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無錫太湖學(xué)院機(jī)械加工工藝過程卡片產(chǎn)品型號W-1.0/7零(部)件圖號 W1.0-10-01共 2 頁產(chǎn)品名稱空氣壓縮機(jī) 零(部)件名稱曲軸箱第 1 頁材料牌號HT200毛坯種類鑄件毛坯外形尺寸每毛坯件數(shù)1 每臺件數(shù) 1 備注工序號工序名稱工 序 內(nèi) 容車間工段設(shè) 備工 藝 裝 備工 時(shí)準(zhǔn)終 單件10檢毛坯入廠檢查質(zhì)檢1.鑄件質(zhì)量應(yīng)符合GB9439-88灰鑄鐵的規(guī)定要求2.外觀鑄件無沙眼,氣孔,裂紋等缺陷。20準(zhǔn)備 清砂處理1.噴丸至外表面無砂粒2.浸涂鐵紅防銹漆30銑以頂面定位,粗,精銑曲箱底腳平面.保證圖紙要求,粗糙度6.3金工W1.0-742-0135鉗以頂面定位上鉆夾具,鉆底腳孔保證圖紙要求金工W1.0-732-0140銑以底腳定位,粗,精銑大孔端面,兩平面,留余量2-3mm,保證粗糙度3.2金工50鏜1.上專機(jī),以底腳定位,鏜大小孔,留余量0.2mm金工專機(jī)12.粗鉸大小孔,按圖紙尺寸留余量0.05-0.06mm3.精鉸大小孔,保證圖紙要求,保證粗糙度1.660銑1.以底腳定位,粗,精銑小孔端面,按圖紙要求,保證兩平面尺寸,保證粗糙度3.2金工2.粗,精銑油標(biāo)凸臺平面,保證圖紙要求,保證粗糙度3.265銑以大孔,大孔端面定位,粗精銑三斜面,保證圖紙要求,粗糙度3.2W1.0-742-0270鏜以大孔,大孔端面定位,上專機(jī),粗,精鏜三斜孔,保證圖紙要求,金工專機(jī)2等高塊保證粗糙度3.280鉗劃線,找正油標(biāo)凸臺中心,放油孔中心金工編制(日期)審核(日期)會簽(日期)標(biāo)記 處數(shù) 更改文件號簽字日期標(biāo)記處數(shù) 更改文件號簽字日期無錫太湖學(xué)院機(jī)械加工工藝過程卡片產(chǎn)品型號W-1.0/7零(部)件圖號 W1.0-10-01共 2 頁產(chǎn)品名稱空氣壓縮機(jī) 零(部)件名稱曲軸箱第 2 頁材料牌號HT200毛坯種類鑄件毛坯外形尺寸每毛坯件數(shù)1 每臺件數(shù) 1 備注工序號工序名稱工 序 內(nèi) 容車間工段設(shè) 備工 藝 裝 備工 時(shí)準(zhǔn)終 單件90鉗1.鉆放油孔金工2.刮平放油孔平面3.放油孔攻絲4.鉆油標(biāo)定位孔5.上油標(biāo)夾具,鉆,攻,油標(biāo)孔通用夾具100鉗以底腳定位,上斜角鐵夾具,上鉆模,鉆,攻兩斜面螺紋孔金工W1.0-732-02110鉗1.劃線,找正加油孔中心金工2.以底腳平面定位,上鉆模,鉆,攻頂面螺紋孔.3.鉆,攻,加油孔,保證圖紙要求,保證粗糙度6.3120鉗以大孔及平面定位,上鉆模,鉆,攻兩平面螺紋孔,孔的分布按圖紙金工W1.0-732-03要求,保證粗糙度6.3130 輔助 去毛刺,清洗,干燥金工140檢入庫檢驗(yàn)(按圖紙要求)質(zhì)檢編制(日期)審核(日期)會簽(日期)標(biāo)記 處數(shù) 更改文件號簽字日期標(biāo)記處數(shù) 更改文件號簽字日期無無錫錫太太湖湖學(xué)學(xué)院院機(jī)機(jī)械械加加工工工工序序卡卡片片產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品型型號號W1.0-10-01零零(部部)件件圖圖號號共共 7 頁頁產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品名名稱稱空氣壓縮機(jī)零零(部部)件件名名稱稱曲軸箱第第 1 頁頁車車間間工工序序號號工工序序名名稱稱材材料料牌牌號號金工30銑底腳平面HT200毛毛坯坯種種類類毛毛坯坯外外形形尺尺寸寸每每坯坯件件數(shù)數(shù)每每臺臺件件數(shù)數(shù)鑄件204*328*28811設(shè)設(shè)備備名名稱稱設(shè)設(shè)備備型型號號設(shè)設(shè)備備編編號號同同時(shí)時(shí)加加工工件件數(shù)數(shù)臥銑XA61321夾夾具具編編號號夾夾具具名名稱稱冷冷卻卻液液粗銑底腳夾具工工序序工工時(shí)時(shí)準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)終終單單件件工工序序號號工工 步步 內(nèi)內(nèi) 容容工工 藝藝 內(nèi)內(nèi) 容容主主軸軸轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)速速切切削削速速度度走走刀刀量量吃吃刀刀深深 走走刀刀次次數(shù)數(shù)工工時(shí)時(shí)定定額額機(jī)機(jī)動(dòng)動(dòng) 輔輔助助以曲軸大孔不加工面及端面定位,大孔內(nèi)壁壓緊1粗銑底腳至尺寸1600.1 YG634硬質(zhì)合金刀片 300鋼直尺150r/min94.2m/min3mm2.19 0.392精銑底腳,保證尺寸。YG634硬質(zhì)合金刀片 300鋼直尺235r/min147.6m/min1mm1.36 0.24檢編編制制(日日期期)審審核核(日日期期)會會簽簽(日日期期)標(biāo)標(biāo)記記處處數(shù)數(shù)更更改改文文件件號號簽簽字字日日期期標(biāo)標(biāo)記記更更改改文文件件號號簽簽字字日日期期無無錫錫太太湖湖學(xué)學(xué)院院機(jī)機(jī)械械加加工工工工序序卡卡片片產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品型型號號W1.0-10-01零零(部部)件件圖圖號號共共 7 頁頁產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品名名稱稱空氣壓縮機(jī)零零(部部)件件名名稱稱曲軸箱第第 2 頁頁車車間間工工序序號號工工序序名名稱稱材材料料牌牌號號金工40粗、精銑大孔端面HT200毛毛坯坯種種類類 