論文（設(shè)計）工作的理論意義和應(yīng)用價值
理論意義:國內(nèi)外許多年的保護(hù)性耕作實踐表明，旱地保護(hù)性耕作能夠減少徑流和蒸發(fā)，提高水分利用率；增加土壤中有機(jī)質(zhì)含量。培肥地力；減少土壤風(fēng)蝕水蝕，抑制沙塵暴；提高播種效率，降低成本。目前，旱作農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)占我國耕地面積的一半以上， 推廣應(yīng)用保護(hù)性耕作方式是改造我國北方旱地傳統(tǒng)耕作制度的有效途徑，是旱地農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的根本出路。
應(yīng)用價值:目前我國土壤沙化現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重，自然環(huán)境受到嚴(yán)重破壞，為了更好地保護(hù)環(huán)境，近幾年國家一直在推廣保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)。其次在我國的西北部由于地理環(huán)境的特殊性，糧食生產(chǎn)未能實現(xiàn)農(nóng)場化、大型化，依然以個體農(nóng)業(yè)戶生產(chǎn)為主，因此，小型化的免耕播種技術(shù)有著很大的開發(fā)必要。為了解放生產(chǎn)力、提高生產(chǎn)效率，需要設(shè)計一種適應(yīng)上述情況的手推式播種機(jī)，以達(dá)到精密播種的功能，又避免了種子的浪費。這種播種機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、易操作，只需一人提供動力即可，無需太多人。各組件的安裝拆卸簡單，維修方便，更換配件簡單易做，非常適合廣大的山區(qū)耕作使用。 4．目前研究的概況和發(fā)展趨勢
國外對免耕播種機(jī)的研究較早，目前，免耕播種技術(shù)已十分成熟，國內(nèi)對免耕播種機(jī)的研究起步較晚，最初是在學(xué)習(xí)國外免耕播種機(jī)的基礎(chǔ)上設(shè)計而成，逐步發(fā)展到自行研制。目前，國內(nèi)的免耕播種機(jī)種類較多，功能各有特點。手推式的免耕播種機(jī)在國內(nèi)也有所發(fā)展，但由于造價，以及產(chǎn)品性能的穩(wěn)定性不足等多方面因素導(dǎo)致其未能大范圍推廣使用。
我國保護(hù)性耕作從開始大規(guī)模示范推廣已經(jīng)十多年了，保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)在我國已受到重視并得到了應(yīng)用。保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)已經(jīng)由研究試驗階段逐步進(jìn)入示范推廣階段，隨著保護(hù)性耕作原理為越來越多的人所認(rèn)識和實踐，保護(hù)性耕作應(yīng)用的內(nèi)容越來越豐富完善，保護(hù)性耕作的效果也愈來愈顯著.保護(hù)性耕作應(yīng)用已經(jīng)從初期的掌握基本作業(yè)、熟化機(jī)具、探索合適模式，向著融入先進(jìn)配套技術(shù)，實現(xiàn)模式與機(jī)具的系統(tǒng)化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化擴(kuò)展.保護(hù)性耕作將從保護(hù)土壤、保護(hù)環(huán)境技術(shù)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展成重要的增產(chǎn)技術(shù)、資源節(jié)約技術(shù)。
作為保護(hù)性耕作的關(guān)鍵機(jī)具免耕播種機(jī)，從發(fā)展趨勢來看，由于免耕播種機(jī)是聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)，一次完成破茬、開溝、播種、施肥等多項作業(yè)，具有搶農(nóng)時，保墑節(jié)水， 節(jié)省作業(yè)成本等優(yōu)勢，發(fā)展前景是廣闊的。從當(dāng)前各行業(yè)的發(fā)展方向來看，其后的免耕播種機(jī)可能會更趨向于智能化、人性化。相關(guān)的工作人員還有很長的路要走，此行還有很大的發(fā)展空間。
二、論文（設(shè)計）研究的內(nèi)容
1.重點解決的問題
1) 支架部分的設(shè)計及校核
2) 傳動方式的選擇及傳動系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計計算
3) 動力系統(tǒng)設(shè)計
2.擬開展研究的幾個主要方面（論文寫作大綱或設(shè)計思路）
1) 整理閱讀相關(guān)資料書籍
2) 確定產(chǎn)品實際工作必需的功能性部件
3) 開溝器選型及尺寸計算
4) 落種機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計
5) 擬定地輪、壓土論的尺寸及材質(zhì)
6) 排肥器及覆土器的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計
7) 制定傳動方案，確定支架結(jié)構(gòu)及尺寸
8) 產(chǎn)品整體分析，評估其穩(wěn)定性及可行性
3.本論文（設(shè)計）預(yù)期取得的成果
首先，在作品設(shè)計完成的基礎(chǔ)上完善工程圖，保證其能夠批量生產(chǎn)以及能夠在一個成人的操作下適應(yīng)多種復(fù)雜的地形完成播種工作，其次，相對于人工播種能夠大大提高播種效率，解放人力。最終成品能夠得到農(nóng)民的認(rèn)可及廣泛使用。
三、論文（設(shè)計）工作安排
1.擬采用的主要研究方法（技術(shù)路線或設(shè)計參數(shù)）；
1) 文獻(xiàn)研究法，大量搜集相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)熟知目前有關(guān)設(shè)計的結(jié)構(gòu)原理。
2) 計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計，確定所設(shè)計產(chǎn)品的工作方案。
3) 鏈傳動在本設(shè)計中的應(yīng)用。
2.論文（設(shè)計）進(jìn)度計劃
第 1 周 了解題目研究的主要內(nèi)容和理論意義及應(yīng)用價值，查閱有關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。第 2 周 查閱文獻(xiàn)、閱讀文獻(xiàn)，了解研究的內(nèi)容及實現(xiàn)的技術(shù)路線
第 3 周 撰寫文獻(xiàn)綜述并完成開題報告
第 4 周 修改開題報告及文獻(xiàn)綜述準(zhǔn)備開題答辯。
第 5 周 總體結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計，各子機(jī)構(gòu)的功能總體設(shè)計，繪制二維總裝配圖草圖
第 6 周 鏈傳動系統(tǒng)設(shè)計，完成鏈輪的設(shè)計、主動軸、被動軸的設(shè)計計算和校核。第 7 周 鏈輪的設(shè)計，可調(diào)株距備用鏈輪設(shè)計。
第 8 周 動力系統(tǒng)設(shè)計。主動軸、從動軸的設(shè)計計算及校核。第 9 周 排種器及排肥器的機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計及尺寸計算
第 10 周 機(jī)架部分的設(shè)計，包括機(jī)架、地輪、種箱、肥箱的設(shè)計，繪制二維工程圖草圖。
第 11 周 修改并完成部件二維工程圖
第 12 周 繪制其中一個部件的三維裝配圖，并做爆炸視圖和動畫演示。第 13 周 撰寫設(shè)計說明書
第 14 周 提交論文、圖紙、查重報告，準(zhǔn)備答辯
四、需要閱讀的參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]耿端陽主編.《新編農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械學(xué)》 [M].北京：國防工業(yè)出版社，2011.12
[2]佘大慶.國內(nèi)外免耕播種機(jī)研究概況[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程，2016
[3]王玉華.可調(diào)式免耕播種施肥機(jī)的設(shè)計研究[J].農(nóng)業(yè)科技與裝備，2013
[4]畢曉偉.免耕播種機(jī)的現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展趨勢[J].內(nèi)蒙古民族大學(xué)學(xué)報（自然科學(xué)版）， 2013
