機(jī)械畢業(yè)-枳殼自動(dòng)切割機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)【含CAD圖紙+文檔】
機(jī)械畢業(yè)-枳殼自動(dòng)切割機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)【含CAD圖紙+文檔】,含CAD圖紙+文檔,機(jī)械,畢業(yè),枳殼,自動(dòng),切割機(jī),設(shè)計(jì),cad,圖紙,文檔
枳殼自動(dòng)切割機(jī)課 題 名 稱：枳殼自動(dòng)切割機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)指 導(dǎo) 老 師：1.1.緒論緒論v 枳殼為蕓香科植物枸橘、酸橙、香圓或玳玳花等將近成熟的果實(shí)。植物形態(tài)像“枸橘”、“枳實(shí)”、“香櫞”、“玳玳花”條。而本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是關(guān)于枳殼自動(dòng)切割機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)，是一種中藥飲片枳殼加工機(jī)械。該機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)單，易操作，主要由機(jī)架，傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)，壓料機(jī)構(gòu)，傳送機(jī)構(gòu)，切割機(jī)構(gòu)組成。其特征是將從料斗進(jìn)入切割槽的枳殼進(jìn)行剖半處理，然后將剖半的枳殼通過(guò)輸送槽輸送到出料口陰干、風(fēng)干或微火烘干。這樣就能以工業(yè)生產(chǎn)規(guī)模將枳殼自鮮果經(jīng)剖半直接加工成半球狀，工作效率高，成品質(zhì)量高而穩(wěn)定，使手工制作枳殼飲片的狀況得到根本改觀。加工料78月采收時(shí)直徑為56厘米，烘干后直徑為35cm，形狀為球形，厚0.41.3cm。這就對(duì)機(jī)械加工提供了數(shù)據(jù)要求：v 1出料口大小在10厘米。v 2切割刀選用0.20.4厘米厚高硬度材料。v 3.該機(jī)的整體結(jié)構(gòu)造型要求其長(zhǎng)寬高不能大于1.2米。v 在枳殼自動(dòng)切割機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)、制造以及應(yīng)用方面,目前我國(guó)與國(guó)外先進(jìn)水平相比仍有較大差距,國(guó)內(nèi)在設(shè)計(jì)制造枳殼自動(dòng)切割機(jī)過(guò)程中存在著很多不足。本次枳殼自動(dòng)切割機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)代表了設(shè)計(jì)的一般過(guò)程,對(duì)今后的選型設(shè)計(jì)工作有一定的參考價(jià)值。2.2.總體方案及工作原理總體方案及工作原理v2.1 2.1 總體結(jié)構(gòu)總體結(jié)構(gòu) 該機(jī)主要由機(jī)架、傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)、壓料機(jī)構(gòu)、傳送機(jī)構(gòu)、切割機(jī)構(gòu)組成，主要技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)為：電動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速為960r/min,帶輪的轉(zhuǎn)速為600r/min。整機(jī)外型尺寸：機(jī)架的長(zhǎng)寬高不大于1.2米。v2.2 2.2 工作原理工作原理 工作時(shí)，電動(dòng)機(jī)的旋轉(zhuǎn)通過(guò)皮帶輪帶動(dòng)傳動(dòng)鏈條，以逆時(shí)針?lè)较蜃餍D(zhuǎn)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，從而使枳殼從入料口進(jìn)入切割槽中。切割槽與上擋板成固定枳殼作用，當(dāng)切割槽旋轉(zhuǎn)至矩形切割齒輪時(shí)，完成切割，并自動(dòng)掉出切割槽。1.出料口；2.電動(dòng)機(jī)；3.皮帶輪；4.鏈傳動(dòng)；5.進(jìn)料口 圖2.1 枳殼自動(dòng)切割機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)圖3.3.機(jī)械的設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)算機(jī)械的設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)算 v3.1 3.1 機(jī)架的設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)架的設(shè)計(jì) v 機(jī)架的設(shè)計(jì)是設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)，是機(jī)械所有部件的載體。機(jī)架起基準(zhǔn)作用，以保證各部件間正確的相對(duì)位置，并且使整個(gè)機(jī)器組成一個(gè)整體。在其他部件及工件本身的重量與工作過(guò)程中的載荷（包括各種沖擊力）作用下，機(jī)架要有足夠的強(qiáng)度，而且變形部超過(guò)允許值。此外還應(yīng)考慮機(jī)架的動(dòng)剛度，阻尼，熱變形性，尺寸穩(wěn)定性，疲勞強(qiáng)度等。v 機(jī)架在機(jī)器中的尺寸一般較大，它往往與機(jī)器的整體布局，機(jī)器的造型美觀，操作方便，加工工藝性好。v 本設(shè)備的機(jī)架屬于金屬焊接機(jī)架。