（統(tǒng)考版）高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí) 第1板塊 攻克閱讀理解 專題1 閱讀理解（含解析）-人教版高三英語(yǔ)試題

《（統(tǒng)考版）高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí) 第1板塊 攻克閱讀理解 專題1 閱讀理解（含解析）-人教版高三英語(yǔ)試題》由會(huì)員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)《（統(tǒng)考版）高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí) 第1板塊 攻克閱讀理解 專題1 閱讀理解（含解析）-人教版高三英語(yǔ)試題（56頁(yè)珍藏版）》請(qǐng)?jiān)谘b配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。

1、第1板塊 [命題規(guī)律] 1．以考查細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷為主，主旨大意和詞義猜測(cè)為輔。細(xì)節(jié)理解題較容易，其他題較難，但總體難易度較為適中，四篇文章中僅有一篇難度較大。 2．題材以廣告旅游、社會(huì)文化、人物故事、科普知識(shí)、生態(tài)環(huán)保為主，內(nèi)容貼近生活、貼近時(shí)代，充分體現(xiàn)了高考命題的思想性和育人功能。 3．文章信息量大，語(yǔ)篇含有多處結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng)句，對(duì)考生的閱讀速度和快速處理信息的能力要求很高。 [命題趨勢(shì)] 1．預(yù)計(jì)2021年高考閱讀理解的難易度仍會(huì)保持穩(wěn)定，選材會(huì)更新穎，語(yǔ)言更地道，詞匯更豐富。 2．題型仍會(huì)以細(xì)節(jié)理解題和推理判斷題為主，兼顧主旨大意題和詞義猜測(cè)題。

2、 A篇 (2020·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ，A) The Lake District Attractions Guide Dalemain Mansion & Historic Gardens History，Culture & Landscape(景觀)．Discover and enjoy 4 centuries of history，5 acres of celebrated and award-winning gardens with parkland walk.Owned by the Hasell family since 1679，home to the International M

3、armalade Festival.Gifts and antiques，plant sales，museums & Mediaeval Hall Tearoom. Open：29 Mar－29 Oct，Sun to Thurs. Tearoom，Gardens & Gift Shop：10.30－17.00(16.00 in Oct)． House：11．15－16.00(15.00 in Oct)． Town：Pooley Bridge & Penrith Abbot Hall Art Gallery & Museum Those viewing the quality of

4、Abbot Hall's temporary exhibitions may be forgiven for thinking they are in a city gallery.The impressive permanent collection includes Turners and Romneys and the temporary exhibition programme has Canaletto and the artists from St Ives. Open：Mon to Sat and Summer Sundays.10.30－17.00 Summer.10.

5、30－16.00 Winter. Town：Kendal Tullie House Museum & Art Gallery Discover，explore and enjoy award-winning Tullie House，where historic collections，contemporary art and family fun are brought together in one impressive museum and art gallery.There are four fantastic galleries to visit from fine art t

6、o interactive fun，so there's something for everyone! Open：High Season 1 Apr－31 Oct：Mon to Sat 10.00－17.00，Sun 11．00－17.00. Low Season 1 Nov－31 Mar：Mon to Sat 10.00－16.30，Sun 12.00－16.30. Town：Carlisle Dove Cottage & The Wordsworth Museum Discover William Wordsworth's inspirational home.Take a t

7、our of his Lakeland cottage，walk through his hillside garden and explore the riches of the collection in the Museum.Visit the shop and relax in the café.Exhibitions，events and family activities throughout the year. Open：Daily，09.30－17.30(last admission 17.00)． Town：Grasmere 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　本文是一篇應(yīng)用文，主要介紹了幾

8、個(gè)湖區(qū)景點(diǎn)，包括其營(yíng)業(yè)時(shí)間及地點(diǎn)等。 1．When is the House at Dalemain Mansion & Historic Gardens open on Sundays in July? A．09.30－17.30. B．10.30－16.00. C．11．15－16.00. D．12.00－16.30. C　[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)Dalemain Mansion & Historic Gardens部分的信息“House：11．15－16.00(15.00 in Oct)”可知答案。故選C。] 2．What can visitors do at Abbot