[5]白曉虎.免耕播種機(jī)關(guān)鍵部件及其參數(shù)化設(shè)計方法研究[D].沈陽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)博士學(xué)位論文，2012
[6]張旭，劉飛，董帥，等.免耕播種機(jī)排種裝置振動試驗研究[J].中國農(nóng)機(jī)化學(xué)報， 2015
[7] Hanna H M . Soil loading effects of planter depth-gauge wheels on early corn growth [J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture.2010
[8] Vamerali T.Effects of a new wide-sweep o-pener for no-till planter on seed zone properties and root establish-ment in maize(Zea mays L.):a comparison with double-disk open-er[J].Soil and Tillage Research.2006
[9]P.S.G.Magalhaes.Simulated and experimental analyses of atoothed rolling coulter for cutting crop residues[J].Biosystems Engineering.2007
[10] 張守德，杜健民，郝飛，等.2BQM-6 型免耕播種機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計及開溝器的力學(xué)分
析[J].農(nóng)機(jī)化研究，2016
[11]劉正道.小麥免耕播種關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究與裝備研發(fā)[D].西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文，2016
[12]楊慧.小麥免耕播種機(jī)的研究[D].安徽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文，2014
[13]高娜娜，張東興，楊麗，等.玉米免耕播種機(jī)滾筒式防堵機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計與試驗[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報，2012
[14]繞孟付.保護(hù)性耕作條件下免耕播種機(jī)的技術(shù)要求[J].江蘇農(nóng)機(jī)化，2011
[15]王在滿,，楊文武， 蔣恩臣.型孔輪式水稻排種器排種機(jī)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計[J].農(nóng)機(jī)化研究，2010
[16]馬榮朝;，楊文鈺， 樊高瓊等.小麥免耕播種機(jī)開溝器的設(shè)計[J]農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報.2012
[17]張守德，杜健民， 郝飛等.2BQM-6 型免耕播種機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計及開溝器的力學(xué)分析
[J]農(nóng)機(jī)化研究.2016
[18] 劉正道.小麥免耕播種關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究與裝備研發(fā)[D]西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué).2016
[19]王景立，劉選偉， 韓明月等.雙圓盤式覆土器的優(yōu)化設(shè)計[J]中國農(nóng)機(jī)化學(xué)報.2016
附：文獻(xiàn)綜述或報告
文獻(xiàn)綜述
0 引言
傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)耕作技術(shù)的發(fā)展經(jīng)歷了三個階段：由不耕作到刀耕火種、由刀耕火種到用鏵式犁進(jìn)行人畜力耕作、由人畜力耕作到機(jī)械化耕作。人類通過耕作干預(yù)自然，特別是掌握了耕作工具以后，可以隨意改變土地的原有狀態(tài)，提高作物產(chǎn)量和勞動生產(chǎn)率。但是，耕作強(qiáng)度愈大，土壤偏離自然狀態(tài)就愈遠(yuǎn)，自然本身的保護(hù)恢復(fù)功能就喪失愈多，導(dǎo)致土壤風(fēng)蝕、水蝕加劇、河流泛濫、沙塵暴猖獗、氣候異常，人類和自然的矛盾也愈來愈突出[4]。保護(hù)性耕作正是為了解決這些問題而出現(xiàn)的相對于傳統(tǒng)翻耕的一種新型耕作技術(shù)，是農(nóng)業(yè)耕作技術(shù)的一場革命，是國內(nèi)外農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的主要技術(shù)內(nèi)容之一。
1 免耕播種機(jī)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀
1.1 國外保護(hù)性耕作發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀
保護(hù)性耕作基本上適用于世界各個地區(qū)，目前已推廣應(yīng)用到 70 多個國家，主要應(yīng)用在玉米、小雜糧、大豆、棉花、高粱、苜蓿等作物的生產(chǎn)上。美國、加拿大、澳大利亞、阿根廷等國保護(hù)性耕作面積占耕地面積 60%以上，英國、法國、德國、瑞士等歐洲國家保護(hù)性耕作面積占 20%左右，亞洲、非洲國家保護(hù)性耕作面積相對較少[5]。
1.2 國外免耕播種機(jī)的研究概況
國外對小麥和玉米免耕播種機(jī)的研究較早，目前，免耕播種技術(shù)已十分成熟，大型農(nóng)機(jī)企業(yè)都有多型號、多系列的播種機(jī)產(chǎn)品。如美國迪爾公司的 1910 型免耕施肥播種機(jī)，技術(shù)先進(jìn)、適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)，在地況復(fù)雜的條件下能保證播深準(zhǔn)確，但是價格昂貴。該播種機(jī)的主要特點是播種監(jiān)控裝置可以記錄播種作業(yè)過程的數(shù)據(jù)，如作物種類、播種深度、作業(yè)時間和作業(yè)面積等，此功能主要依靠嵌入在監(jiān)控裝置內(nèi)的 Green StarTM系統(tǒng)實現(xiàn)，該系統(tǒng)的程序可以根據(jù)不同作業(yè)區(qū)域的地形狀況進(jìn)行調(diào)整，以確保數(shù)據(jù)文件的準(zhǔn)確性[2]。
1.3 國內(nèi)保護(hù)性耕作發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀
我國干旱、半干旱及半濕潤偏旱地區(qū)的面積占國土面積的 52.5％，旱作農(nóng)業(yè)面積約 3300 萬 hm2，分布在北方的 16 個省、市、自治區(qū)[5]。大部分旱區(qū)仍然沿用傳統(tǒng)的以翻耕為主的耕作制度，由于過度開墾及不適當(dāng)?shù)母鞣绞?，造成干旱少雨、土地貧瘠、水土流失和風(fēng)蝕沙化等問題日趨嚴(yán)重，使得農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量下降，沙塵暴發(fā)生的次數(shù)逐年上升，嚴(yán)重影響了農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和人民群眾的生活。針對這些問題，我國從 20 世
紀(jì) 60 年代開始引進(jìn)和試驗示范少免耕、深松、秸稈覆蓋等單項保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)，如黑龍江國營農(nóng)場免耕種植小麥試驗，江蘇省稻茬地免耕播種小麥研究，陜西省農(nóng)科院
“旱地小麥高留茬少耕全程覆蓋技術(shù)”，山西省農(nóng)科院“旱地玉米免耕整稈半覆蓋技術(shù)”，河北省農(nóng)科院“一年兩熟地區(qū)少免耕栽培技術(shù)”等。但由于受技術(shù)、機(jī)具及社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平等因素的制約，這些技術(shù)只在部分地區(qū)進(jìn)行小規(guī)模的示范試驗，沒能大面積推廣應(yīng)用。20 世紀(jì) 90 年代以來，隨著農(nóng)業(yè)科技的進(jìn)步，機(jī)械化保護(hù)性耕作的系統(tǒng)試驗和示范發(fā)展速度加快。中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)、山西省農(nóng)機(jī)局與澳大利亞在山西設(shè)立