機(jī)架上擋板與切割機(jī)構(gòu)邊接，是切割機(jī)構(gòu)的擋板，共同完成切割過(guò)程，所以用材為鋼板，厚度為0.80.9厘米。在這里我選用80*80*8 Q235B的角鋼做機(jī)架。鋼材的穩(wěn)定系數(shù)為1.53.0之間，機(jī)架長(zhǎng)寬高不大于1.2米。圖3.1 機(jī)架簡(jiǎn)圖 v3.2 3.2 傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)v 設(shè)計(jì)中傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)是機(jī)械的所有動(dòng)力來(lái)源，在這里我選用電動(dòng)機(jī)帶傳動(dòng)鏈傳動(dòng)刀軸的傳動(dòng)方案。動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)選用每秒小于或等于16轉(zhuǎn)的電機(jī)，所以 n1=16r/s=960r/min，n2=n3=10r/s=600r/min。由此查表可選用型號(hào)為Y132S-6型電動(dòng)機(jī)，功率P=3kw。v3.2.1 3.2.1 普通普通V V帶的傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)帶的傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)v 本機(jī)選用常見(jiàn)的SPZ型窄V帶作為初級(jí)傳動(dòng)，材料選用錦綸。通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算確定帶輪基本尺寸如下:V帶根數(shù)Z=4，帶輪中心距為495mm。小帶輪的基準(zhǔn)直徑D1=100mm。大帶輪的基準(zhǔn)直徑D2=160mm。1.電動(dòng)機(jī)；2.大帶輪；3.鏈輪圖3.3 傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu) v3.3 3.3 傳送機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)傳送機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì) 傳送機(jī)構(gòu)基于鏈條設(shè)計(jì)原理，共分為兩層；外層為輸送槽，內(nèi)層為鏈條。v3.3.1 3.3.1 鏈傳動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)鏈傳動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)v 我設(shè)計(jì)的枳殼自動(dòng)切割機(jī)采用滾子鏈來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)從料斗到出料口之間的傳遞。并選取鏈輪的材料為45號(hào)鋼。通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算確定鏈輪基本尺寸如下:鏈輪：齒數(shù)25，分度圓直徑101.6mm。兩鏈輪中心距為513mm。3.3.2 3.3.2 軸的設(shè)計(jì)軸的設(shè)計(jì) 軸是機(jī)械傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中的重要零件，設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)滿足合理的結(jié)構(gòu)，足夠得強(qiáng)度，必要的強(qiáng)度和振動(dòng)穩(wěn)定性，以及良好的工藝性等。總之，所謂軸的設(shè)計(jì)，就是根據(jù)軸上零件的定位和固定要求，以及加工和裝配要求，合理定出軸的結(jié)構(gòu)外形和全部尺寸過(guò)程。v 軸的材料我們選用45號(hào)鋼，調(diào)質(zhì)處理，由機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)表11.1查得，材料直徑200mm,硬度217 255HBS，抗拉強(qiáng)度極限為640Mpa，屈服強(qiáng)度極限為275Mpa，彎曲疲勞極限為275Mpa，剪切疲勞極限為155Mpa。v由應(yīng)力計(jì)算公式計(jì)算得：軸的最小直徑為18.5mm。彎矩應(yīng)力為s(b)=32.3MPa,s(c)=37.8MP 各彎矩簡(jiǎn)圖3.43.4切割機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)切割機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)3.4.13.4.1圓形割刀的設(shè)計(jì)圓形割刀的設(shè)計(jì)v 枳殼的切割槽，切割槽內(nèi)部空心設(shè)計(jì)為圓形直徑為7厘米厚1厘米，切割槽底部開(kāi)口，開(kāi)口寬為0.3厘米。所以刀片厚度小于0.3厘米。在這里我取刀片的厚度為0.2厘米。鏈輪的齒頂圓直徑：Da(max)=109.53mm，則 圓形割刀的最大直徑為：D(max)=109.53mm+7cm+1cm =189.53mm 取圓形割刀的最小直徑：D(min)=180mm 由上面計(jì)算知：軸的最小直徑：28mm 圓形刀片的內(nèi)徑d大于28mm，我取d=35mm，這樣就可設(shè)計(jì)出圓形割刀。3.53.5進(jìn)料口和出料口的設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)料口和出料口的設(shè)計(jì) 進(jìn)料口上端口直徑為40cm，下端口直徑為8cm,高25cm,壁厚0.4cm。出料口寬20cm，長(zhǎng)50cm,壁厚0.4cm.總結(jié)v 經(jīng)過(guò)兩個(gè)月左右的準(zhǔn)備工作，在趙老師和同學(xué)的指導(dǎo)和幫助下，此次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)順利完成。