9、 Hall Art Gallery & Museum? A．Enjoy Romney's works. B．Have some interactive fun. C．Attend a famous festival. D．Learn the history of a family. A　[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)Abbot Hall Art Gallery & Museum部分的信息“The impressive permanent collection includes Turners and Romneys and the temporary exhibition programme

10、has Canaletto and the artists from St Ives.”可知，游客可以在此處欣賞Romney的作品。故選A。] 3．Where should visitors go if they want to explore Wordsworth's life? A．Penrith. B．Kendal. C．Carlisle. D．Grasmere. D　[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)Dove Cottage & The Wordsworth Museum部分的信息“Town：Grasmere”可知，如果游客想了解Wordsworth的生活可以去Gra

11、smere。故選D。] B篇 (2020·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ，B) Returning to a book you've read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend.There's a welcome familiarity—but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both，and thus the relationship.But books don't change，people do.And that's what makes the ac

12、t of rereading so rich and transformative. The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register.It's true，the older I get，the more I feel time has wings.But with reading，it's all about the present.It's about the now and what one contributes to

13、 the now，because reading is a give and take between author and reader.Each has to pull their own weight. There are three books I reread annually.The first，which I take to reading every spring，is Ernest Hemingway's A Moveable Feast.Published in 1964，it's his classic memoir of 1920s Paris.The languag

14、e is almost intoxicating(令人陶醉的)，an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time.Another is Annie Dillard's Holy the Firm，her poetic 1975 ramble(隨筆) about everything and nothing.The third book is Julio Cortázar's Save Twilight：Selected Poems，because poetry.And because Cortázar. While I

15、 tend to buy a lot of books，these three were given to me as gifts，which might add to the meaning I attach to them.But I imagine that，while money is indeed wonderful and necessary，rereading an author's work is the highest currency a reader can pay them.The best books are the ones that open further as

16、 time passes.But remember，it's you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　本文是一篇夾敘夾議文。重讀一本你讀過(guò)很多次的書(shū)，感覺(jué)就像和老朋友一起參加酒宴一樣。重讀的美妙之處在于，我們與作品的聯(lián)系是建立在我們當(dāng)前的精神狀態(tài)之上的，隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)，你對(duì)書(shū)中內(nèi)容的理解也逐步加深。 4．Why does the author like rereading? A．It evaluates the writer-reader rel

17、ationship. B．It's a window to a whole new world. C．It's a substitute for drinking with a friend. D．It extends the understanding of oneself. D　[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第二段前兩句可知，作者認(rèn)為重讀的美妙之處在于我們與作品的聯(lián)系基于我們目前的精神狀態(tài)，作者年齡越大，就越覺(jué)得時(shí)光如梭。由此可推知，重讀以前讀過(guò)的書(shū)能讓你加深對(duì)閱讀內(nèi)容的理解。隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)，你可能閱歷更豐富，你對(duì)書(shū)中內(nèi)容的理解也逐步加深。因此答案為D。] 5．What do we kno

18、w about the book A Moveable Feast? A．It's a brief account of a trip. B．It's about Hemingway's life as a young man. C．It's a record of a historic event. D．It's about Hemingway's friends in Paris. B　[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的“Published in 1964，it's his classic memoir of 1920s Paris...an aging writer looking

19、 back on an ambitious yet simpler time.” 可知，A Moveable Feast講述年邁的海明威回憶青年時(shí)代在巴黎度過(guò)的日子，因此本題答案為B。] 6．What does the underlined word “currency” in Paragraph 4 refer to? A．Debt. B．Reward. C．Allowance. D．Face value. B　[考查詞義猜測(cè)。根據(jù)最后一段的第二句可知，作者認(rèn)為，雖然金錢確實(shí)是美妙而必要的，但重讀作家的著作是讀者對(duì)該作家的最高獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)，因此畫(huà)線詞在此處指獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。] 7．What can

