2019年高考英語一輪總復(fù)習(xí) 寫作技能突破 基礎(chǔ)讀寫提升 第一板塊 基礎(chǔ)讀寫提升.doc

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2019年高考英語一輪總復(fù)習(xí) 寫作技能突破 基礎(chǔ)讀寫提升 第一板塊 基礎(chǔ)讀寫提升 第一節(jié)　如何寫好五種基本句型(對應(yīng)學(xué)生用書第279頁) 五種基本句型是任何英語句子的基本組成部分，其他如定語、狀語等均是句子的次要或附加部分。只要掌握了這五種基本句型，當(dāng)遇到較復(fù)雜的句子時，運用這些基本句型進行分析，對句子的理解也就變得容易多了。在寫作中，必須寫好這些最基本的句型。 英語五種基本句型列式如下： 基本句型一：S　V(主＋謂) 基本句型二：S　V　P(主＋系＋表) 基本句型三：S　V　O(主＋謂＋賓) 基本句型四：S　V　Oi　Od(主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓) 基本句型五：S　V　O　C(主＋謂＋賓＋賓補) 基本句型一：主語＋不及物動詞(S＋V) 不及物動詞后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。 Great changes have taken place in my hometown since xx. 自從xx年以來我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了很大變化。 The next day，we set off early in the morning. 第二天，我們一早就出發(fā)了。 基本句型二：S＋V＋P(主＋系＋表) 此句型的句子有一個共同的特點：句子謂語動詞都不能表達一個完整的意思，必須加上一個表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語，才能表達完整的意思。這類動詞叫作連系動詞。系動詞分四類： (1)表示狀態(tài)的連系動詞be The room is clean and tidy.房間又干凈又整潔。 (2)表示感覺的連系動詞look，seem，appear，smell，taste，feel，sound等。 This kind of food tastes delicious. 這種食物嘗起來很美味。 (3)表示保持的連系動詞keep，remain，stay等。 We should remain modest at any time. 我們在任何時候都應(yīng)該保持謙虛。 (4)表示轉(zhuǎn)變或結(jié)果的系動詞。這些詞有：bee，get，grow，turn，go，e，fall(變得)，prove等。 The weather is getting warmer and warmer. 天氣變得越來越暖和。 基本句型三：S　V　O(主＋謂＋賓) 此句型句子的共同特點是：謂語動詞都具有實義，都是主語產(chǎn)生的動作，但不能表達完整的意思，必須跟有一個賓語，即動作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類動詞叫作及物動詞。 Last weekend our class organized a social practice activity. 上周末我們班組織了一次社會實踐活動。 Students have different opinions on this matter. 學(xué)生們對這件事有不同的觀點。 基本句型四：S　V　Oi　Od(主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓) 此句型的句子有一個共同特點：謂語動詞必須跟有兩個賓語才能表達完整的意思。這兩個賓語一個是動作的直接承受者，另一個是動作的間接承受者。通常這一間接承受者用一個介詞來連接，當(dāng)動作的間接承受者在動作的直接承受者之前時，這一介詞往往被省略。 常見的這類謂語動詞有：give，bring，tell，send，leave，pass，read，write，take，show，teach，get，award，lend，rent，buy，pay，hand，remend等。 Please bring me several English books tomorrow.＝Please bring several English books to me tomorrow.明天請給我?guī)妆居⒄Z書來。 Shes buying her friend a gift./Shes buying a gift for her friend.她在給朋友購買禮品。 基本句型五：S　V　O　C(主＋謂＋賓＋賓補) 此句型的句子的共同特點是：動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達完整的意思，必須加上一個補充成分來補足賓語，才能使意思完整。 They appointed John chairman. 他們?nèi)蚊s翰為主席。 I found him lying on the floor. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)他躺在地上。 上述英語簡單句這五種基本句型是英語寫作中最基礎(chǔ)的句型，考生能否熟練掌握并在英語書面表達中靈活運用這些句型將決定著考生書面表達得分的檔次。因此，建議考生在平時的書面表達訓(xùn)練中，根據(jù)寫作信息要求，有意識地選擇運用這幾種基本句型，力求達到熟練運用的程度。在此基礎(chǔ)上，進一步掌握英語復(fù)合句、并列句的相關(guān)知識，將所掌握的基本句型擴展、升級為復(fù)合句，這樣就能逐步達到高考書面表達所要求的“盡量使用復(fù)雜句型”的要求，從而大大提升書面表達的得分檔次，在書面表達這一題型中立足于高端位次，獲得理想分數(shù)。 Ⅰ.判斷下列句子為何種句型 1．The teacher corrected her poor pronunciation more than once. 2．Story telling has much strength in improving oral English skills. 3．The students are studying in the classroom. 4．He told me how to make a chair. 5．This gave us much encouragement. 6．His wish is to bee a scientist. 7．The motor is out of order. 8．The weather is getting quite warm. 9．I heard him singing in the next door. 10．You shouldnt let him go there alone. 