本次設(shè)計(jì)總體上所設(shè)計(jì)的方案是合理正確的，但是由于時(shí)間及資料的不足，更加上自身知識(shí)有限，難免有設(shè)計(jì)上的缺陷。實(shí)際應(yīng)用上會(huì)有很多問(wèn)題，比如，加工工藝，制造成本，還有就是設(shè)備的穩(wěn)定性保證和壽命的預(yù)測(cè)。v 雖然設(shè)計(jì)的時(shí)間不長(zhǎng)，但每天認(rèn)真的計(jì)算，卻是傾注了心血在其中的。通過(guò)這些天的設(shè)計(jì)，讓我再一次明白很多東西，但還是有許多不知其所以然，不知道為什么要這樣，這也許是我們什么都學(xué)，什么都學(xué)不精，有點(diǎn)像猴子下山。當(dāng)然，每做一件事都事有收獲的。也許你現(xiàn)在還每察覺(jué)到，但卻影響了你。為了完成這個(gè)課題設(shè)計(jì)，我花了很多時(shí)間，去圖書(shū)館查閱這方面的資料，上網(wǎng)下載有關(guān)案例。我做了比較充分的準(zhǔn)備，頭腦中以初具模型，但是，當(dāng)要真正地寫(xiě)出來(lái)，卻犯難了，通過(guò)好幾次的通宵，終于做好了，有了那么點(diǎn)成就感。在這次課程設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中，我重新梳理了過(guò)去學(xué)過(guò)的知識(shí)，并溫習(xí)了CAD以及Word和Excel辦公軟件。更讓我明白了世上無(wú)難事，只要去做了，一定能行的道理！v 由于水平有限，在設(shè)計(jì)中如有不正之處，請(qǐng)指導(dǎo)老師不吝指正。致 謝v 在這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中,除了完成要求的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)外,讓自己的專業(yè)知識(shí)得到了一定的鞏固和提高,在一些認(rèn)知深度上也有所增強(qiáng),但畢竟這只是事件本身而已,更難人可貴的是在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中接觸的人,在與他們的相處過(guò)程中,收獲的就不單單是本專業(yè)或相關(guān)專業(yè)知識(shí),還有更珍貴是對(duì)自己在今后的路上要面對(duì)的為人處事,解決問(wèn)題的思路與方案,還有個(gè)人修養(yǎng)方面等都受到了很大的啟發(fā)v 為此我要特別感謝趙進(jìn)輝老師，其導(dǎo)師風(fēng)范和人格魅力，無(wú)時(shí)無(wú)刻不在設(shè)計(jì)流程中影響著我，雖然趙老師公務(wù)繁忙，但每次去老師辦公室時(shí)，都會(huì)指導(dǎo)和催促我抓緊時(shí)間完成設(shè)計(jì)，可見(jiàn)關(guān)切之至！還有在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中一直指導(dǎo)我的同學(xué)，他們的悉心指教，把每個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)都講的較清楚，無(wú)以言表，只想再說(shuō)一聲謝謝！v 相信你們的教導(dǎo)、幫助與支持會(huì)激發(fā)我更好的前行，謝謝！ 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)書(shū)
設(shè)計(jì)（論文）
課題名稱
枳殼自動(dòng)切割機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)
學(xué)生姓名
院（系）
工學(xué)院
專 業(yè)
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
指導(dǎo)教師
職 稱
講師
學(xué) 歷
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）要求：熟練掌握AutoCAD、Pro/E或UG等繪圖軟件，對(duì)機(jī)械原理、機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)有較深入的理解和認(rèn)識(shí)。
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）內(nèi)容與技術(shù)參數(shù)：用AutoCAD、Pro/E或UG繪圖軟件設(shè)計(jì)枳殼自動(dòng)切割機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)圖（機(jī)架、傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)、壓料機(jī)構(gòu)、傳送機(jī)構(gòu)、切割機(jī)構(gòu)），要求其長(zhǎng)寬高不能大于1.2米。
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）工作計(jì)劃：
一、課題準(zhǔn)備階段，收集材料，了解課題的內(nèi)容，初步確定解決方案。
二、枳殼自動(dòng)切割機(jī)機(jī)構(gòu)總體設(shè)計(jì)。
三、枳殼自動(dòng)切割機(jī)其他機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)。
四、撰寫(xiě)畢業(yè)論文。
接受任務(wù)日期 年 12 月 1 日 要求完成日期 年 5 月 10 日學(xué) 生 簽 名 年 12 月 1 日
指導(dǎo)教師簽名 年 12 月 1 日
院長(zhǎng)（主任）簽名 年 月 日
Automobile Brake System
The braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes.
Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake.
The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set.
The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by the slave cylinders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the car.
The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure).
Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake, the control device forces brake shoes, or pads, against the rotating brake drum or disks at wheel. Friction between the shoes or pads and the drums or disks then slows or stops the wheel so that the car is braked.
In most modern brake systems (see Figure 15.1), there is a fluid-filled cylinder, called master cylinder, which contains two separate sections, there is a piston in each section and both pistons are connected to a brake pedal in the driver’s compartment. When the brake is pushed down, brake fluid is sent from the master cylinder to the wheels. At the wheels, the fluid pushes shoes, or pads, against revolving drums or disks. The friction between the stationary shoes, or pads, and the revolving drums or disks slows and stops them. This slows or stops the revolving wheels, which, in turn, slow or stop the car.
The brake fluid reservoir is on top of the master cylinder. Most cars today have a transparent r reservoir so that you can see the level without opening the cover. The brake fluid level will drop slightly as the brake pads wear. This is a normal condition and no cause for concern. If the level drops noticeably over a short period of time or goes down to about two thirds full, have your brakes checked as soon as possible. Keep the reservoir covered except for the amount of time you need to fill it and never leave a cam of brake fluid uncovered. Brake fluid must maintain a very high boiling point. Exposure to air will cause the fluid to absorb moisture which will lower that boiling point.
The brake fluid travels from the master cylinder to the wheels through a series of steel tubes and reinforced rubber hoses. Rubber hoses are only used in places that require flexibility, such as at the front wheels, which move up and down as well as steer. The rest of the system uses non-corrosive seamless steel tubing with special fittings at all attachment points. If a steel line requires a repair, the best procedure is to replace the compete line. If this is not practical, a line can be repaired using special splice fittings that are made for brake system repair. You must never use copper tubing to repair a brake system. They are dangerous and illegal.
Drum brakes, it consists of the brake drum, an expander, pull back springs, a stationary back plate, two shoes with friction linings, and anchor pins. The stationary back plate is secured to the flange of the axle housing or to the steering knuckle. The brake drum is mounted on the wheel hub. There is a clearance between the inner surface of the drum and the shoe lining. To apply brakes, the driver pushes pedal, the expander expands the shoes and presses them to the drum. Friction between the brake drum and the friction linings brakes the wheels and the vehicle stops. To release brakes, the driver release the pedal, the pull back spring retracts the shoes thus permitting free rotation of the wheels.
Disk brakes, it has a metal disk instead of a drum. A flat shoe, or disk-brake pad, is located on each side of the disk. The shoes squeeze the rotating disk to stop the car. Fluid from the master cylinder forces the pistons to move in, toward the disk. This action pushes the friction pads tightly against the disk. The friction between the shoes and disk slows and stops it. This provides the braking action. Pistons are made of either plastic or metal. There are three general types of disk brakes. They are the floating-caliper type, the fixed-caliper type, and the sliding-caliper type. Floating-caliper and sliding-caliper disk brakes use a single piston. Fixed-caliper disk brakes have either two or four pistons.
The brake system assemblies are actuated by mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic devices. The mechanical leverage is used in the parking brakes fitted in all automobile. When the brake pedal is depressed, the rod pushes the piston of brake master cylinder which presses the fluid. The fluid flows through the pipelines to the power brake unit and then to the wheel cylinder. The fluid pressure expands the cylinder pistons thus pressing the shoes to the drum or disk. If the pedal is released, the piston returns to the initial position, the pull back springs retract the shoes, the fluid is forced back to the master cylinder and braking ceases.
The primary purpose of the parking brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by the driver when a separate parking braking hand lever is set. The hand brake is normally used when the car has already stopped. A lever is pulled and the rear brakes are approached and locked in the “on” position. The car may now be left without fear of its rolling away. When the driver wants to move the car again, he must press a button before the lever can be released. The hand brake must also be able to stop the car in the event of the foot brake failing. For this reason, it is separate from the foot brake uses cable or rods instead of the hydraulic system.