20、we infer about the author from the text? A．He loves poetry. B．He's an editor. C．He's very ambitious. D．He teaches reading. A 　[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第三段中的“Another is Annie Dillard's Holy the Firm，her poetic 1975 ramble (隨筆) about everything and nothing.The third book is Julio Cortázar's Save Twilight：Se

21、lected Poems，because poetry.”可以推斷作者喜愛(ài)詩(shī)歌。] C篇 (2020·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ，C) With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation (孤獨(dú))，more families are choosing to live together. The doorway to peace and quiet，for Nick Bright at least，leads straight to his mother-in-law: she lives on the

22、 ground floor，while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters. Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol—one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof.They share a front door and a washing machine

23、，but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen，bathroom，bedroom and living room on the ground floor. “We floated the idea to my mum of sharing a house，” says Kathryn Whitehead.Rita cuts in：“We spoke more with Nick because I think it's a big thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-law.” And what does Ni

24、ck think？“From my standpoint，it all seems to work very well.Would I recommend it？Yes，I think I would.” It's hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him，but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time.Official reports suggest that the number of households with three

25、generations living together had risen from 325，000 in 2001 to 419，000 in 2013. Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common.Some people live with their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home，if they ever left.It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year

26、-olds live with their parents，compared with 16% in 1991．The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1．8 million. Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted.In India，particularly outside citi

27、es，young women are expected to move in with their husband's family when they get married. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要介紹了隨著年輕人生活壓力的增大以及老年人孤獨(dú)感的增加，越來(lái)越多的英國(guó)家庭選擇幾世同堂，且這已成為一種趨勢(shì)。 8．Who mainly uses the ground floor in the Victorian house in Bristol? A．Nick. B．Rita. C．Kathryn. D．The daughters. B　[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段“F

28、our years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol...but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen，bathroom，bedroom and living room on the ground floor.”可知，在布里斯托爾的維多利亞時(shí)代的房子里，Rita住在一樓，故選B。] 9．What is Nick's attitude towards sharing the house with his mother-in-law? A．Positive. B．C

29、arefree. C．Tolerant. D．Unwilling. A　[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第五段中的“From my standpoint，it all seems to work very well.Would I recommend it？Yes，I think I would.”可以判斷，Nick對(duì)于與岳母住在一起持積極的態(tài)度，故選A。carefree無(wú)憂無(wú)慮的；tolerant寬容的；unwilling不情愿的。] 10．What is the author's statement about multigenerational family based on? A．Fami

30、ly traditions. B．Financial reports. C．Published statistics. D．Public opinions. C　[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第六段中的“Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325，000 in 2001 to 419，000 in 2013.”和第七段中的“It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds...ab

31、out 1．8 million.”可知，作者通過(guò)羅列數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)說(shuō)明幾世同堂家庭的情況，故C項(xiàng)“公布的數(shù)據(jù)”正確。] 11．What is the text mainly about? A．Lifestyles in different countries. B．Conflicts between generations. C．A housing problem in Britain. D．A rising trend of living in the UK. D　[考查主旨大意。根據(jù)全文中心句“With the young unable to afford to leave home

32、and the old at risk of isolation (孤獨(dú))，more families are choosing to live together.”可知，本文主要介紹了近年來(lái)英國(guó)人選擇幾世同堂的趨勢(shì)在上升，故選D。] D篇 (2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ，D) Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物)from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station，so astro

33、nauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem？It's turning to a bunch of high school kids.But not just any kids.It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms，like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High S

34、chool in Fairport，New York. HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.For the past two years，Gordon's students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity，and they think they're close to a solution(解決方案)．“We don't give the students any breaks.They have to

35、 do it just like NASA engineers，”says Florence Gold，a project manager. “There are no tests，”Gordon says.“There is no graded homework.There almost are no grades，other than‘Are you working towards your goal？’Basically，it's ‘I've got to produce this product and then，at the end of the year，present it t