長期實驗區(qū)，開展保護(hù)性耕作試驗研究。經(jīng)過 9 年試驗，開發(fā)出適合中國國情的以中小型農(nóng)機(jī)具為實施手段的旱地農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化保護(hù)性耕作體系，研制成功配套的免耕播種施肥機(jī)、深松機(jī)、淺松機(jī)等保護(hù)性耕作機(jī)具，在表土作業(yè)、雜草蟲害控制方面也取得了一定成果，證明了保護(hù)性耕作在我國北方是可行的，具有顯著的降低地表徑流、增加休閑期土壤貯水量、增加土壤肥力、減少生產(chǎn)作業(yè)工序、抑制沙塵暴、提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益等優(yōu)點。到 2000 年底，保護(hù)性耕作已在山西省 31 個縣推廣，總面積達(dá) 10 多萬 hm2[5]。
1.4 國內(nèi)免耕播種機(jī)的研究概況
國內(nèi)對免耕播種機(jī)的研究起步較晚，最初是在學(xué)習(xí)國外免耕播種機(jī)的基礎(chǔ)上設(shè)計而成，逐步發(fā)展到自行研制。目前，國內(nèi)的免耕播種機(jī)種類較多，功能各有特點。典型的產(chǎn)品有中機(jī)美諾公司生產(chǎn)的 6115、6119、6124 型系列免耕播種機(jī)，排種器為條播式，配套方式為牽引式，播種行數(shù) 15、19、24，主要用于播種小麥?，F(xiàn)代農(nóng)裝科技股份有限公司生產(chǎn)的 2BMG-14、19、20、24、28 型系列免耕施肥播種機(jī)，根據(jù)用戶需求，可選擇不同的工作行數(shù)，該系列產(chǎn)品主要用于播種小麥; 公司還生 2BJ-470870 型玉米免耕精量播種機(jī)，排種器為氣吸式，主要用于播種玉米。河北農(nóng)哈哈集團(tuán)是國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)免耕播種機(jī)的著名廠家，其 2BMGF-14 型免耕施肥覆蓋播種機(jī)，播種行數(shù) 14， 配套方式為懸掛式，主要用于播種小麥; 該公司還生產(chǎn) 2BYFSF-4、5、6 型系列玉米免耕施肥精播機(jī)，排種器為氣吸式，播種行數(shù) 4、5、6。典型產(chǎn)品還有河南豪豐機(jī)械公司生產(chǎn)的 2BMSF-10、12、14、16 型系列免耕施肥播種機(jī)，播種行數(shù) 10、12、14、
16，排種器為條播式，主要用于播種小麥; 該公司生產(chǎn)的 2BMJF-10、12 型免耕施肥播種機(jī)，排種器為穴播式，配套方式為懸掛式，主要用于播種玉米。中國一拖集團(tuán)生產(chǎn)的 2BMF-7、14 型多功能免耕施肥播種機(jī)，增加了施肥功能。中聯(lián)重機(jī)公司也有免耕播種機(jī)推向市場，主要用于播種玉米，型號包括 2BGYM-4、6 等。哈爾濱沃爾科技公司生產(chǎn)的免耕精量播種機(jī)，型號有 2BQD-4、2BQ-7 和 2BQ-9 等[2]。
2 我國免耕播種機(jī)存在的問題
目前的免耕播種機(jī)在性能和質(zhì)量上雖然是可用的，但同時也存在一定的問題，主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面:
1) 安全質(zhì)量方面，主要是在安全防護(hù)裝置和警示標(biāo)識沒能全部滿足相關(guān)規(guī)定和要求， 比如鏈傳動無防護(hù)罩或防護(hù)罩不完整；無腳踏板，無扶手；結(jié)構(gòu)不合理、重心不穩(wěn)；警示標(biāo)志不齊全；
2) 可靠性方面，主要表現(xiàn)為：三點懸掛強(qiáng)度不夠，與懸掛架連接的橫梁易變形；鎮(zhèn)壓輪強(qiáng)度不夠、開焊，連接軸斷裂、軸承易損；開溝器鏟尖磨損過快；旋耕刀易磨損等；
3) 工作效率方面，工作效率低，工作速度與國外機(jī)型相比有一定的差距；
4) 作業(yè)性能方面，主要有：秸稈量大時部分機(jī)型的通過性能不夠理想；有的橡膠鎮(zhèn)壓輪工作面較窄，偏離開溝器平面，導(dǎo)致碎土效果和鎮(zhèn)壓性能較差.
5) 售后服務(wù)質(zhì)量問題方面，主要表現(xiàn)在有些企業(yè)的售后服務(wù)不及時，維修人員的技術(shù)水平較低，零件供應(yīng)及維修不及時及零件供應(yīng)點不合理.
3 國內(nèi)外保護(hù)性工作發(fā)展趨勢
3.1 國外保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)的發(fā)展呈現(xiàn)以下趨勢：
1) 農(nóng)機(jī)與農(nóng)藝相結(jié)合并突出農(nóng)藝措施。在發(fā)展少免耕等農(nóng)機(jī)具的基礎(chǔ)上，重點開發(fā)裸露農(nóng)田覆蓋技術(shù)、施肥技術(shù)、茬口與輪作、品種選擇與組合等農(nóng)藝農(nóng)機(jī)相結(jié)合
的綜合技術(shù)。
2) 向綜合性可持續(xù)性技術(shù)方向發(fā)展。保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)不僅僅是土壤耕作技術(shù)，也是減少農(nóng)田侵蝕、改善農(nóng)田理化性狀、減少能源消耗、降低土壤及水體污染和受損農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)等領(lǐng)域的保護(hù)性技術(shù)。
3) 發(fā)展輪作體系。保護(hù)性耕作的研究不單純注重當(dāng)季作物的生長，更注重一個種植制度的周期、作物輪作、土壤輪耕的綜合技術(shù)配置及其效應(yīng)。
4) 研究長期效應(yīng)及理論機(jī)制。保護(hù)性耕作最初的研究主要集中在減少耕作、秸稈殘茬管理技術(shù)的效果，現(xiàn)在逐步轉(zhuǎn)向保護(hù)性耕作的長期效應(yīng)及其對溫室效應(yīng)的影響、生物多樣性等理論研究，為保護(hù)性耕作的長期推廣提供理論依據(jù)。
5) 向規(guī)范化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化方向發(fā)展。將保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)與農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全技術(shù)、有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)結(jié)合，同時引入教育和金融機(jī)制，提高保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)的規(guī)范化和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。
3.2 我國保護(hù)性耕作發(fā)展趨勢主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾點：
1) 加強(qiáng)保護(hù)性耕作模式創(chuàng)新。各地要在保護(hù)性耕作原則下，結(jié)合推薦模式，因地制宜，創(chuàng)新適合本地區(qū)特點的保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)模式。
2) 進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化農(nóng)機(jī)和農(nóng)藝的結(jié)合。重視保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)體系中農(nóng)藝的基礎(chǔ)地位，加強(qiáng)作物秸稈管理、作物輪作、播種質(zhì)量、除草滅蟲、水肥利用等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)環(huán)節(jié)的把握，保障保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)集成配套的質(zhì)量和效果。
3) 加強(qiáng)機(jī)具的研發(fā)改進(jìn)。提高專用農(nóng)機(jī)具的適應(yīng)性和工作可靠性，保證播種質(zhì)量， 改進(jìn)免耕施肥技術(shù)。
4) 加強(qiáng)保護(hù)性耕作的技術(shù)評價體系、技術(shù)推廣組織機(jī)制和配套技術(shù)政策研究。重點解決區(qū)域保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不一、技術(shù)分布零散、缺乏可行的評價技術(shù)和規(guī)劃方案以及配套經(jīng)濟(jì)政策滯后等問題。