Anti-lock Brake System
Anti-lock brake systems make braking safer and more convenient, Anti-lock brake systems modulate brake system hydraulic pressure to prevent the brakes from locking and the tires from skidding on slippery pavement or during a panic stop.
Anti-lock brake systems have been used on aircraft for years, and some domestic car were offered with an early form of anti-lock braking in late 1990’s. Recently, several automakers have introduced more sophisticated anti-lock system. Investigations in Europe, where anti-lock braking systems have been available for a decade, have led one manufacture to state that the number of traffic accidents could be reduced by seven and a half percent if all cars had anti-lock brakes. So some sources predict that all cars will offer anti-lock brakes to improve the safety of the car.
Anti-lock systems modulate brake application force several times per second to hold the tires at a controlled amount of slip; all systems accomplish this in basically the same way. One or more speed sensors generate alternating current signal whose frequency increases with the wheel rotational speed. An electronic control unit continuously monitors these signals and if the frequency of a signal drops too rapidly indicating that a wheel is about to lock, the control unit instructs a modulating device to reduce hydraulic pressure to the brake at the affected wheel. When sensor signals indicate the wheel is again rotating normally, the control unit allows increased hydraulic pressure to the brake. This release-apply cycle occurs several time per second to “pump” the brakes like a driver might but at a much faster rate.
In addition to their basic operation, anti-lock systems have two other things in common. First, they do not operate until the brakes are applied with enough force to lock or nearly lock a wheel. At all other times, the system stands ready to function but does not interfere with normal braking. Second, if the anti-lock system fail in any way, the brakes continue to operate without anti-lock capability. A warning light on the instrument panel alerts the driver when a problem exists in the anti-lock system.
The current Bosch component Anti-lock Braking System (ABSⅡ), is a second generation design wildly used by European automakers such as BWM, Mercedes-Benz and Porsche. ABSⅡ system consists of : four wheel speed sensor, electronic control unit and modulator assembly.
A speed sensor is fitted at each wheel sends signals about wheel rotation to control unit. Each speed sensor consists of a sensor unit and a gear wheel. The front sensor mounts to the steering knuckle and its gear wheel is pressed onto the stub axle that rotates with the wheel. The rear sensor mounts the rear suspension member and its gear wheel is pressed onto the axle. The sensor itself is a winding with a magnetic core. The core creates a magnetic field around the winding, and as the teeth of the gear wheel move through this field, an alternating current is induced in the winding. The control unit monitors the rate o change in this frequency to determine impending brake lockup.
The control unit’s function can be divided into three parts: signal processing, logic and safety circuitry. The signal processing section is the converter that receives the alternating current signals form the speed sensors and converts them into digital form for the logic section. The logic section then analyzes the digitized signals to calculate any brake pressure changes needed. If impending lockup is sensed, the logic section sends commands to the modulator assembly.
Modulator assembly
The hydraulic modulator assembly regulates pressure to the wheel brakes when it receives commands from the control utuit. The modulator assembly can maintain or reduce pressure over the level it receives from the master cylinder, it also can never apply the brakes by itself. The modulator assembly consists of three high-speed electric solenoid valves, two fluid reservoirs and a turn delivery pump equipped with inlet and outlet check valves. The modulator electrical connector and controlling relays are concealed under a plastic cover of the assembly.
Each front wheel is served by electric solenoid valve modulated independently by the control unit. The rear brakes are served by a single solenoid valve and modulated together using the select-low principle. During anti-braking system operation, the control unit cycles the solenoid valves to either hold or release pressure the brake lines. When pressure is released from the brake lines during anti-braking operation, it is routed to a fluid reservoir. There is one reservoir for the front brake circuit. The reservoirs are low-pressure accumulators that store fluid under slight spring pressure until the return delivery pump can return the fluid through the brake lines to the master cylinder.