36、o NASA.’Engineers come and really do an in-person review，and ...it's not a very nice thing at times.It's a hard business review of your product.” Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影響)on college admissions and practical life skills.“These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just s

37、it back.I don't teach.”And that annoying bacteria？Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem，readying a workable solution to test in space. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要介紹了美國(guó)一所中學(xué)與NASA合作的聯(lián)合科研項(xiàng)目，解決國(guó)際空間站中的細(xì)菌問(wèn)題。這類語(yǔ)篇對(duì)于啟發(fā)與培養(yǎng)學(xué)生良好的思維品質(zhì)有積極的引導(dǎo)作用。 12．What do we know about the bact

38、eria in the International Space Station? A．They are hard to get rid of. B．They lead to air pollution. C．They appear in different forms. D．They damage the instruments. A　[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第一段中的“The microorganisms from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station，so ast

39、ronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.”可知，來(lái)自我們身體的微生物在太空站的表面增長(zhǎng)得很快，宇航員每周得花很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間清理它們，由此斷定太空站里的細(xì)菌很難清除，故答案為A。] 13．What is the purpose of the HUNCH program? A．To strengthen teacher-student relationships. B．To sharpen students' communication skills. C．To allow students to experience zero grav

40、ity. D．To link space technology with school education. D　[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段的第一句“HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.”可知，HUNCH項(xiàng)目的目的是把學(xué)校教育與航天技術(shù)聯(lián)系在一起，故答案為D。] 14．What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program? A．Check their product. B．Guide project des

41、igns. C．Adjust work schedules. D．Grade their homework. A　[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段的最后兩句“Engineers come and really do an in-person review...It's a hard business review of your product.”可知，NASA工程師親自檢查那些高中學(xué)生的產(chǎn)品，故答案為A。] 15．What is the best title for the text? A．NASA：The Home of Astronauts B．Space：The Final Ho

42、mework Frontier C．Nature：An Outdoor Classroom D．HUNCH：A College Admission Reform B　[考查標(biāo)題歸納。本文主要介紹了一個(gè)項(xiàng)目：把高中的教室教學(xué)與太空的研究聯(lián)系起來(lái)，使學(xué)生們得到NASA工程師們的指導(dǎo)。因此在選標(biāo)題時(shí)既要有太空，還要有學(xué)生，選項(xiàng)B將其完美地結(jié)合了起來(lái)，故答案為B。] 題型一　細(xì)節(jié)理解題 細(xì)節(jié)理解題在高考閱讀理解中占了相當(dāng)大的比重，同時(shí)，也是歸納和概括文章中心思想的基礎(chǔ)。根據(jù)命題方式的不同，可分為事實(shí)認(rèn)定題和數(shù)字計(jì)算題，而事實(shí)認(rèn)定題考查多而廣，可劃分為直接信息題和間接信息題。 1．

43、原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)：選項(xiàng)中的某個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)與原文完全一致。 2. 同義轉(zhuǎn)換：采用改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)或替換原文關(guān)鍵詞的方法，表達(dá)與原文相同或相似的意義。 3. 語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)化：把原文中的復(fù)雜語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化，設(shè)置為答案。 4. 正話反說(shuō)：把原文中的意思反過(guò)來(lái)表達(dá)而成為正確選項(xiàng)。 1．張冠李戴：選項(xiàng)所述內(nèi)容弄錯(cuò)了事實(shí)和對(duì)象，把此人的事情或觀點(diǎn)錯(cuò)加到彼人身上，或?qū)⒋耸挛锏奶匦藻e(cuò)加到彼事物上。 2.無(wú)中生有：所述內(nèi)容或是憑空捏造，或是生活常識(shí)，或是普遍真理，但在文中找不到支持的依據(jù)。 3.曲解文意：與原文的內(nèi)容相似，只是在某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)處有些變動(dòng)。 4.顛倒是非：原文中本來(lái)有明確的依據(jù)，但是卻設(shè)計(jì)成與之完全相反的