毛毛坯坯外外形形尺尺寸寸每每坯坯件件數(shù)數(shù)每每臺臺件件數(shù)數(shù)鑄件204*328*28811設(shè)設(shè)備備名名稱稱設(shè)設(shè)備備型型號號設(shè)設(shè)備備編編號號同同時(shí)時(shí)加加工工件件數(shù)數(shù)臥銑XA61321夾夾具具編編號號夾夾具具名名稱稱冷冷卻卻液液粗精銑端面夾具工工序序工工時(shí)時(shí)準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)終終單單件件工工序序號號工工 步步 內(nèi)內(nèi) 容容工工 藝藝 內(nèi)內(nèi) 容容主主軸軸轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)速速切切削削速速度度走走刀刀量量吃吃刀刀深深走走刀刀次次數(shù)數(shù)工工時(shí)時(shí)定定額額機(jī)機(jī)動(dòng)動(dòng) 輔輔助助以底腳和小孔定位,小孔壓緊內(nèi)壁1粗銑端面至尺寸790.1,兼顧198,留余量2-3mmYG634硬質(zhì)合金刀 300鋼直尺118r/min 92.7m/min3mm2.95 0.532精銑端面,保證表面粗糙度Ra=3.2mYG634硬質(zhì)合金刀 300鋼直尺190r/min 149.2m/min1mm1.87 0.034檢編編制制(日日期期)審審核核(日日期期)會會簽簽(日日期期)標(biāo)標(biāo)記記處處數(shù)數(shù)更更改改文文件件號號簽簽字字日日期期標(biāo)標(biāo)記記處處數(shù)數(shù) 更更改改文文件件號號簽簽字字日日期期無無錫錫太太湖湖學(xué)學(xué)院院機(jī)機(jī)械械加加工工工工序序卡卡片片產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品型型號號W1.0-10-01零零(部部)件件圖圖號號共共 7 頁頁產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品名名稱稱空氣壓縮機(jī)零零(部部)件件名名稱稱曲軸箱第第 3 頁頁車車間間工工序序號號工工序序名名稱稱材材料料牌牌號號金工50鏜大小孔HT200毛毛坯坯種種類類 毛毛坯坯外外形形尺尺寸寸每每坯坯件件數(shù)數(shù)每每臺臺件件數(shù)數(shù)鑄件204*328*28811設(shè)設(shè)備備名名稱稱設(shè)設(shè)備備型型號號設(shè)設(shè)備備編編號號同同時(shí)時(shí)加加工工件件數(shù)數(shù)鏜床T681夾夾具具編編號號夾夾具具名名稱稱冷冷卻卻液液鏜大小孔夾具工工序序工工時(shí)時(shí)準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)終終單單件件工工序序號號工工 步步 內(nèi)內(nèi) 容容工工 藝藝 內(nèi)內(nèi) 容容主主軸軸轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)速速 切切削削速速度度走走刀刀量量吃吃刀刀深深走走刀刀次次數(shù)數(shù)工工時(shí)時(shí)定定額額機(jī)機(jī)動(dòng)動(dòng)輔輔助助以低腳平面定位,壓緊底腳1鏜大孔160至175 ,保證尺寸1200.1 YT6鏜刀 200mm游標(biāo)卡尺30r/min 16.5m/min7.5mm31.730.312鏜小孔80至90 YT6鏜刀 200mm游標(biāo)卡尺80r/min 22.6m/min5mm21.680.33檢編編制制(日日期期)審審核核(日日期期)會會簽簽(日日期期)標(biāo)標(biāo)記記處處數(shù)數(shù)更更改改文文件件號號簽簽字字日日期期標(biāo)標(biāo)記記 處處數(shù)數(shù) 更更改改文文件件號號簽簽字字日日期期無無錫錫太太湖湖學(xué)學(xué)院院機(jī)機(jī)械械加加工工工工序序卡卡片片產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品型型號號W1.0-10-01零零(部部)件件圖圖號號共共 7 頁頁產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品名名稱稱空氣壓縮機(jī)零零(部部)件件名名稱稱曲軸箱第第 4 頁頁車車間間工工序序號號工工序序名名稱稱材材料料牌牌號號金工60粗、精銑小孔端面HT200毛毛坯坯種種類類 毛毛坯坯外外形形尺尺寸寸每每坯坯件件數(shù)數(shù)每每臺臺件件數(shù)數(shù)鑄件204*328*28811設(shè)設(shè)備備名名稱稱設(shè)設(shè)備備型型號號設(shè)設(shè)備備編編號號同同時(shí)時(shí)加加工工件件數(shù)數(shù)臥銑XA61321夾夾具具編編號號夾夾具具名名稱稱冷冷卻卻液液粗精銑端面夾具工工序序工工時(shí)時(shí)準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)終終單單件件工工序序號號工工 步步 內(nèi)內(nèi) 容容工工 藝藝 內(nèi)內(nèi) 容容主主軸軸轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)速速切切削削速速度度走走刀刀量量吃吃刀刀深深 走走刀刀次次數(shù)數(shù)工工時(shí)時(shí)定定額額機(jī)機(jī)動(dòng)動(dòng) 輔輔助助以底腳和大孔端面定位,大孔壓緊內(nèi)壁1粗銑端面至尺寸198YG634硬質(zhì)合金刀 300鋼直尺190r/min 119.4m/min3mm1.27 0.232精銑端面,保證尺寸198YG634硬質(zhì)合金刀 300鋼直尺235r/min 