譯 文
汽車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)
制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是汽車中最重要的系統(tǒng)。 如果制動(dòng)失靈，結(jié)果可能是損失慘重的。制動(dòng)器實(shí)際就是能量轉(zhuǎn)換裝置，它將汽車的動(dòng)能（動(dòng)量）轉(zhuǎn)化成熱能（熱量）。當(dāng)駕駛員踩下制動(dòng)踏板，所產(chǎn)生的制動(dòng)力是汽車運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)動(dòng)力的10倍。制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)能對(duì)四個(gè)剎車系統(tǒng)中的每個(gè)施加數(shù)千磅的力。
每輛汽車上使用兩個(gè)完全獨(dú)立的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，即行車制動(dòng)器和駐車制動(dòng)器。
行車制動(dòng)器起到減速、停車、或保持車輛正常行駛。制動(dòng)器是由司機(jī)用腳踩、松制動(dòng)器踏板來(lái)控制的。駐車制動(dòng)器的主要作用就是當(dāng)車內(nèi)無(wú)人的時(shí)候，汽車能夠保持靜止。當(dāng)獨(dú)立的駐車制動(dòng)器—踏板或手桿，被安裝時(shí)，駐車制動(dòng)器就會(huì)被機(jī)械地操作。
制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是由下列基本的成分組成:位于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)罩下方，而且直接地被連接到制動(dòng)踏板的“制動(dòng)主缸”把駕駛員腳的機(jī)械力轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐簤毫Αｄ撝频摹爸苿?dòng)管路”和有柔性的“制動(dòng)軟管”把制動(dòng)主缸連接到每個(gè)輪子的“制動(dòng)輪缸”上。 制動(dòng)液, 特別地設(shè)計(jì)為的是工作在極端的情況，填充在系統(tǒng)中?！爸苿?dòng)盤(pán)”和“襯塊”是被制動(dòng)輪缸推動(dòng)接觸“圓盤(pán)”和“回轉(zhuǎn)體”如此引起緩慢的拖拉運(yùn)動(dòng), (希望)使汽車減慢速度。
典型的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)布置有前后盤(pán)式，前盤(pán)后鼓式，各個(gè)車輪上的制動(dòng)器通過(guò)一套管路系統(tǒng)連接到制動(dòng)主缸上。
基本上講，所有的汽車制動(dòng)器都是摩擦制動(dòng)器。當(dāng)司機(jī)剎車時(shí)，控制裝置會(huì)迫使制動(dòng)蹄，或制動(dòng)襯片與車輪處的旋轉(zhuǎn)的制動(dòng)鼓或制動(dòng)盤(pán)接觸。接觸后產(chǎn)生的摩擦使車輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)減慢或停止，這就是汽車的制動(dòng)。
在最基本的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中，有一個(gè)制動(dòng)主缸，這個(gè)主缸內(nèi)部填充制動(dòng)液，并包含兩個(gè)部分，每個(gè)部分里都有一個(gè)活塞，兩個(gè)活塞都連接駕駛室里的制動(dòng)踏板。當(dāng)制動(dòng)踏板被踩下時(shí)，制動(dòng)液會(huì)從制動(dòng)主缸流入輪缸。在輪缸中，制動(dòng)液推動(dòng)制動(dòng)蹄或制動(dòng)襯片與旋轉(zhuǎn)的制動(dòng)鼓或制動(dòng)盤(pán)接觸。靜止的制動(dòng)蹄或制動(dòng)襯片與旋轉(zhuǎn)的制動(dòng)鼓或制動(dòng)盤(pán)之間產(chǎn)生摩擦力使汽車的運(yùn)動(dòng)逐漸減緩或停止。
制動(dòng)液的裝置位于主缸的頂部。目前大多數(shù)的車都有一個(gè)容易看見(jiàn)的裝制動(dòng)液的裝置，為的是不用打開(kāi)蓋子就可以看得見(jiàn)制動(dòng)液的油面。隨著制動(dòng)踏板的運(yùn)動(dòng)制動(dòng)液就會(huì)緩慢的下降，正常情況下是這樣的。如果制動(dòng)液在很短的時(shí)間內(nèi)下降得明顯或者下降了三分之二，那么就要盡快的檢查你的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)了。保持制動(dòng)液裝置充滿制動(dòng)液除非你需要維修它，制動(dòng)液必須保持很高的沸點(diǎn)。位于在空氣中的制動(dòng)液就會(huì)吸收空氣中的潮氣引起制動(dòng)液低于沸點(diǎn)。
制動(dòng)液通過(guò)一系列的管路從主缸到達(dá)各車輪。橡膠軟管只用在需要彈力的地方，比如應(yīng)用在前輪。在車的行進(jìn)中上下來(lái)回運(yùn)動(dòng)。系統(tǒng)的其它部分在所有的連接點(diǎn)上都應(yīng)用了無(wú)腐蝕性的無(wú)縫鋼管。如果鋼線需要修理的話，最好的方法就是代替這條線。如果這不符合實(shí)際，那么為了制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)可以用特殊的裝置修理它。你不可以用銅管來(lái)修理制動(dòng)系。它們是危險(xiǎn)也是不正確的。