44、選項(xiàng)。 5.正誤參半：部分正確，部分錯(cuò)誤。 一、事實(shí)認(rèn)定題之直接信息題 直接信息題是對(duì)原文直接信息的考查，正確答案一般是原文或原文稍加改動(dòng)而成，設(shè)問(wèn)方式多以what, who, when, where, why, how等開(kāi)頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句。 [解題技巧]——題干定位法 1．認(rèn)真閱讀題干，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞明確答題方向。 2．運(yùn)用略讀或查讀等閱讀技巧迅速定位與問(wèn)題相關(guān)的信息。 3．仔細(xì)比較所給選項(xiàng)，與原文信息對(duì)應(yīng)，鎖定正確選項(xiàng)。 　(2020·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ，A) Train Information All customers travelling on TransLink ser

45、vices must be in possession of a valid ticket before boarding.For ticket information，please ask at your local station or call 13 12 30. While Queensland Rail makes every effort to ensure trains run as scheduled，there can be no guarantee of connections between trains or between train services and bu

46、s services. Lost property(失物招領(lǐng)) Call Lost Property on 13 16 17 during business hours for items lost on Queensland Rail services.The lost property office is open Monday to Friday 7：30 a．m. to 5：00 p．m. and is located(位于) at Roma Street station. Public holidays On public holidays，generally a Sunda

47、y timetable operates.On certain major event days，i.e.Australia Day，Anzac Day，sporting and cultural days，special additional services may operate.Christmas Day services operate to a Christmas Day timetable.Before travel please visit .au or call TransLink on 13 12 30 anytime. Customers using mobility

48、devices Many stations have wheelchair access from the car park or entrance to the station platforms.For assistance，please call Queensland Rail on 13 16 17. Guardian trains(outbound) Depart Origin Destination Arrive 6：42 p．m. Altandi Varsity Lakes 7：37 p．m. 7：29 p．m. Central Varsity Lake

49、s 8：52 p．m. 8：57 p．m. Fortitude Valley Varsity Lakes 9：52 p．m. 11：02 p．m. Roma Street Varsity Lakes 12：22 a．m. 21．What would you do to get ticket information？ A.Call 13 16 17. × 張冠李戴 B.Visit translink .com.au. × 張冠李戴 C.Ask at the local station. √ 原詞復(fù)現(xiàn) D.Check the train schedule.

50、 × 曲解文意 [解題指導(dǎo)]　考查細(xì)節(jié)理解題之直接信息題。定位關(guān)鍵信息源：第一段的第二句“For ticket information, please ask at your local station or call 13 12 30.”。據(jù)此可知，你可以到當(dāng)?shù)剀囌驹儐?wèn)(ask at your local station)，故選C項(xiàng)。 22．At which station can you find the lost property office？ A.Altandi. × 張冠李戴 B.Roma Street. √ 原詞復(fù)現(xiàn) C.Varsity Lakes. ×

51、張冠李戴 D.Fortitude Valley. × 張冠李戴 [解題指導(dǎo)]　考查細(xì)節(jié)理解題之直接信息題。定位關(guān)鍵信息源：第三段的第二句“ The lost property office is open Monday to Friday 7：30 a．m. to 5：00 p．m. and is located(位于) at Roma Street station.”。據(jù)此可知，失物招領(lǐng)處位于Roma Street station，故選B項(xiàng)。 23．Which train would you take if you go from Central to Varsity Lakes？