147.7m/min1mm10.18檢編編制制(日日期期)審審核核(日日期期)會會簽簽(日日期期)標(biāo)標(biāo)記記處處數(shù)數(shù)更更改改文文件件號號簽簽字字日日期期標(biāo)標(biāo)記記處處數(shù)數(shù) 更更改改文文件件號號簽簽字字日日期期無無錫錫太太湖湖學(xué)學(xué)院院機(jī)機(jī)械械加加工工工工序序卡卡片片產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品型型號號W1.0-10-01零零(部部)件件圖圖號號共共 7 頁頁產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品名名稱稱空氣壓縮機(jī)零零(部部)件件名名稱稱曲軸箱第第 5 頁頁車車間間工工序序號號工工序序名名稱稱材材料料牌牌號號金工65粗銑三斜面HT200毛毛坯坯種種類類 毛毛坯坯外外形形尺尺寸寸每每坯坯件件數(shù)數(shù)每每臺臺件件數(shù)數(shù)鑄件204*328*28811設(shè)設(shè)備備名名稱稱設(shè)設(shè)備備型型號號設(shè)設(shè)備備編編號號同同時(shí)時(shí)加加工工件件數(shù)數(shù)臥銑XA61321夾夾具具編編號號夾夾具具名名稱稱冷冷卻卻液液斜面銑夾具工工序序工工時(shí)時(shí)準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)終終單單件件工工序序號號工工 步步 內(nèi)內(nèi) 容容工工 藝藝 內(nèi)內(nèi) 容容主主軸軸轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)速速切切削削速速度度走走刀刀量量吃吃刀刀深深 走走刀刀次次數(shù)數(shù)工工時(shí)時(shí)定定額額機(jī)機(jī)動(dòng)動(dòng) 輔輔助助以大孔和大孔端面定位,以底腳平面校三斜面角度1粗銑三斜面至尺寸121 ,保證相互角度60YG634硬質(zhì)合金刀 300鋼直尺190r/mn 119.4m/min3mm1.20.22檢編編制制(日日期期)審審核核(日日期期)會會簽簽(日日期期)標(biāo)標(biāo)記記處處數(shù)數(shù)更更改改文文件件號號簽簽字字日日期期標(biāo)標(biāo)記記 處處數(shù)數(shù) 更更改改文文件件號號簽簽字字日日期期無無錫錫太太湖湖學(xué)學(xué)院院機(jī)機(jī)械械加加工工工工序序卡卡片片產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品型型號號W1.0-10-01零零(部部)件件圖圖號號共共 7 頁頁產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品名名稱稱空氣壓縮機(jī)零零(部部)件件名名稱稱曲軸箱第第 6 頁頁車車間間工工序序號號工工序序名名稱稱材材料料牌牌號號金工65精銑三斜面HT200毛毛坯坯種種類類 毛毛坯坯外外形形尺尺寸寸每每坯坯件件數(shù)數(shù)每每臺臺件件數(shù)數(shù)鑄件204*328*28811設(shè)設(shè)備備名名稱稱設(shè)設(shè)備備型型號號設(shè)設(shè)備備編編號號同同時(shí)時(shí)加加工工件件數(shù)數(shù)臥銑XA61321夾夾具具編編號號夾夾具具名名稱稱冷冷卻卻液液斜面銑夾具工工序序工工時(shí)時(shí)準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)終終單單件件工工序序號號工工 步步 內(nèi)內(nèi) 容容工工 藝藝 內(nèi)內(nèi) 容容主主軸軸轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)速速切切削削速速度度走走刀刀量量吃吃刀刀深深 走走刀刀次次數(shù)數(shù)工工時(shí)時(shí)定定額額機(jī)機(jī)動(dòng)動(dòng) 輔輔助助以大孔和大孔端面定位,以底腳平面校三斜面角度1 精銑三斜面至尺寸1200.1 ,保證相互角度60YG634硬質(zhì)合金刀 300鋼直尺235r/min 147.7m/min1mm0.95 0.17檢 將平面放置平板,22標(biāo)準(zhǔn)塊為測量基準(zhǔn)22標(biāo)準(zhǔn)塊 編編制制(日日期期)審審核核(日日期期)會會簽簽(日日期期)標(biāo)標(biāo)記記處處數(shù)數(shù)更更改改文文件件號號簽簽字字日日期期標(biāo)標(biāo)記記處處數(shù)數(shù)更更改改文文件件號號簽簽字字日日期期無無錫錫太太湖湖學(xué)學(xué)院院機(jī)機(jī)械械加加工工工工序序卡卡片片產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品型型號號W1.0-10-01零零(部部)件件圖圖號號共共 7 頁頁產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品名名稱稱空氣壓縮機(jī)零零(部部)件件名名稱稱曲軸箱第第 7 頁頁車車間間工工序序號號工工序序名名稱稱材材料料牌牌號號金工70鏜三斜孔HT200毛毛坯坯種種類類毛毛坯坯外外形形尺尺寸寸每每坯坯件件數(shù)數(shù)每每臺臺件件數(shù)數(shù)鑄件204*328*28811設(shè)設(shè)備備名名稱稱設(shè)設(shè)備備型型號號設(shè)設(shè)備備編編號號同同時(shí)時(shí)加加工工件件數(shù)數(shù)鏜床T681夾夾具具編編號號夾夾具具名名稱稱冷冷卻卻液液斜面銑夾具工工序序工工時(shí)時(shí)準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)終終單單件件工工序序號號工工 步步 內(nèi)內(nèi) 容容工工 藝藝 內(nèi)內(nèi) 容容主主軸軸轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)速速切切削削速速度度走走刀刀量量吃吃刀刀深深 走走刀刀次次數(shù)數(shù)工工時(shí)時(shí)定定額額機(jī)機(jī)動(dòng)動(dòng) 輔輔助助以大孔和大孔端面定位,腳板平面輔助定位,用百分首先必須校正夾具表應(yīng)校準(zhǔn)孔平面。