第一板塊　基礎(chǔ)讀寫提升(這是邊文，請據(jù)需要手工刪加) 高三一輪總復(fù)習(xí)英語(Ⅰ)(這是邊文，請據(jù)需要手工刪加) 【答案】　1.主、謂、賓　2.主、謂、賓　3.主、謂 4．主、謂、間賓、直賓　5.主、謂、間賓、直賓　6.主、系、表　7.主、系、表　8.主、系、表　9.主、謂、賓、賓補　10.主、謂、賓、賓補 Ⅱ.高考作文單句翻譯 1．(xx浙江高考)我很自豪這次經(jīng)歷。(主系表結(jié)構(gòu)) ________________________________________________________________________ 2．(xx福建高考)從圖畫上，我們可以看到一家三口人走在紅地毯上。(主＋謂＋賓＋賓補結(jié)構(gòu)) ________________________________________________________________________ 3．(xx天津高考)我將組織校內(nèi)活動，例如辯論賽和英語晚會。(主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)) ________________________________________________________________________ 4．(xx陜西高考)母親給了我一個擁抱。(主＋謂＋直賓＋間賓) ________________________________________________________________________ 5．(xx江西高考)8點，我們在大青山腳下集合。(主＋謂) ________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】　1.I am really proud of this experience. 2．From the picture，we can see a family of three walking on a red carpet. 3．I will organize school－to－school activities，such as a debate and an English party. 4．My mother gave me a hug. 5．At 8：00，we gathered at the foot of Daqing Mountain. 第二節(jié)　如何寫好復(fù)合句及含非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)的句子 (對應(yīng)學(xué)生用書第281頁) 高考評分標準中的“復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)的運用及較多的語法結(jié)構(gòu)”就是指句子結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)合性和句型的多樣性。不論是復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)的運用，如含有名詞性從句、定語從句或狀語從句的復(fù)合句，還是較多的語法結(jié)構(gòu)，如分詞和不定式等非謂語動詞的運用都指向句式的轉(zhuǎn)換問題。不容置疑，這些復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)的運用及較多的語法結(jié)構(gòu)會增加文章的表達力度、提升文章的檔次。 一、復(fù)合句 在書面表達中，運用簡單句固然可以減少表達過程中的失誤，但是，書面表達中不嘗試使用復(fù)雜句，寫作水平永遠上不了檔次。因此，要大膽地嘗試使用復(fù)合句。 1．簡單句變?yōu)閺?fù)合句 在英語中，復(fù)合句是由一個主句和一個或者幾個從句所構(gòu)成的句子。漢語的句式往往短小精悍。而正式場合英語的句式為了追求語言表達的準確度，往往層層限制，多采用層次復(fù)雜的復(fù)合句式。在復(fù)合句式中，主要的思想用主句來顯示，而其他次要的思想則根據(jù)它們和主句的邏輯關(guān)系，分別變?yōu)閺木?、短語。高中英語作文明確要求學(xué)生能夠運用多種句式，這其實是要求學(xué)生除了掌握簡單句以外，也要學(xué)會熟練運用多種基本的復(fù)合句。善于改變句式，才能使文章更加流暢生動。 簡單句變?yōu)閺?fù)合句，使文章看起來更有層次感，更為多樣化。復(fù)合句往往體現(xiàn)了寫作者對語言較強的駕馭能力。 I am tired.I still do my homework.(簡單句) →Although I am tired，I still do my homework.(復(fù)合句) →I am tired，but I still do my homework.(并列句) 通過比較，我們不難看出，后兩個句子明顯比前一個句子更有層次感，邏輯也更加嚴謹。 2．多種手段靈活運用 巧妙靈活地使用各種句式，可以有效避免千篇一律的弊病，提高文章的品位。高中生在進行英語寫作的時候，既可以使用同義詞語或結(jié)構(gòu)表達相同的意思，也可以交替使用長、短句等豐富表達手段。下面是兩個在作文題目中提示出信息的句子。 (1)現(xiàn)在有時間看課外書、參觀博物館，學(xué)習(xí)電腦； (2)現(xiàn)在有時間看新聞、讀報紙等。 有部分同學(xué)表達為： (1)Now we have more time to read some books and visit museums. (2)And we also have more time to read newspapers and watch news on TV. 在總字數(shù)只有100多字的高中英語作文中應(yīng)該竭力避免使用一些長度類似、結(jié)構(gòu)相同的句型。以上兩個句子的長度接近，句式相同，應(yīng)該注意改進。如若改為下面方式來表達，長短句合理使用，就會為文章增光添彩，體現(xiàn)出作者深厚的寫作功底。 Now I have more free time.I can follow my interests such as reading，visiting museums，and taking puter lessons.In the evening，I can watch news on TV or read newspapers. 二、使用非謂語動詞或獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 在書面表達中，可以運用非謂語動詞(分詞、不定式、動名詞)或獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)把幾個松散的句子整合起來，對句式加以簡化，使寫出來的句子更加準確、得體、精煉、靈活。 我們休息了片刻，然后開始歡快地玩耍，唱歌跳舞、下象棋、講故事。 