52、 A.6：42 p．m. × 張冠李戴 B.7：29 p．m. √ 原詞復(fù)現(xiàn) C.8：57 p．m. × 張冠李戴 D.11：02 p．m. × 張冠李戴 [解題指導(dǎo)]　考查細(xì)節(jié)理解題之直接信息題。定位關(guān)鍵信息源：表格中Central到Varsity Lakes的相關(guān)信息，從Central至Varsity Lakes需要乘坐晚上7：29的列車，故選B。 二、事實(shí)認(rèn)定題之間接信息題 與直接信息題相比，間接信息題的隱蔽性更強(qiáng)，正確選項(xiàng)一般都會(huì)在原文的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行改造。 [解題技巧]——斷章取義法 1．閱讀題干，有針對(duì)性地掃讀原文，鎖定相關(guān)詞句等信息。 2．準(zhǔn)確理解

53、每個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思，尋找與原文信息相關(guān)的同義詞、近義詞或反義詞。 3．仔細(xì)比較選項(xiàng)和原文信息，選擇正確或最佳答案。 　(2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ，D節(jié)選) After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each comb

54、ination. 34．What did Livingstone's team find about the monkeys？ A.They could perform basic addition. √ 同義替換 B.They could understand simple words. × 無(wú)中生有 C.They could memorize numbers easily. × 顛倒是非 D.They could hold their attention for long. × 無(wú)中生有 [解題指導(dǎo)]　考查細(xì)節(jié)理解題之間接信息題。在原文中定位關(guān)鍵信息“indic

55、ating that they were performing a calculation”，然后對(duì)原文信息進(jìn)行語(yǔ)義上的轉(zhuǎn)換，即可得出正確答案。研究人員在進(jìn)行了數(shù)百次測(cè)試后發(fā)現(xiàn)，猴子多半時(shí)候會(huì)選擇更高的值，這表明它們是在進(jìn)行計(jì)算，而不僅僅是記憶每個(gè)組合的值，故選A項(xiàng)。 三、數(shù)字計(jì)算題 細(xì)節(jié)理解題的題干中有時(shí)會(huì)涉及年代、年齡、數(shù)量、錢款等，但是這些數(shù)字計(jì)算必須要找出計(jì)算背后所隱含的信息。 [解題技巧]——查讀分析法 1．明確題干要求，鎖定原文相關(guān)信息。 2．對(duì)相關(guān)信息和數(shù)字進(jìn)行分析和理解。 3．利用加、減、乘、除等運(yùn)算方法進(jìn)行計(jì)算，進(jìn)而確定答案。 　(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ，C節(jié)選

56、) At present, the world has about 6，800 languages.The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven.The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers.Europe has only around 200 languages;

57、the Americas about 1，000; Africa 2，400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3，200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800.The median number (中位數(shù)) of speakers is a mere 6，000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that. 30．How many languages are

58、 spoken by less than 6，000 people at present？ A.About 6，800. × 張冠李戴 B.About 3，400. √ 語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)化 C.About 2，400. × 張冠李戴 D.About 1，200. × 無(wú)中生有 [解題指導(dǎo)]　考查細(xì)節(jié)理解題之?dāng)?shù)字計(jì)算題。鎖定原文信息：“At present, the world has about 6，800 languages.”和“The median number(中位數(shù)) of speakers is a mere 6，000, which means that half

59、 the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.”通過(guò)分析可知，目前世界上有大約6 800種語(yǔ)言，而且目前世界上一半語(yǔ)言的使用人數(shù)少于6 000，也就是說(shuō)，大約6 800種語(yǔ)言的一半其使用人數(shù)少于6 000，即大約3 400。 題型二　推理判斷題 推理判斷題是指在理解原文字面意義的基礎(chǔ)上，通過(guò)對(duì)語(yǔ)篇邏輯關(guān)系的分析、挖掘、邏輯推理等，揭示出其深層含義。推理判斷題可分為四個(gè)方面：隱含信息、言外之意；作者的觀點(diǎn)、看法、情感態(tài)度；作者的寫(xiě)作意圖/目的；文章出處、讀者對(duì)象。 1． 有據(jù)推理：依據(jù)原文提供的已知信息，如事實(shí)、