注意壓板的方向1粗鏜三斜孔至尺寸106.2 ,保證尺寸790.1和YT6鏜刀 200mm游標(biāo)卡尺60r/min19.8m/min2.5mm12.48 0.45200.12粗鏜三斜孔至尺寸105 保證尺寸790.1和200.1YT6鏜刀 200mm游標(biāo)卡尺60r/min19.8m/min2.5mm12.48 0.45檢編編制制(日日期期)審審核核(日日期期)會會簽簽(日日期期)標(biāo)標(biāo)記記處處數(shù)數(shù)更更改改文文件件號號簽簽字字日日期期標(biāo)標(biāo)記記處處數(shù)數(shù) 更更改改文文件件號號 簽簽字字日日期期 存檔編碼:無無錫錫太太湖湖學(xué)學(xué)院院 2013 屆屆畢畢業(yè)業(yè)作作業(yè)業(yè)周周次次進(jìn)進(jìn)度度計(jì)計(jì)劃劃、檢檢查查落落實(shí)實(shí)表表 系別:信機(jī)系 班級:機(jī)械97 學(xué)生姓名:沈靖雯 課題(設(shè)計(jì))名稱:空氣壓縮機(jī)機(jī)身銑三斜面專機(jī)夾緊系統(tǒng)、液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) 開始日期:2012年11月12日周次起止日期工作計(jì)劃、進(jìn)度每周主要完成內(nèi)容存在問題、改進(jìn)方法指導(dǎo)教師意見并簽字備 注1-32012年11月12日-2012年12月2日教師下達(dá)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù),學(xué)生初步閱讀資料,完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開題報(bào)告。按照任務(wù)書要求查閱論文相關(guān)參考資料,填寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開題報(bào)告書對課題了解不清楚,由老師的講解,清楚的知道自己的任務(wù),并根據(jù)模板修改格式4-102012年12月3日-2013年1月20日指導(dǎo)專業(yè)實(shí)訓(xùn)機(jī)械制造工藝及夾具設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)對夾具的認(rèn)知不夠,老師進(jìn)行了相應(yīng)的指導(dǎo)11-122013年1月21日-3月1日指導(dǎo)畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)了解醫(yī)療器械的特點(diǎn),在熟悉的基礎(chǔ)上銷售醫(yī)療器械沒有接觸過醫(yī)療器械,要向領(lǐng)導(dǎo)多請教132013年3月4日-3月8日完成零件平面圖,確定工藝總體方案完成零件的平面設(shè)計(jì),并寫出最佳的機(jī)械加工工藝過程卡零件圖有些看不懂,通過同學(xué)的幫助,了解了零件是什么樣的142013年3月11日-3月15日完成工藝規(guī)程設(shè)計(jì)根據(jù)加工工藝過程卡,完成每個(gè)工序所需的計(jì)算,并繪制工序卡要計(jì)算切削用量及基本工時(shí),通過查閱書籍資料152013年3月18日-3月22日完成夾具的全部零部件及總裝圖完成銑三斜面夾具的零件圖不知道線型的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),尺寸標(biāo)注的規(guī)格,通過向老師請教才弄懂162013年3月25日-3月29日完成夾具的全部零部件完成三斜面的夾具設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的尺寸及選用,通過圖書館的書籍查閱172013年4月1日-4月5日完成夾具的全部零部件及總裝圖完成三斜面的夾具總裝圖我所用的是CAD繪圖,比較方便182013年4月8日-4月12日完成夾具說明書和開題報(bào)告內(nèi)各項(xiàng)任務(wù),及相關(guān)文件的撰寫開始撰寫說明書,完成中英文摘要及英文翻譯對論文的思路和摘要的內(nèi)容不明確,通過老師的指導(dǎo)解決192013年4月15日-4月19日完成夾具說明書和開題報(bào)告內(nèi)各項(xiàng)任務(wù),及相關(guān)文件的撰寫完成說明書對論文的思路和摘要的內(nèi)容不明確,通過老師的指導(dǎo)解決202013年4月22日-4月26日詳細(xì)審閱設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算、說明書及圖紙并修改按學(xué)校畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文格式要求,再次檢查論文及圖紙并修改各個(gè)部分的格式要求,通過學(xué)校給的格式模板解決212013年4月29日-5月3日遞交初稿按學(xué)校畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文裝訂要求,進(jìn)行所有材料的整理在三線表里的中間一橫不知道怎么弄出來,在反復(fù)修改后,成功制成。222013年5月6日-5月10日完善修改論文按學(xué)校畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文裝訂要求,進(jìn)行所有材料的整理結(jié)論與展望是針對這次設(shè)計(jì)的工作總結(jié)而不是思想總結(jié)。