We had a short rest.Then we began to play happily.We sang and danced.Some told stories.Some played chess. →After a short rest，we had great fun playing，singing and dancing，telling stories and playing chess. 在實際寫作中，要想提高文章檔次，就必須在文章中靈活使用復(fù)合句和高級表達方式。只有這樣，才能從整體上提升文章的檔次品位。 Ⅰ.用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞填空 1．Neither Jack ________ his wife can play the piano. 2．Lets go out for a walk ________ you are too tired. 3．So what will happen ________ you dont like your major? 4．________ he was ill，he could not go to school. 5．We chat with our colleagues all the time，________ we have lunch，or leave work together. 6．Excuse me for breaking in，________ I have some news for you. 7．He helps me do the cleaning ________ I help him with his physics. 8．The car broke down，________ we had to find a telephone. 9．Hurry up，________ youll be late. 10．It must have rained last night，________ the ground is wet. 【答案】　1.nor　2.unless　3.if　4.Because 5．whether　6.but　7.while　8.so　9.or　10.for Ⅱ.用復(fù)合句或非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)改寫下列句子 1．The sun gives off heat and light.This makes it possible for the plants on the earth to grow. ________________________________________________________________________ 2．I was walking along Park Road towards the east.Suddenly an old man came out of the park on the other side of the street. ________________________________________________________________________ 3．My brother was riding the bike and I sat on the seat behind him. ________________________________________________________________________ 4．I am Wang Shan.I am sixteen years old.I am attending Beijing Yangguang Middle School presently. ________________________________________________________________________ 5．He was deep in thought.He forgot his lunch. ________________________________________________________________________ 6．A man is shaking hands with my father.He is a policeman. ________________________________________________________________________ 7．We have lost the game.This is the fact. ________________________________________________________________________ 8．He was late.This made his teacher unhappy. ________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】　1.The sun gives off heat and light，which makes it possible for the plants on the earth to grow. 2．I was walking along Park Road towards the east when an old man came out of the park on the other side of the street. 3．My brother was riding the bike with me sitting on the seat behind. 4．I am Wang Shan，a girl of sixteen，presently attending Beijing Yangguang Middle School. 5．Deep in thought，he forgot his lunch. 6．The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 7．The fact is that we have lost the game. 8．His being late made his teacher unhappy. 第三節(jié)　如何應(yīng)用特殊句式與高級詞匯 (對應(yīng)學(xué)生用書第283頁) 高級詞匯和復(fù)雜句式的使用是衡量高中生英語寫作水平的一個重要指標。許多高中生在英語寫作中基本能夠表述自己希望表達的思想，但是貧乏的詞匯和單一的句式結(jié)構(gòu)影響了作文的整體風(fēng)貌。豐富多彩的詞匯和靈活多變的句式可以點石成金，使一篇簡短的英語作文變得跌宕起伏、搖曳生姿，使讀者產(chǎn)生一種耳目一新的感覺。高級詞匯和特殊句式應(yīng)該在高中英語寫作中得到相應(yīng)的應(yīng)用，但在運用中需要注意恰當(dāng)、靈活、自然。 一、高級詞匯在高中英語寫作中的應(yīng)用 高級詞匯，是指較為復(fù)雜的，更為書面化的詞匯。學(xué)生可以用些書面化的、典雅的詞匯，以代替那些司空見慣的詞匯。