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- 1 - 2000( 20) : 133 . a in by of to to in a be is as a as as as in of on of a in a in is of at is is at to to to in of of a of to in is or of to to of is on a - 2 - be in on or is 1) be (2) 3) is is on of to as a of in or be as 1 in it in to in to 972 in of of it is to to a of is A of in 970s of on 972 973 in on of in by A 1974 of a a “ on of a by a a be by a to to an of In 980s 990s, - 3 - of of of on at no of of of to it is it of of of as a is to of to A on is on to a a of in of to is to of of or In an on be on be by of 990s, on or of 990s, “to in of on by by as N s 1 1 is as a of of At of In to as is to in - 4 - is a in of of be to be in A of by 992; 995; 997). As of of at s to 997 in of a of as on s of 2 of of a of is as in of to to s 855 to a in up to s 889. be as to In in a to 919 - 5 - be at a by in a in I. in to to in s 1944 s “a to by to of to to 980s a of in to to in of in 990s a of in of a of on in or in at as 991 ct in of to to A of to In of to in a or to at - 6 - 3 so at of to a of to of a a a of is a of on of in of so to in of of on or in at a of of of at of a a of a to as to be a to an of in an s it to be to by or s of at as of s of A of to in - 7 - to in a of of in by of if to of at or of 1998, is in a be to it to as in at 992, 399). of to be as to of to on of is on a to to in [1] I. M. 1991. [2] W. 1991. of 980s. of 7(2): 136[3] 1992. A to (1): 111[4] 1990. in [5] . 1993. in [6] 1993. [7] 1976. of [8] 1996. a - 8 - 2000( 20) : 133 都市規(guī)劃的可持續(xù)發(fā)展 斯蒂芬·惠勒 加州大學(xué) 摘 要 本文建立了這樣的框架,通過調(diào)查在城市發(fā)展中應(yīng)用可持續(xù)性概念及其意義 的起源,來考慮可持續(xù)發(fā)展在大城市中的情況。測量歷史方法用來規(guī)劃城市區(qū)域和分析環(huán)境,用在被創(chuàng)造區(qū)域的可持續(xù)發(fā)展規(guī)劃??沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展被看作是需要一個歷史的、長遠(yuǎn)的規(guī)劃方法,以及某些直接的總政策,例如減緩城市形成,減少汽車的使用,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的保護(hù)以及促進(jìn)公平?;谌齻€樣本地區(qū)的經(jīng)驗(yàn),研究提出了在視覺陳述、聯(lián)盟建設(shè)、制度發(fā)展、政府間的激勵框架、指標(biāo)、公眾參與和社會學(xué)習(xí)方面的一項(xiàng)長期戰(zhàn)略,越來越有可能幫助創(chuàng)造一個可持續(xù)發(fā)展的區(qū)域環(huán)境。 關(guān)鍵詞 高層建筑 辦公大樓 巨型結(jié)構(gòu) 綠色建筑 簡介 可持續(xù)發(fā)展的許多方面是大都會區(qū)域 規(guī)模的最好論述。受益主體特別是區(qū)域協(xié)調(diào),包括土地使用、運(yùn)輸、空氣質(zhì)量、水質(zhì)、生態(tài)保護(hù)、便宜住房規(guī)定和維護(hù)社會公平。問題是,這種最困難的水平通常是隨著政治意愿和機(jī)構(gòu)能力而改變。這些困難在北美尤為巨大,那里的區(qū)域規(guī)劃結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)變淡,從而經(jīng)常缺乏刺激都市地區(qū)的長期穩(wěn)定性。不過,許多都市的穩(wěn)定聯(lián)系優(yōu)先權(quán)被自主控制住了,還有更多的可能出現(xiàn)于未來。目前的問題是規(guī)劃者,政治家,和積極分子能如何更好的發(fā)展它們或幫助它們?nèi)〉贸晒Α? 正文 本文將探討可持續(xù)發(fā)展理念的起源和它應(yīng)用于城市發(fā)展的涵義,簡要調(diào)查規(guī)劃城市地區(qū)的歷史方法,并 分析了都市可持續(xù)發(fā)展規(guī)劃的可能實(shí)現(xiàn)條件。最大的重點(diǎn)是關(guān)于如何 創(chuàng)建一個環(huán)境使都市可持續(xù)發(fā)展規(guī)劃發(fā)生,而不是在于特定技術(shù)或政策方向。這是因?yàn)?(1) 盡管具體的策略仍被爭論,但許多一般可持續(xù)發(fā)展的規(guī)劃方向已經(jīng)眾所周知; (2)現(xiàn)有都市可持續(xù)發(fā)展計劃在北美才剛起步,很少提供評價理由; (3)許多觀察家最迫切的問題是持續(xù)的努力將如何實(shí)現(xiàn)。以下討論是基于文獻(xiàn)回顧,同時與區(qū)域規(guī)劃可持續(xù)發(fā)展和使用為例的三個北美都市 —— 波特蘭、多倫多及舊金山海灣,由于各種各樣的進(jìn)步的區(qū)域規(guī)劃措施,以這樣或那樣的方式被看作用來推廣可持續(xù)發(fā)展。 - 9 - 1 大城市的可持續(xù)發(fā)展情況 盡管它起源于 19 世紀(jì)晚期,“持續(xù)產(chǎn)生”的林地活動原產(chǎn)于德國,- 1.請仔細(xì)閱讀文檔,確保文檔完整性,對于不預(yù)覽、不比對內(nèi)容而直接下載帶來的問題本站不予受理。
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