232013年5月13日-5月17日補(bǔ)充論文及圖紙文件按學(xué)校畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文裝訂要求,進(jìn)行所有材料的整理資料順序不對,需對照要求核查,進(jìn)行裝訂242013年5月20日-5月25日遞交論文,準(zhǔn)備答辯材料梳理論文知識,準(zhǔn)備答辯論文中相關(guān)知識有遺忘,需進(jìn)行全面論文知識的復(fù)習(xí)252627 說明:1、“工作計(jì)劃、進(jìn)度”、“指導(dǎo)教師意見并簽字”由指導(dǎo)教師填寫,“每周主要完成內(nèi)容”,“存在問題、改進(jìn)方法”由學(xué)生填寫。2、本表由各系妥善歸檔,保存?zhèn)洳?。周次起止日期工作?jì)劃、進(jìn)度每周主要完成內(nèi)容存在問題、改進(jìn)方法指導(dǎo)教師意見并簽字備 注編號
無錫太湖學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)
相關(guān)資料
題目:空氣壓縮機(jī)機(jī)身銑三斜面專用機(jī) 床夾緊系統(tǒng)、液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)
信機(jī) 系 機(jī)械工程及其自動(dòng)化 專業(yè)
學(xué) 號: 0923803
學(xué)生姓名: 沈靖雯
指導(dǎo)教師: 張大駿(職稱:高級工程師)
(職稱: )
2013年5月25日
目 錄
一、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開題報(bào)告
二、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯及原文
三、學(xué)生“畢業(yè)論文(論文)計(jì)劃、進(jìn)度、檢查及落實(shí)表”
四、實(shí)習(xí)鑒定表
無錫太湖學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)
開題報(bào)告
題目:空氣壓縮機(jī)機(jī)身銑三斜面專用機(jī) 床夾緊系統(tǒng)、液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)
信機(jī)系 機(jī)械工程及其自動(dòng)化 專業(yè)
學(xué) 號: 0923803
學(xué)生姓名: 沈靖雯
指導(dǎo)教師: 張大駿(職稱:高級工程師)
(職稱: )
2012年11月25日
課題來源
本課題是由無錫市力源壓縮機(jī)有限公司提供的系統(tǒng)課題
科學(xué)依據(jù)(包括課題的科學(xué)意義;國內(nèi)外研究概況、水平和發(fā)展趨勢;應(yīng)用前景等)
力源壓縮機(jī)有限公司(原無錫市第二壓縮機(jī)廠)是一家具有多年制造小型空氣壓縮機(jī)的生產(chǎn)公司,生產(chǎn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)十分豐富,但多年來生產(chǎn)的品種繁多,型號變換快,一直來形成相當(dāng)?shù)囊?guī)模。近期參加了上海壓縮機(jī)集團(tuán),因而在若干品種上有較大批量的生產(chǎn)任務(wù),這樣就需要由原來單件小批量的規(guī)模擴(kuò)展為成批生產(chǎn),對此就需要有符合生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)的機(jī)械加工工藝及與之適應(yīng)的加工專用機(jī)床。本課題是應(yīng)該公司要求提供該公司的設(shè)計(jì)方案。
研究內(nèi)容
1、適合的生產(chǎn)加工工藝
2、機(jī)加工工藝相配的專用機(jī)床夾具和液壓系統(tǒng)(包括總體方案、部件及控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)方案)要求其經(jīng)濟(jì)性好,并能為該生產(chǎn)廠家適用。
擬采取的研究方法、技術(shù)路線、實(shí)驗(yàn)方案及可行性分析
力源壓縮機(jī)有限公司是生產(chǎn)小型空氣壓縮機(jī)的專業(yè)廠家,有多年生產(chǎn)經(jīng)歷(三十余年)積累了豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)?,F(xiàn)在面臨擴(kuò)大規(guī)模和轉(zhuǎn)型。廠方可提供一定的技術(shù)資料。并可以接受學(xué)生的參觀實(shí)習(xí),所以先組織學(xué)生下廠參觀,接受任務(wù),熟悉原有的單件、小批量生產(chǎn)工藝情況及所使用的設(shè)備。
在此基礎(chǔ)上提出新的加工工藝和符合新工藝的加工專用機(jī)床方案,供廠方討論,提出改進(jìn)意見。
然后設(shè)計(jì)完整的的機(jī)械加工工藝方案及相應(yīng)的機(jī)械加工專用機(jī)床。
研究計(jì)劃及預(yù)期成果
研究計(jì)劃:
2012年11月 布置任務(wù)。熟悉工廠情況,下廠參觀
2013年1月 下廠參觀實(shí)習(xí),熟悉工廠的生產(chǎn)情況
2013年2月~3月 擬定工藝方案,提出專機(jī)夾具方案,供討論
2013年4月5日~10日 確定機(jī)械加工工藝方案,夾具總體布置
11日~20日 夾具設(shè)計(jì)、液壓設(shè)計(jì)
21日~30日 改進(jìn)并完成設(shè)計(jì)
2013年5月1日~10日 撰寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書
11日~15日 總結(jié)
預(yù)期成果:圖紙、設(shè)計(jì)說明書
特色或創(chuàng)新之處