在英語寫作中，詞匯使用得恰當(dāng)，不僅能夠使文章更加生動活潑，而且也可以吸引閱卷老師的眼球，成為評分時的加分亮點。 1．避免運用“過濫”的詞匯 據(jù)統(tǒng)計，高中生在英語寫作中經(jīng)常會遇到“我喜歡……”、“我想去(做)……”和“有益的”等的表達，很多學(xué)生習(xí)慣地運用“I like...”“I want to...”“helpful”等平庸無奇、毫無新意的詞匯。雖然運用這些簡單的詞匯并不錯，但是在短短的100多字的作文中如果充斥了過多這樣的詞匯，其實也反映出該生詞匯的貧乏和表現(xiàn)力的欠缺。 但是，如果將上述表達換成“...is one of my favorite hobbies”“I would like to...”和“be of benefit”會顯得更正式，更讓人產(chǎn)生新奇的感覺。 很顯然，采用了高級詞匯的句子更加新穎一些，也更能吸引讀者的注意力。這也表現(xiàn)出了作者較強的語言運用能力。 2．使用新穎的表達方式和高級詞匯 對于一些優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生來講，可以通過各種途徑，尋找與眾不同的表達方式。學(xué)生在寫作的過程中，可以有意地運用一些自己已經(jīng)學(xué)過的、有把握的詞匯，也可以使用構(gòu)詞法變來的新詞或使用在課外閱讀中所學(xué)到的適合所寫文章語境的表達方式。例如： In short，things have began to improve since schools were called to reduce learning load...but I used to have to work even at weekends doing endless homework and attending classes as well...As far as I know，everyone is happy about this new arrangement of things... 本片段使用了所學(xué)單詞end的派生詞endless，arrange的名詞arrangement，還使用了in short，as far as I know，whats more等關(guān)聯(lián)詞，增強了句與句之間的聯(lián)系，使文章渾然一體。 高中生在英語寫作中應(yīng)該追求新意，有意地多運用一些新奇的高級英語詞匯。這將會使作文的形式和內(nèi)容之間更富有張力，也將進一步增強高中生靈活運用高級詞匯的能力，提高他們的寫作水平。 二、特殊句式在英語寫作中的應(yīng)用 為提高書面表達的檔次，可根據(jù)文章中的信息要點合理使用特殊句型，如：強調(diào)句、it句型、倒裝句等。 He knew what had happened after he read the newspaper. →He did not know what had happened until he read the newspaper. →It was not until he read the newspaper that he knew what had happened. All the forests will be destroyed soon. →It wont be/take long before all the forests are destroyed. Ⅰ.選用適當(dāng)短語取代句中畫線部分 fix ones eyes upon；put up with；consist of；lose sight of；remind...of；make up ones mind；be devoted to；make full use of；carry on；turn up 1．The little boy looked_at the picture on the wall. ________________________________________________________________________ 2．The small group has six people. ________________________________________________________________________ 3．I can hardly bear his rudeness. ________________________________________________________________________ 4．All his life was_given_to the Partys educational cause. ________________________________________________________________________ 5．He used all his time. ________________________________________________________________________ 6．He decided to be a teacher when he grew up. ________________________________________________________________________ 7．I watched the plane go higher and higher until I couldnt_see it. ________________________________________________________________________ 8．The film made_him_recall what he had seen there. ________________________________________________________________________ 9．In any case，we should go_on_with our research. ________________________________________________________________________ 10．Its time for the meeting，but he hasnt e yet. ________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】　1.fixed his eyes upon　2.consists of 3．put up with　4.was devoted to　5.made full use of　6.made up his mind　7.lost sight of　8.reminded him of　9.carry on　10.turned up Ⅱ.按照要求改變句式 1．The bell had no sooner rung than the boys rushed out.