鼓式制動(dòng)器包括制動(dòng)鼓，一個(gè)輪缸，回拉彈簧，一個(gè)制動(dòng)底版，兩個(gè)帶摩擦層的制動(dòng)蹄。制動(dòng)底版固定在輪軸外部的法蘭或轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)。制動(dòng)鼓固定在輪轂上。制動(dòng)鼓的內(nèi)部表面與制動(dòng)蹄的內(nèi)層之間有空隙。要使用制動(dòng)器時(shí)，司機(jī)就要踩下踏板，這時(shí)輪缸擴(kuò)大制動(dòng)片，對(duì)其施加壓力，是制動(dòng)蹄觸碰制動(dòng)鼓。制動(dòng)鼓與摩擦片之間產(chǎn)生的摩擦制動(dòng)了車輪，從而使汽車停止。要釋放制動(dòng)器時(shí)，司機(jī)松開(kāi)踏板，回拉彈簧拉回制動(dòng)片，這樣車輪會(huì)自由轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。
盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器包括制動(dòng)盤(pán)而不是鼓，在它的兩面上各有一個(gè)薄的制動(dòng)片或叫盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器的制動(dòng)片。制動(dòng)片是靠擠住旋轉(zhuǎn)的制動(dòng)盤(pán)來(lái)停住汽車。制動(dòng)主缸里流出的制動(dòng)液迫使活塞向里部的金屬盤(pán)移動(dòng)，這便使摩擦片緊緊地貼住制動(dòng)盤(pán)。這時(shí)制動(dòng)片與制動(dòng)盤(pán)產(chǎn)生的摩擦使汽車減速、停止，出現(xiàn)了制動(dòng)行為?；钊纸饘倩蛩芰?。盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器主要有三種，即：浮動(dòng)卡鉗型、固定卡鉗型和滑動(dòng)卡鉗型。浮動(dòng)卡鉗型和滑動(dòng)卡鉗型盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器使用單活塞。固定卡鉗型盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器既可以使用兩個(gè)活塞有可以使用四個(gè)活塞。
制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是由機(jī)械能，液壓能或氣壓能裝置驅(qū)動(dòng)的。在機(jī)械杠桿適合所有的汽車的駐車制動(dòng)器中使用。當(dāng)踩下制動(dòng)踏板時(shí)，杠桿就會(huì)推動(dòng)制動(dòng)器主缸的活塞給制動(dòng)液施加壓力，制動(dòng)液通過(guò)油管流入輪缸。制動(dòng)液的壓力施加到輪缸活塞以使制動(dòng)片被壓到制動(dòng)鼓或制動(dòng)盤(pán)上。如果松開(kāi)踏板，活塞回到原來(lái)的位置上，回拉彈簧拉回制動(dòng)片，制動(dòng)液返回制動(dòng)主缸，這樣制動(dòng)停止。
駐動(dòng)制動(dòng)器的主要作用是車內(nèi)無(wú)人時(shí)，使汽車靜止不動(dòng)。如果車內(nèi)安裝的是獨(dú)立的駐車制動(dòng)器，那么駐車制動(dòng)器是由司機(jī)手動(dòng)的控制。駐車制動(dòng)器正常是當(dāng)車已經(jīng)停止時(shí)使用的。向后拉手閘，并把手柄卡在正確的位置上?，F(xiàn)在，即使離開(kāi)汽車也不用害怕它會(huì)自己滑走。如果司機(jī)要再次啟車時(shí)，他必須在松開(kāi)手桿之前按下按鈕。在行車制動(dòng)器失靈的情況下，手閘必須能停住車。正因?yàn)檫@樣，手閘與腳閘分開(kāi)，手閘使用的是繩索或杠桿而不是液力系統(tǒng)。
防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是使汽車制動(dòng)更安全、更方便的制動(dòng)裝置，它既有調(diào)節(jié)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的壓力來(lái)防止車輪被完全抱死的功能，又有防止輪胎在滑的路面上行駛或緊急停車時(shí)的滑動(dòng)。
防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)最早應(yīng)用在航空飛行器上，而且在二十世紀(jì) 90年代一些國(guó)內(nèi)的汽車內(nèi)也安裝了這種系統(tǒng)。近來(lái)，幾個(gè)汽車制造商引進(jìn)了更為復(fù)雜的防抱死系統(tǒng)。歐洲使用這種系統(tǒng)已有幾十年的時(shí)間，通過(guò)對(duì)其的調(diào)查，一位汽車制造商坦言，如果所有的汽車都安裝上防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，那么交通事故的發(fā)生率會(huì)降低7.5%。同時(shí)，一些權(quán)威人士預(yù)測(cè)這種系統(tǒng)會(huì)提高汽車的安全性。