該專用機(jī)床既可以適用于二斜面的空氣壓縮機(jī)機(jī)身的斜面加工,也可以使用與機(jī)身的三斜面加工。有相當(dāng)?shù)娜嵝裕揖忍岣?,生產(chǎn)效率提高。勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度減輕。
已具備的條件和尚需解決的問題
力源壓縮機(jī)有限公司可提供一部分技術(shù)資料及生產(chǎn)經(jīng)驗(yàn),并可容納學(xué)生參觀實(shí)習(xí),但設(shè)計(jì)資料缺乏,需自行收集。
指導(dǎo)教師意見
同意作為本專業(yè)學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)課題,其難度和工作量均合適。
指導(dǎo)教師簽名:
年 月 日
教研室(學(xué)科組、研究所)意見
教研室主任簽名:
年 月 日
系意見
主管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)簽名:
年 月 日
英文原文
Machine design theory
The machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question.
Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.
If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product
Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.
A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.
Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method.
In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.
How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process.
Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem:
(1) designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there is competitive ability
(2) does this product compare with other companies'' existing similar products?
(3) produces this kind of product is whether economical?
(4) product service is whether convenient?
(5) product whether there is sale? Whether may gain?
Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal.
Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seeks these better method.
Recent year, the engineerig material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, worker''s health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customer''s aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound influence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material.
Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material.
In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototype does not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. I
n the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply.
In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case is because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes.
The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence. ecent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses the plaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); (c) uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular; (d) the quality control method is not suitable and not after the confirmation; (e) the personnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material.
Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.
May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.