(改為倒裝句) ________________________________________________________________________ 2．You didnt get up early，so you were late for class.(改為省略if的虛擬語氣句) ________________________________________________________________________ 3．He did not know how to do the job until I told him.(使用強調(diào)句型) ________________________________________________________________________ 4．Although he is young，he knows how to get along well with others.(改為as/though引導(dǎo)的倒裝句) ________________________________________________________________________ 5．It is very important for us to learn a foreign language well.(改為how開頭的感嘆句) ________________________________________________________________________ 6．While I was reading his position，I noticed some mistakes.(改為省略句) ________________________________________________________________________ 7．You will make greater progress only when you spare no efforts to do it.(改為倒裝句) ________________________________________________________________________ 8．I dont know what made him so upset.(改為強調(diào)句) ________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】　1.No sooner had the bell rung than the boys rushed out. 2．Had you got up early，you wouldnt have been late for class. 3．It was not until I told him that he knew how to do the job. 4．Young as/though he is，he knows how to get along well with others. 5．How important it is for us to learn a foreign language well! 6．While reading his position，I noticed some mistakes. 7．Only when you spare no effort to do it will you make greater progress. 8．I dont know what it was that made him so upset. 第四節(jié)　如何做到自然銜接與過渡 (對應(yīng)學(xué)生用書第285頁) 近年來，高考英語作文評分標準有了重大調(diào)整，該評分標準把銜接和連貫作為核心標準，更強調(diào)文章語言的“連貫性”和“復(fù)雜性”。要求一篇好的文章不但要句子正確，要點齊全，更重要的是要有意地使用語句間的連接成分。因此，恰當(dāng)使用好連接性的詞語和句子，是作文獲得高分的一個重要因素。 一、適當(dāng)運用連接詞，理順句子邏輯關(guān)系 連接詞作為語篇的邏輯紐帶，主要在句子之間，甚至段落之間起著承上啟下的橋梁作用，使句子、段落和篇章結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯上關(guān)聯(lián)、語義上連貫。過渡連接詞按詞義劃分為以下最常見的幾種類型。 1．表示時間順序的詞語： first，then，finally，at last，soon，suddenly，immediately，meanwhile，while，as soon as等。 2．表示空間順序的詞語： on the right/left，to the right/left of，on one side of...，on the other side，at the top/foot/end of，in the middle/center of，here，there，next to等。 3．表示遞進關(guān)系的連接詞語： besides，moreover，worse still，above all，whats more，in addition，to make matters worse，furthermore等。 4．表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連接詞語： but，however，otherwise，nevertheless，in spite of，on the contrary，on the other hand等。 5．表示因果關(guān)系的連接詞： so，therefore，consequently，as，as a result，owing to，thanks to，due to，because，because of，as a consequence of，on account of等。 6．表示解釋說明的連接詞語： that is (to say)，in other words，such as，for example，and so on等。 7．表示歸納總結(jié)的連接詞語： in short，to sum up，in conclusion，in a word，on the whole，in brief，all in all，to conclude等。 8．表示強調(diào)的連接詞語： indeed，in fact，especially，no doubt，obviously，certainly等。 9．表示個人觀點的連接詞語： personally，in ones opinion，in the view of sb.，in ones view等。 二、使用過渡句，自然銜接句子和段落 過渡句在句子與句子之間、段落與段落之間起到承前啟后的作用，使句子或段落之間的銜接自然、連貫，邏輯合理，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹。 