5) 加強(qiáng)宣傳培訓(xùn)、示范引導(dǎo)。以國家為主導(dǎo)來示范推動，引導(dǎo)農(nóng)民正確采用這一先進(jìn)技術(shù)，幫助農(nóng)民掌握保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)路線和操作規(guī)范，提高實際操作技能。
4 結(jié)束語
免耕播種機(jī)是大面積推廣實施保護(hù)性耕作的關(guān)鍵。通過對國內(nèi)外免耕播種機(jī)發(fā)展情況的分析可知，國外免耕播種機(jī)工作幅寬大，重量大，與大功率拖拉機(jī)配套，采用牽引式作業(yè)，適用于大面積田塊作業(yè)。而我國農(nóng)村地塊小，必須開發(fā)適合我國國情的免耕播種機(jī)。
Effects of a new wide-sweep opener for no-till planter on seedzone properties and root establishment in maize (Zea mays, L.):A comparison with double-disk openerT. Vameralia, M. Bertoccob,*, L. SartoribaDipartimento di Agronomia Ambientale e Produzioni Vegetali, University of Padova, Agripolis,Viale dellUniversita 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, ItalybDipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-forestali, University of Padova, Agripolis,Viale dellUniversita 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, ItalyReceived 17 February 2005; received in revised form 13 July 2005; accepted 29 July 2005AbstractAccording to the kind of opener applied, no-tillage seeders can variously modify soil physical properties in relation to soiland climate conditions, thus potentially affecting crop emergence and early growth.The technological evolution of seeders for direct drilling of arable crops, progressively achieved in recent years, has beenconsiderable, but new improvements now available need to be individually tested. In a field trial at Udine (NE Italy), the effectsofanewkindofwide-sweepopener(i.e.,sidecoulterscurvedupwardsintheirfinalpartandslightlyangledtowardsthedirectionof work) on soil physical properties in the seed zone and on crop emergence and early root growth of maize were evaluated infour different soils over a 2-year period (20022003), in comparison with the widely used double-disk opener.With respect to the double-disk opener, ingeneral thewide-sweep type led to higher soilresidue mixingwithout excessivereduction of the soil-covering index being observed, ?27 and ?6%, respectively. The wide-sweep opener also showed lowerbulk density and soil penetration resistance in the top 5-cm soil layer of the seed furrow, although no greater root length densitywas found in maize at the three-leaf stage, probably due to the smoothing effect caused by the side coulters at the seeding depth.Acertaindelayinplantemergenceinsomecaseswasalsorevealedforthewide-sweepopener,whichmayberelatedtothelowersoil/seed contact.Deviations from this general behaviour in the various soils (texture and initial conditions) are discussed.# 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Keywords: Maize; No-tillage; Opener type; Root growth; Seed zone physical & Tillage Research 89 (2006) 196209Abbreviations: CI, covering index; DAS, days after sowing; DDO, double-disk opener; FRSD, furrow roughness standard deviation; PR,penetration resistance; RI, residue incorporation; RLD, volumetric root length density; SOC, soil organic carbon; WSO, wide-sweep opener* Corresponding author. Tel.: +39 049 8272723; fax: +39 049 8272774.E-mail address: matteo.bertocco.1unipd.it (M. Bertocco).0167-1987/$ see front matter # 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.still.2005.07.0111. IntroductionIn the last few years, the economic and environ-mental implications of conventional tillage, such aserosion, compaction and inverting soil layers, have ledto re-examination of no-tillage even in Italy (Sartoriand Peruzzi, 1994). Especially, in the heavy soils ofthis country, deep ploughing aims at increasing soilporosity, at least temporarily, in order to createsuitable conditions for both seed germination and rootgrowth. Simplification of weed management andhigher grain yields of summer crops like maize aregenerally achieved with respect to no-tillage, asevidencedbythefewdataavailableintheliteratureforItaly (e.g., Bona et al., 1995).The performance of no-tillage seeders depends onseveral factors related to field conditions, includingtype and amount of residues at soil surface, openerdesign (Morrison, 2002) and the crop to be sown. Theimplementsoftheseseedersmusthavehighflexibility,so that various crops can be sown in