中文譯文
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)理論
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一門通過設(shè)計(jì)新產(chǎn)品或者改進(jìn)老產(chǎn)品來滿足人類需求的應(yīng)用技術(shù)科學(xué)。它涉及工程技術(shù)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域,主要研究產(chǎn)品的尺寸、形狀和詳細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)的基本構(gòu)思,還要研究產(chǎn)品在制造、銷售和使用等方面的問題。
進(jìn)行各種機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)工作的人員通常被稱為設(shè)計(jì)人員或者機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)工程師。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)造性的工作。設(shè)計(jì)工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)造性,還必須在機(jī)械制圖、運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)、工程材料、材料力學(xué)和機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)等方面具有深厚的基礎(chǔ)知識。
如前所訴,機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的目的是生產(chǎn)能夠滿足人類需求的產(chǎn)品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科技知識本身并不一定能給人類帶來好處,只有當(dāng)它們被應(yīng)用在產(chǎn)品上才能產(chǎn)生效益。因而,應(yīng)該認(rèn)識到在一個(gè)特定的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)之前,必須先確定人們是否需要這種產(chǎn)品。
應(yīng)當(dāng)把機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)看成是機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)人員運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的才能進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、系統(tǒng)分析和制定產(chǎn)品的制造工藝學(xué)的一個(gè)良機(jī)。掌握工程基礎(chǔ)知識要比熟記一些數(shù)據(jù)和公式更為重要。僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)中做出所需的全部決定的。另一方面,應(yīng)該認(rèn)真精確的進(jìn)行所有運(yùn)算。例如,即使將一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放錯(cuò),也會使正確的設(shè)計(jì)變成錯(cuò)誤的。
一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該勇于提出新的想法,而且愿意承擔(dān)一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),當(dāng)新的方法不適用時(shí),就使用原來的方法。因此,設(shè)計(jì)人員必須要有耐心,因?yàn)?所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間和努力并不能保證帶來成功。一個(gè)全新的設(shè)計(jì),要求屏棄許多陳舊的,為人們所熟知的方法。由于許多人墨守成規(guī),這樣做并不是一件容易的事。一位機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)該不斷地探索改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品的方法,在此過程中應(yīng)該認(rèn)真選擇原有的、經(jīng)過驗(yàn)證的設(shè)計(jì)原理,將其與未經(jīng)過驗(yàn)證的新觀念結(jié)合起來。
新設(shè)計(jì)本身會有許多缺陷和未能預(yù)料的問題發(fā)生,只有當(dāng)這些缺陷和問題被解決之后,才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。因此,一個(gè)性能優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品誕生的同時(shí),也伴隨著較高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,如果設(shè)計(jì)本身不要求采用全新的方法,就沒有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新方法。
在設(shè)計(jì)的初始階段,應(yīng)該允許設(shè)計(jì)人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性,不受各種約束。即使產(chǎn)生了許多不切實(shí)際的想法,也會在設(shè)計(jì)的早期,即繪制圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣,才不致于堵塞創(chuàng)新的思路。通常,要提出幾套設(shè)計(jì)方案,然后加以比較。很有可能在最后選定的方案中,采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。
心理學(xué)家經(jīng)常談?wù)撊绾问谷藗冞m應(yīng)他們所操作的機(jī)器。設(shè)計(jì)人員的基本職責(zé)是努力使機(jī)器來適應(yīng)人們。這并不是一項(xiàng)容易的工作,因?yàn)閷?shí)際上并不存在著一個(gè)對所有人來說都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過程。
另一個(gè)重要問題,設(shè)計(jì)工程師必須能夠同其他有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商。在開始階段,設(shè)計(jì)人員必須就初步設(shè)計(jì)同管理人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商,并得到批準(zhǔn)。這一般是通過口頭討論,草圖和文字材料進(jìn)行的。為了進(jìn)行有效的交流 ,需要解決下列問題:
(1) 所設(shè)計(jì)的這個(gè)產(chǎn)品是否真正為人們所需要?
(2) 此產(chǎn)品與其他公司的現(xiàn)有同類產(chǎn)品相比有無競爭能力?
(3) 生產(chǎn)這種產(chǎn)品是否經(jīng)濟(jì)?
(4) 產(chǎn)品的維修是否方便?
(5) 產(chǎn)品有無銷路?是否可以盈利?
只有時(shí)間能對上述問題給出正確答案。但是, 產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)、制造和銷售只能在對上述問題的初步肯定答案的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行。設(shè)計(jì)工程師還應(yīng)該通過零件圖和裝配圖,與制造部門一起對最終設(shè)計(jì)方案進(jìn)行磋商。