60、論點(diǎn)、例證等做出合乎邏輯或情理的判斷，有效推導(dǎo)出未知的信息。 2. 同義轉(zhuǎn)換：采用改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)或替換原文關(guān)鍵詞的方法，表達(dá)與原文相同或相似的意義。 1． 主觀臆斷：沒(méi)有基于原文提供的信息進(jìn)行推斷，而是根據(jù)常識(shí)或經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行推斷。 2. 過(guò)猶不及：選項(xiàng)所述內(nèi)容或?qū)υ膬?nèi)容進(jìn)行過(guò)度推理、概括，或?qū)κ虑榘l(fā)生的范圍過(guò)分?jǐn)U大或縮小，或?qū)δ超F(xiàn)象絕對(duì)肯定或否定。 3. 斷章取義：孤立地提取原文中的一句或幾句話的意思作為推理判斷的依據(jù)而不是建立于對(duì)原文整體理解的基礎(chǔ)上。 4. 因果倒置：選項(xiàng)混淆了事物間的因果關(guān)系，或?qū)⒛骋唤Y(jié)果產(chǎn)生的原因作為結(jié)果，或?qū)⒔Y(jié)果作為原因。 5. 答非所問(wèn)：選取原文中出

61、現(xiàn)的原話設(shè)置成選項(xiàng)，但原話卻不能回答題干所提出的問(wèn)題。 一、推理判斷題之隱含信息、言外之意 通過(guò)歸納、演繹、類比等方式從已知信息中推出未知信息，由已言之意，推未言之意。 [解題技巧]——邏輯分析得結(jié)論 1．抓住某一段中的關(guān)鍵信息進(jìn)行逆向或正向推理。 2．整合全文(段)中與題目相關(guān)的信息進(jìn)行推斷。 3．以文中事實(shí)為依據(jù)，不能憑空想象。 　(2020·新高考全國(guó)卷Ⅰ，D節(jié)選) The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If

62、this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I'll have what she's having” effect. However, we'll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'l

63、l follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I? 15．On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph？ A.How hungry we are. × 主觀臆斷 B.How slim we want to be. × 斷章取義 C.How we perceive others. √ 有據(jù)推理 D.How we feel about the food. × 主觀臆斷 [解題指導(dǎo)]　考查推理判斷題

64、之隱含信息、言外之意。根據(jù)節(jié)選中的內(nèi)容可知，一般情況下，如果同伴吃得多，我也會(huì)吃得多，這叫作“I'll have what she's having”效應(yīng)。但是，我們會(huì)調(diào)整這種影響。如果一個(gè)超重的人吃得多，我會(huì)控制一些，因?yàn)槲铱吹搅怂嬍沉?xí)慣的結(jié)果；但是，如果一個(gè)瘦人吃得多，我也會(huì)那么做。如果他可以在吃得多的同時(shí)保持苗條，我為什么不可以呢？據(jù)此我們可以推知，我們對(duì)自己飲食的調(diào)整是靠觀察別人的行為來(lái)調(diào)整的，故選C項(xiàng)。 二、推理判斷題之觀點(diǎn)、看法、情感態(tài)度 通過(guò)對(duì)事件、景物、話語(yǔ)的深入分析推出作者含蓄、隱晦地表達(dá)出的觀點(diǎn)或看法，體會(huì)作者在字里行間中流露出的情感態(tài)度。 [解題技巧]——依據(jù)措辭

65、定態(tài)度 1．抓住文中的褒貶性詞匯或語(yǔ)句，尤其是形容詞和副詞，可推斷作者的情感態(tài)度。 2．依據(jù)文章最后的“結(jié)論”可推斷作者是贊成還是反對(duì)。 　(2020·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ，C) Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows，while most likely contributing to fewer injuries.It does，however，have its own problem. Race walkers are conditioned athletes.The longest t

66、rack and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk，which is about five miles longer than the marathon.But the sport's rules require that a race walker's knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact(接觸) with the ground at all times.It's this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity，however，says Jaclyn Norberg，an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem，Mass. Like runn