differing fieldconditions with correct seed deposition (e.g., density,distance, depth). In no-tillage practices, the character-istics of the seed-furrow play an important role ingermination. Many authors have pointed out that themost significant factors regulating germination, suchas soil matric potential, temperature (Lindstrom et al.,1976; Schneider and Gupta, 1985) and sowing depth(Alessi and Power, 1971; Mahdi et al., 1998) areaffected by the soil/opener interaction (Tessier et al.,1991a,b). In particular, in order to maintain constantsowing depth, various types of linkages betweenopener and seeder toolbar have been proposed duringthe last few decades. For instance, connection with aspring system, the oldest but simplest solution, is notalways adequate to guarantee uniformity of sowingdepth, especially in heavy soils. Great improvementshave been obtained with parallel linkage, since thisallows the opener to follow soil surface profilesaccurately.Many of the characteristics of the seed zone in no-tillage depends on the type of opener attached to theseeder (Wilkins et al., 1983) and the two main typesused tine and disk may lead to great differences.The tine opener typically creates an appreciablebursting effect in the soil and generally moves aconsiderable quantity of fine damper aggregatestowardsthesoilsurfaceafactparticularlyappreciablein tools having an asymmetric shape (Darmora andPandey, 1995) but which may be negative if a rainlessperiodoccurs aftersowing,assoildryingisaccelerated(Chaudhuri, 2001). In similar conditions, the diskopener may cause more progressive water loss inthe soil layer above the seeds than the tine opener(Tessier et al., 1991a,b), although great drawbacks areobservable in wet clay soils because a permanentunclosed furrow is commonly created (Sartori andSandri, 1995).It is widely recognised that management of cropresidues (previous crop) is one of the most importantconstraints for adopting no-tillage (Carter, 1994). Tineopenersshiftorganicdebrisinthesoilsurfacefromthecrop row sideways, with possible plugging of theseeder in the case of heavy residues, whereas diskopeners may lead to hairpinning, with a consequentbad soil/seed contact and possible toxic effect onseedlings (Hultgreen, 2000). Unmanaged residues cancreate many problems in direct sowing, but theirpresence at the soil surface is generally beneficial inlimiting some negativeeffects on soil, like erosion andwater losses (Gill and Aulakh, 1990).As regards soil and climate conditions, openersshould achieveseveral aims, like uniformityof sowing i.e., spacing and depth production of a suitableamount of fine soil aggregate to ensure soil/seedcontact, reduction of water losses, avoidance of seedcontact with either fertilizers or crop residues andlimitation of furrow compaction, which may obstructroot growth (Willatt, 1986; Tsegaye and Mullins,1994; Bueno et al., 2002). The type of opener wasfound to affect emergence and plant establishmentmarkedly (McLeod et al., 1992), especially in crust-forming soils, for which better results are generallyobtained with the double-disk opener (Hemmat andKhashoei, 2003).The technological evolution of no-tillage seedersfor arable crops, progressively achieved in this sector,has been great, but the large number of improvementsnow available must be individually tested and care-fully evaluated. In addition, much of the literature onthis subject refers almost exclusively to opener/soilinteractions, without analysing effects on crop growth.The effects of furrow shape and its properties on thedraft force required by different opener types havebeen widely studied in relation to soil conditionsand operating parameters, such as depth or speedT. Vamerali et al./Soil & Tillage Research 89 (2006) 196209197(Gebresenbet and Jo nsson, 1992; Collins and Fowler,1996; Sa nchez-Giro n et al., 2005). Instead, only a fewstudies have examined some crop parameters and theygenerally deal with drills for autumn sowing ofcereals. For instance, Chaudhry and Baker (1988)found that various types of opener led to differenttypes of