三、講究謀篇布局，增強語篇連貫性 所謂謀篇布局就是根據(jù)題目要求，在全面理解所要求內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上勾畫出全篇寫作的輪廓，分清文章應(yīng)該寫幾個方面，或幾個段落。在高考書面表達中，我們可以按時間、空間或其他邏輯順序來安排各個要點，同時為使主題突出，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹，我們還應(yīng)學(xué)會使用篇章交代句以及段落的主題句，從而使得整篇文章段落劃分得當(dāng)，行文連貫，層層遞進，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。 而要真正掌握這一寫作技能，平日的訓(xùn)練中就要有意識地嘗試使用常用的過渡銜接詞，這樣最終才能在寫作中寫出銜接自然、語句流暢的佳作。 Ⅰ.用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞填空 1．He was tired，________(然而)he kept working. 2．The survey shows that half of the girls choose film and TV stars as their idols，________(然而)48% of the boys like sports stars. 3．________(總之)，great changes have taken place in our village. 4．________(因此)，it is not difficult to draw the conclusion. 5．________(另一方面)，people feel like having a walk after supper. 6．________(依我看來)，we should attach more importance to the education. 7．________(首先)，you must work hard and be fully prepared before the exam. 8．________(從……判斷) the figures，it is not difficult to know the truth. 【答案】　1.however/nevertheless/yet　2.while 3．In conclusion/In a word/All in all　4.As a result/Therefore　5.On the other hand　6.In my opinion/As far as I am concerned/In my view　7.To begin with/First/Firstly/First of all　8.Judging from(by)/According to Ⅱ.使用合理的手段，變化下列句子(注意連貫手段的使用) 1．I can follow my own interests.I can read books，visit museums and take puter lessons. ________________________________________________________________________ 2．I wanted to play football.I went to Li Mings house.He was doing some washing and refused to go with me. ________________________________________________________________________ 3．Bus No.11 can take you straight to the school.Its only one stop. ________________________________________________________________________ 4．You enter the park by the main gate.You walk straight on.You e to a stream. ________________________________________________________________________ 5．Natural resources are very limited.They will be exhausted in the near future.It is not true.But it bees a major concern around the world.This is a widely accepted fact. ________________________________________________________________________ 6．The Mississippi River is one of the longest rivers in the world，and in the springtime it often overflows its banks，and the lives of many people are endangered. ________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】　1.I can follow my own interests，such as reading books，visiting museums and taking puter lessons. 2．I wanted to play football，so I went to Li Mings house.However，he was doing some washing and refused to go with me. 3．Bus No.11 can take you straight to the school.In fact，its only one stop. 4．You enter the park by the main gate，walk straight on and then e to a stream. 5．It is a widely accepted fact that there is a major concern around the world for the exhaustion of limited natural resources in the near future，though it is unlikely to be true. 6．The Mississippi River，which is one of the longest rivers in the world，often overflows its banks in the springtime，endangering the lives of many people.