防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)可以在一秒鐘內(nèi)調(diào)節(jié)幾次制動(dòng)時(shí)車輪上的受力，使車輪的滑移受到控制，而且所有的系統(tǒng)基本上都以相同的方式完成。每個(gè)車輪都會(huì)有一個(gè)傳感器，電子控制裝置能連續(xù)檢測(cè)來(lái)自車輪傳感器傳來(lái)的脈沖電信號(hào)，并將它們處理轉(zhuǎn)換成和輪速成正比的數(shù)值；如果其中一個(gè)傳感器的信號(hào)不斷下降，那么這就表明了相應(yīng)的輪胎趨于抱死，這時(shí)電子控制裝置向該車輪的制動(dòng)器發(fā)出降低壓力的指令。當(dāng)信號(hào)顯示車輪轉(zhuǎn)速恢復(fù)正常時(shí)，電子控制裝置會(huì)增加制動(dòng)器的液壓。這種循環(huán)像司機(jī)一樣調(diào)節(jié)制動(dòng)器，但它的速度更快，達(dá)到了每秒循環(huán)數(shù)次。
防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)除了上面基本操作，還有兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)。首先，當(dāng)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的壓力上升到使輪胎抱死或即將抱死的時(shí)候，防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)才會(huì)啟動(dòng)；當(dāng)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)在正常情況下，防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)停止運(yùn)作。其次，如果防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)有問(wèn)題時(shí)，制動(dòng)器會(huì)獨(dú)立地繼續(xù)運(yùn)行。但控制板上的指示燈亮起提醒司機(jī)系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題。
目前歐洲汽車生產(chǎn)商，如：寶馬、奔馳、寶時(shí)捷等廣泛使用的是波許（Bosch）防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。這種系統(tǒng)基本組成包括車輪轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器，電子控制裝置和調(diào)節(jié)裝置。
每個(gè)有一個(gè)向電子控制裝置發(fā)出車輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)情況的信號(hào)的傳感器，它一般由磁感應(yīng)傳感頭和齒圈組成。前面的傳感器安在輪轂上，齒圈安在輪網(wǎng)上。后面的傳感器安在后部的監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)上，齒圈安在輪軸上。傳感器本身是纏繞電磁核的電線圈，電磁核才線圈的周圍產(chǎn)生磁場(chǎng)。當(dāng)齒圈的齒移動(dòng)到磁場(chǎng)時(shí)，就會(huì)改變線圈的電流。電子控制裝置會(huì)監(jiān)測(cè)這種變化，然后判斷車輪是否即將抱死。
電子控制裝置有三個(gè)作用，即：信號(hào)的處理，編輯和安全防護(hù)。信號(hào)的處理起到轉(zhuǎn)換器的作用，它是將接受的脈沖電信號(hào)處理轉(zhuǎn)換成數(shù)值，為編輯做準(zhǔn)備。編輯就是分析這些數(shù)值，計(jì)算出需要制動(dòng)壓力。如果檢測(cè)出車輪即將抱死，電控裝置就會(huì)計(jì)算出數(shù)值向調(diào)節(jié)裝置發(fā)出指令。
調(diào)節(jié)裝置
當(dāng)接受到電子控制裝置的指令后，液壓執(zhí)行裝置會(huì)調(diào)節(jié)制動(dòng)輪缸的液壓的大小。調(diào)節(jié)裝置能保持或減小來(lái)自制動(dòng)主缸的液壓，而裝置本身是不能啟用制動(dòng)器的。這種裝置有三個(gè)高速率的電磁閥，兩個(gè)油液存儲(chǔ)器和一個(gè)帶有內(nèi)外檢測(cè)閥的傳動(dòng)泵。調(diào)節(jié)裝置中的電子連接器隱藏在塑料蓋下。
每個(gè)電磁閥都是其獨(dú)立控制的，并作用于前輪。后部的制動(dòng)輪缸受到一個(gè)電磁閥控制，并依照------的原理進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)。當(dāng)防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行時(shí)，電子控制裝置會(huì)使電磁閥循環(huán)運(yùn)作，這樣既能收回又能釋放制動(dòng)器的壓力。當(dāng)壓力釋放時(shí)，它會(huì)釋放到液壓?jiǎn)卧?。前部的制?dòng)器電路有一個(gè)單元。存儲(chǔ)器低壓存儲(chǔ)器，它在低壓下存儲(chǔ)油液，直到回流泵打開(kāi)，油液流經(jīng)制動(dòng)輪缸進(jìn)入制動(dòng)主缸。
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