growth of barley seedlings, i.e., greater shootand root weights when both winged (T-shaped groove)or hoe (U-shaped groove) types are used instead of thetriple-disk one.In this framework, the present study evaluates theperformance of an innovative wide-sweep opener,linked to the frame by a double linkage unit. Its effectson some soil physical properties in the seed zone, cropemergence and early root growth of maize wereevaluated in various soils over a 2-year period in NEItaly and compared with those of a double-diskopener, which is the most widespread in Italy.2. Materials and methods2.1. Description of equipmentThe performances of a new wide-sweep opener(WSO) with which the no-till air seeder Cerere(Tecnoagricola, Udine, Italy) has been equipped, wascompared with that of a double-disk opener (DDO)adopted by the no-till planter Max Emerge 2 (JohnDeere Italia, Milan, Italy).The WSO has a straight axis, ending with a frontchisel and two rear side 18-cm wide coulters, whichare slightly angled towards the direction of work andcurved upwards (908) in their final part (25 mm high)(Fig. 1). The front chisel cuts soil 2530 mm deeperthan the coulters. Seed delivery to each unit is througha single pneumatic tube from the centralised volu-metric metering system, which allows the seeder toassume a certain degree of polyvalence. Althoughvarious types of deposition (i.e., row spacing) can beset, in our field trial as the first test of this prototypeopener maize was sown in rows 0.45 m apart, adistance commonly used in the experimental site.The structure of the seeder equipped with the WSOincludes one rigid and one folding frame. The first issupported by a front head-shaft to couple the seeder tothe tractor and two rear low-pressure wheels fortransport. The folding frame aims at guaranteeing thatthe soil profile can be followed by the openers asregularly as possible. For this reason, it has threeindependent jointed sections, each 1.5 m wide andlinked to the rigid frame with four elastic joints. Eachsection has five openers, for a total of 15 sowing rows,which are laid on three seeding lines and equippedwith a single parallel linkage for improved stability. Inaddition, each section is supported by a front wheeland a rear packer tandem (Fig. 2). The latter is anessential component for the working the seeding unitin this seeder; it is made of 10 wheels per section, with3.508 tyres and 0.9 bar pressure.The seeder equipped with the DDO is an eight-unitmounted no-till planter with pneumatic seed meteringand 0.75 m row spacing, resulting in a 6 m workingwidth. The DDO used here is composed of a single,fluted,round-bladedcoulterandadouble-disk,associated with two side rollers and two rear V-mounted wheels (Fig. 2).Performance valuation of opener types requiresdifferences among seeders to be kept to a minimum,although this is not always completely possible,T. Vamerali et al./Soil & Tillage Research 89 (2006) 196209198Fig. 1. Sketch of wide-sweep opener (WSO) attached to Cerere no-till air seeder: (a) front chisel; (b) side coulter; (c) end of coulter(curved upwards); (d) multiple seed dispenser; (e) part of parallellinkage.especially when opener design differs greatly, ashappened inthiscasestudy. Nevertheless, thefollowing results exclusively focus on those para-meters of the seed zone which were mainly affectedby the working system of openers and associatedpresswheelsratherthanbyothermechanicalcomponents.2.2. Field trialsTests were conducted over a period of 2 years(20022003) at a private farm in Teor (Udine, NEItaly: 458550N, 138100E, 8 m a.s.l.) in four fields withdiffering initial conditions (Table 1). The effects ofopeners were evaluated on some soil physicalT. Vamerali et al./Soil & Tillage Research 89 (2006) 196209199Fig. 2. Cerere multi-function trailed no-till air seeder with awide-sweep opener (top) and Max Emerge 2 no-till planter with double-disk opener(bottom).properties in the seed zone, surface soil morphologyand crop emergence and early root growth of maize(Zea mays, L.).In 2002, soils were both clay, with