通常 ,在制造過程中會出現(xiàn)某個(gè)問題。可能會要求對某個(gè)零件尺寸或公差作一些更改,使零件的生產(chǎn)變得容易。但是,工程上的更改必須要經(jīng)過設(shè)計(jì)人員批準(zhǔn),以保證不會損傷產(chǎn)品的功能。有時(shí),在產(chǎn)品的裝配時(shí)或者裝箱外運(yùn)前的試驗(yàn)中才發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)中的某種缺陷。這些事例恰好說明了設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)過程??偸谴嬖谥玫姆椒▉硗瓿稍O(shè)計(jì)工作,設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該不斷努力,尋找這些更好的方法。
近些年來,工程材料的選擇已經(jīng)顯得重要。此外,選擇過程應(yīng)該是一個(gè)對材料的連續(xù)不斷的重新評價(jià)過程。新材料不斷出現(xiàn),而一些原有的材料的能夠獲得的數(shù)量可能會減少。環(huán)境污染、材料的回收利用、工人的健康及安全等方面經(jīng)常會對材料選擇附加新的限制條件。為了減輕重量或者節(jié)約能源,可能會要求使用不同的材料。來自國內(nèi)和國際競爭、對產(chǎn)品維修保養(yǎng)方便性要求的提高和顧客的反饋等方面的壓力,都會促使人們對材料進(jìn)行重新評價(jià)。由于材料選用不當(dāng)造成的產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟,已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響。此外,材料與材料加工之間的相互依賴關(guān)系已經(jīng)被人們認(rèn)識得更清楚。因此,為了能在合理的成本和確保質(zhì)量的前提下獲得滿意的結(jié)果,設(shè)計(jì)工程師的制造工程師都必須認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地選擇、確定和使用材料。
制造任何產(chǎn)品的第一步工作都是設(shè)計(jì)。設(shè)計(jì)通??梢苑譃閹讉€(gè)明確的階段:(a)初步設(shè)計(jì);(b)功能設(shè)計(jì);(c)生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)。在初步設(shè)計(jì)階段,設(shè)計(jì)者著重考慮產(chǎn)品應(yīng)該具有的功能。通常要設(shè)想和考慮幾個(gè)方案,然后決定這種思想是否可行;如果可行,則應(yīng)該對其中一個(gè)或幾個(gè)方案作進(jìn)一步的改進(jìn)。在此階段,關(guān)于材料選擇唯一要考慮的問題是:是否有性能符合要求的材料可供選擇;如果沒有的話,是否有較大的把握在成本和時(shí)間都允許的限度內(nèi)研制出一種新材料。
在功能設(shè)計(jì)和工程設(shè)計(jì)階段,要做出一個(gè)切實(shí)可行的設(shè)計(jì)。在這個(gè)階段要繪制出相當(dāng)完整的圖紙,選擇并確定各種零件的材料。通常要制造出樣機(jī)或者實(shí)物模型,并對其進(jìn)行試驗(yàn),評價(jià)產(chǎn)品的功能、可靠性、外觀和維修保養(yǎng)性等。雖然這種試驗(yàn)可能會表明,在產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入到生產(chǎn)階段之前,應(yīng)該更換某些材料,但是,絕對不能將這一點(diǎn)作為不認(rèn)真選擇材料的借口。應(yīng)該結(jié)合產(chǎn)品的功能,認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地考慮產(chǎn)品的外觀、成本和可靠性。一個(gè)很有成就的公司在制造所有的樣機(jī)時(shí),所選用的材料應(yīng)該和其生產(chǎn)中使用的材料相同,并盡可能使用同樣的制造技術(shù)。這樣對公司是很有好處的。功能完備的樣機(jī)如果不能根據(jù)預(yù)期的銷售量經(jīng)濟(jì)地制造出來,或者是樣機(jī)與正式生產(chǎn)的裝置在質(zhì)量和可靠性方面有很大不同,則這種樣機(jī)就沒有多大的價(jià)值。設(shè)計(jì)工程師最好能在這一階段完全完成材料的分析、選擇和確定工作,而不是將其留到生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段去做。因?yàn)?,在生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段材料的更換是由其他人進(jìn)行的,這些人對產(chǎn)品的所有功能的了解不如設(shè)計(jì)工程師。
在生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段中,與材料有關(guān)的主要問題是應(yīng)該把材料完全確定下來,使它們與現(xiàn)有的設(shè)備相適應(yīng),能夠利用現(xiàn)有設(shè)備經(jīng)濟(jì)地進(jìn)行加工,而且材料的數(shù)量能夠比較容易保證供應(yīng)。
在制造過程中,不可避免地會出現(xiàn)對使用中的材料做一些更改的情況。經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明,可采用某些便宜材料作為替代品。然而,在大多數(shù)情況下,在進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)以后改換材料要比在開始生產(chǎn)前改換材料所花費(fèi)的代價(jià)要高。在設(shè)計(jì)階段做好材料選擇工作,可以避免多數(shù)這樣的情況。在生產(chǎn)制造開始后出現(xiàn)了可供使用的新材料是更換材料的最常見的原因。當(dāng)然,這些新材料可能降低成本、改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品的性能。但是,必須對新材料進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的評價(jià),以確保其所有性能都滿足要求。應(yīng)當(dāng)記住,新材料的性能和可靠性很少像現(xiàn)有材料那樣為人們所了解。大部分的產(chǎn)品失效和產(chǎn)品責(zé)任事故案件是由于在選用新材料作為替代材料之前,沒有真正了解它們的長期使用性能而引起的。
產(chǎn)品的責(zé)任訴訟迫使設(shè)計(jì)人員和公司在選擇材料時(shí),采用最好的程序。在材料過程中,五個(gè)最常見的問題為:(a)不了解或者不會使用關(guān)于材料應(yīng)用方面的最新最好的信息資料;(b)未能預(yù)見和考慮擦黑年品可能的合理用途(如有可能,設(shè)計(jì)人員還應(yīng)進(jìn)一步預(yù)測和考慮由于產(chǎn)品使用方法不當(dāng)造成的后果。在近年來的許多產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟案件中,由于錯(cuò)誤地使用產(chǎn)品而受到傷害的原告控告生產(chǎn)廠家,并且贏得判決);(c)所使用的材料的數(shù)據(jù)不全或是有些數(shù)據(jù)不確定,尤其是當(dāng)其長期性能數(shù)據(jù)是如此的時(shí)候;(d)質(zhì)量控制方法不適當(dāng)和未經(jīng)驗(yàn)證;(e)由一些完全不稱職的人員選擇材料。
通過對上述五個(gè)問題的分析,可以得出這些問題是沒有充分理由存在的結(jié)論。對這些問題的研究分析可以為避免這些問題的出現(xiàn)指明方向。盡管采用最好的材料選擇方法也不能避免發(fā)生產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟,設(shè)計(jì)人員和工業(yè)界按照適當(dāng)?shù)某绦蜻M(jìn)行材料選擇,可以大大減少訴訟的數(shù)量。
從以上的討論可以看出,選擇材料的人們應(yīng)該對材料的性質(zhì),特點(diǎn)和加工方法有一個(gè)全面而基本的了解。