differingamountsofsoilorganiccarbon(SOC),1.45and2.27%in fields A and B, respectively. In 2003, the two fieldshad a different soil texture, with silty loam (field C)and silty-clay loam (field D), but with values of SOCwhich were more similar than in 2002. According tothe FAO classification, the soils of all fields wereclassified as Eutric fluvisols.Following suppression of cover crop with herbicidein March of both years, maize was sown on April 26,2002 and April 15, 2003, according to a theoreticalpopulation density of 8.2 and 7.7 plants m?2andwithin-row distances of 27.1 and 17.3 cm for WSOand DDO, respectively. The small discrepancy of seeddensity between openers was the minimum possible,compatible with the adjustment variations of theseeders. In any case, at least within the aim of thisresearch, the different plant spacing between openerscould not have affected the study parameters.In the test location, annual rainfall, as average ofperiod 19611990, is 1200 mm, 680 mm (57%) ofwhich falls between April and August. The annualaverage temperature is 12.9 8C, with a monthly peakin August (24 8C) and a minimum in December(1.5 8C). During the 2003 crop cycle (AprilAugust),the average temperature was higher and rainfall lowerthan the reference 30-year period values, whereas in2002, the opposite occurred for temperature butrainfall was very similar. In fact, total rainfall in 2002was 1410 mm, 46% (650 mm) of which fell during thecrop cycle, whereas in 2003, it was 966 mm, 37%(362 mm)ofwhichfellduringthecropcycle.Climaticdata, like rainfall and temperature, were provided bytheLocalRegionalAgencyforEnvironmentalProtection (ARPA) (Palmanova, Udine, Italy).Experimental observations on soil physical proper-ties and root density of maize were completed within25 days of sowing and no water was applied duringthis period. Data were measured after the completepassage of the seeder, so that soil parameters wereaffected by both opener and press wheels, allowingcomparisons between seeding units.The experiment involved one 20 m long ? 5 mwide plot per type of opener. According to proceduresof data analysis discussed by Gomez and Gomez(1984) for experiments in farmers fields, this trialmay be viewed as a comparison of two openers indifferent locations or environments, our fields beinglocated far away from each other. Plot size wasidentified as the field area large enough to accom-modate the experiment and with the least soilheterogeneity. Withinplots,soilsamplings andmeasurements were made before or after sowing witha different number of randomised replicates, depend-ingon the parameterinquestion.Statistical analysisofdata (ANOVA) was performed with Statgraphics 5.0Plus Software (Manugistics Inc., Rockville, MD,USA) and differences among means data wereevaluated by the LSD test at P ? 0.05.Parameters measured in the trial are reportedbelow.T. Vamerali et al./Soil & Tillage Research 89 (2006) 196209200Table 1Initial conditions of four fields in 2-year trial and soil characteristics in Teor (NE Italy)Year20022003Field AField BField CField DPrevious cropGlycine max Merr.Glycine max Merr.Sorghum vulgare L.Sorghum vulgare L.Cover crop (species of mixture)Avena sativa L.Avena sativa L.Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivum L.Vicia sativa L.Vicia sativa L.Vicia sativa L.Vicia sativa L.Vicia faba minor L.Secale cereale L.FAO soil classificationEutric fluvisolEutric fluvisolEutric fluvisolEutric fluvisolTexture (010 cm depth)ClayClaySilty loamSilty-clay loamSand (%)2119229Silt (%)21205355Clay (%)58612536Soil organic carbon (%)1.452.270.991.452.3. Sowing depthIn 2002 and 2003, respectively, at completeemergence, along four and two transects laid acrossfive sowing rows, one seedling per row therefore, atotal of 20 and 10 plants was completely extractedfrom the soil, allowing the length of the chlorophyll-free coleoptile to be measured. This measure wasconsidered as the depth of seed deposition; uniformityof sowing depth was calculated as the coefficient ofvariation of that depth, i.e., the ratio between standarddeviation and theoretical depth (3 cm). The higher thevalues of this parameter, the lower the uniformity.2.4. Plant emergenceTheemergenceratewascalculatedasthepercentage of emerging seedlings counted in a 3-m2sampling area distributed over five sowing rows (eightand five replicates in 2002 and 2003, respectively), atdifferent times after sowing. Counts were made 8, 10,12, 14, 21 and 25 days after sowing (DAS) in 2002 and6, 8, 14, 19 and 25 DAS in 2003. The percentage ofemergence was determined as the ratio betweennumber of emerging seedlings counted at each timewith respect to their final number (last observationdate). The Gompertz model (Goudriaan and van Laar,1994) turned out to be the most suitable for best-fittingthe time-course (x = time) of emergence (Y) asfollows:Y ce?e?bx?mCoefficients of regression c, b and m and the coeffi-cient of determination (R2) of each curve (treatment)are listed in Table 2. Graphically, the coefficientsindicate the maximum Y value (c), the x value at halfc (m) and the slope at flex (b).2.5. Seedbed roughnessSoil disturbance at the surface caused by theopeners was measured across sowing rows (fivereplicates in both years) in terms of seedbed rough-ness.The contour of the soil profile was marked withblack spray on an A4 sheet of white paper (21 cm ?29.7 cm), the longer side of which was set in the soiland supported by a zinc plate of the same size,orthogonally to the sowing row.According to the definition of Sandri et al. (1998),the roughness index was calculated as furrow standarddeviation (FRSD), i.e., the standard deviation ofheights (42 data) from the bottom of the sheet to thelower contour of the black paint measured at 0.5-cmintervals within 20-cm wide profiles centred aroundthe sowing row.2.6. Covering indexThe soil-covering index (CI) due to crop residueswas determined on digital pictures, taken by OlympusCamedia C2000Z camera, of fixed-size square areas(0.4 m ? 0.4 m) of the soil surface (four replicates inboth years) centred around the sowing row andrandomly set within plots. The same number ofreplicates was also considered before sowing. Residueincorporation (RI) was calculated as the differencebetween CI values before and after sowing.After transferring the images to a computer, avirtual 25-point regular square grid was overlaid onT. Vamerali et al./Soil & Tillage Research 89 (2006) 196209201Table 2Coefficients of regression (?S.D.) (Gompertz model) describing time-course of emergence in various treatmentsFieldOpenerCoefficientsR2cbmAWide-sweep96.2824 ? 2.93960.4236 ? 0.05968.7565 ? 0.22540.998ADouble-disk99.2545 ? 0.75700.5999 ? 0.03047.9177 ? 0.05620.999BWide-sweep97.1697 ? 3.23630.4957 ? 0.08718.3468 ? 0.24150.997BDouble-disk99.02 ? 0.67670.8779 ? 0.06487.5918 ? 0.05390.999CWide-sweep98.8516 ? 0.55341.2774 ? 0.60057.4987 ? 0.23630.999CDouble-disk97.8762 ? 1.73581.4639 ? 2.06257.3201 ? 0.95820.999DWide-sweep98.5250 ? 0.88901.3280 ? 0.88937.4308 ? 0.38200.999DDouble-disk98.7097 ? 0.52682.3322 ? 16.65157.0413 ? 6.76300.999the images, so that the presence or absence of residuesat each node could be counted manually. The CIwas calculated as the number of nodes intersectingresidues, according to the literature (Laflen et al.,1981; Cavalli and Sartori, 1988).2.7. Soil moisture and bulk densityImmediately after sowing (about 4 h later) 5-cmdeep undisturbed soil cores 8 cm in diameter werecollected, using a hand auger above the centre ofthe sowing row (five replicates). Gravimetric watercontent and bulk density were determined after oven-drying at 105 8C to constant weight. In 2003 weresamples also taken at six and eight DAS to determinesoil moisture only.2.8. Soil penetration resistanceIn both years, soil penetration resistance in furrowswas measured using a surface pocket penetrometer(Eijkelkamp, Glesbeek, NL) equipped with a flat-tipped measuring pin (6.4 mm diameter). Measureswere made every 1 cm over 5 cm deep profiles(vertical direction) at one side of the furrows for bothwide-sweep and disk openers, with three replicates(see Fig. 3). Profiles were taken at positi
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