紡織機械裝備的發(fā)展
紡織機械是為紡織工業(yè)生產建設服務的行業(yè)，我國紡織工業(yè)發(fā)展的設備基礎，從建國開始就明確立足于國內的原則，目前我國棉紡設備總量超過4千萬錠，織機總量超過100萬臺，擁有量均居世界第1位，其中90％以上由國內自行制造提供。我國紡織機械工業(yè)經過40多年的努力，已能自己生產棉紡、毛紡、麻紡、絲絹、織造、染整、化纖、針織、非織造布、服裝等紡織機械和紡織專用儀器、器材等15個行業(yè)1700多個品種的成套設備，形成了一定的能力規(guī)模和制造體系。但從總體上講，我國紡織機械和國際先進水平相比，仍有著較大的差距，品種、質量和設備的成套水平，遠遠跟不上我國紡織工業(yè)發(fā)展的新形勢，具體表現(xiàn)在低水平設備的生產能力有余，高水平設備的生產能力不足或還不能生產，需要改進提高。
紡織機械是紡織纖維加工的專用機械，各類纖維從原料處理、生產到制成在市場銷售的紡織成品有著各自的加工特征和加工系統(tǒng)，具有工藝流程長、工藝技術復雜、機械設備成套性強，在長時間連續(xù)運轉條件下，為保證紡織產品質量，設備必須具有高可靠性、穩(wěn)定性和一致性。
（1）工藝流程長、工藝技術復雜、設備成套性強。紡織產品的加工工藝基本原理是將纖維原料均勻喂入，進行開松、除雜、混和、梳理成條、混和并條、粗紡、精紡成為紗線；再將紗線經過絡筒、整理、漿紗、穿筘、織造或針織成布，然后將布經煉漂、染色或印花、后整理加工制成服裝用面料、襯里以及其他不同的用途。除了前后道生產主機的成套性要求外，還需要有一系列輔機和檢測儀器的配套，如整個流程的通風、吸塵、濾塵、落紗設備等等。為使一個紡織工廠能投入正常、穩(wěn)定生產，所用設備必須前后、左右相互配套，銜接工藝要求。由于成套紡織機械品種多，關鍵零部件和專件多，批量大，不可能在一、二個企業(yè)中組織成套生產。所以紡織機械工業(yè)在開始創(chuàng)建時不僅重視成套設備的開發(fā)，又按成臺機械、專配件進行專業(yè)化分工，在全國范圍內采取協(xié)作成套的原則組織生產。與此同時，重視了紡織機械的標準化、通用化和系列化并形成系統(tǒng)，對實現(xiàn)專業(yè)分工、全國配套工作起著推動和促進作用。
（2）可靠性、穩(wěn)定性、一致性要求高。紡織工業(yè)生產特點之一是普遍采用日夜三班連續(xù)運轉的方式，部分化纖設備要求年連續(xù)運轉8000h不中斷。紡織機械在長期連續(xù)運轉條件下必須可靠、穩(wěn)定。即機械的無故障率要高，運轉要穩(wěn)定。以染色機械為例，在同批坯布和染料條件下，須具有速度、壓力、溫度、液流等工藝參數(shù)的較高穩(wěn)定性，以防止成品出現(xiàn)色差、掉色或染色不勻等缺陷。鑄鐵件在紡織機械零件中目前仍占有較大比重（紡機、織機一般達40％～60％），鑄件一般是壁薄、形狀復雜、要求表面光潔，少沾纖維和便于清掃。制造工藝水平是保證整臺機械的穩(wěn)定性和一致性的前提，現(xiàn)代紡織機械要通過整機裝配和機械運轉，驗證其能否符合“三性”要求，從而保證出廠機械的質量。
（3）工業(yè)衛(wèi)生和三廢防治要求高。在紡織工業(yè)生產過程中一般會產生粉塵和飛花（棉毛麻等短纖維），如不加以處理，會嚴重污染生產環(huán)境，損害操作人員的身體健康，影響產品質量，甚至有可能發(fā)生粉塵燃爆事故，造成人身傷亡和財產損失。（A）以下，努力降低生產車間的總體噪聲。在化纖和印染生產過程中會產生工業(yè)廢水、廢液，造成環(huán)境污染，要求紡織機械做到少排放、多回收利用。
隨著紡織工業(yè)的發(fā)展，從70年代開始，國際紡織品由一般產品向優(yōu)質、高檔、高附加值產品的方向發(fā)展，從而推動各種優(yōu)質、高效、自動化程度高、用人少的新型紡織機械的研究開發(fā)，進一步促進和加快紡織機械的技術進步。當前各大類紡織機械的發(fā)展趨勢大體如下。
（1）紡紗機械繼續(xù)向優(yōu)質、高產、高效和連續(xù)化、自動化方向發(fā)展。如棉紡機械普遍采用多包細抓、均勻混和、逐漸開松、多梳少打、雜質早落、少傷纖維的抓、清梳聯(lián)合機，全過程采用計算機監(jiān)測、監(jiān)控，梳棉配置復合式自調勻整裝置以保證生條的均勻度。近幾年，工業(yè)發(fā)達國家為實現(xiàn)紡紗行業(yè)由勞動密集型向技術密集型方向轉變，紡紗機械的連續(xù)化、自動化得到迅速提高，如自動開棉包和連續(xù)抓棉、開清梳聯(lián)合機和細紗絡筒聯(lián)合機，梳棉、精梳、并條、粗紗和細紗之間已實現(xiàn)了工序間無人運輸車或吊掛裝置將半成品送到下道工序的自動運輸系統(tǒng)，初步滿足了無人或少人紡紗車間的需要。此外，轉杯紡紗機、平行紡紗機、摩擦紡紗機和噴氣紡紗機等新型紡紗機械近年發(fā)展迅速，日趨成熟。
（2）織造機械由于無梭織機具有入緯率高、優(yōu)質、高效、品種適應性廣、噪聲低等優(yōu)點，已成為世界各國采用的主要機型。此外，計算機輔助紋織設計，電子多臂和電子提花裝置的推廣應用也是織造技術現(xiàn)代化的發(fā)展趨勢。針織機械隨著針織品的發(fā)展，近年來在性能、速度和機電一體化水平方面有很大提高，微機控制織物花型已普遍采用。
（3）染整機械的發(fā)展趨勢是在廣泛應用電子技術基礎上強化染整工藝條件的實現(xiàn)，在整個生產過程中加強在線檢測，進一步自動控制生產工藝條件，向優(yōu)質、高效、多功能、小浴比、節(jié)能和減少公害方向發(fā)展。整理機械主要是發(fā)揮化學整理和機械整理的特點，有時是相互交替，增添整理功能，為提高織物檔次、改善織物服用性能和滿足特殊功能的要求，進一步提高織物的附加值。
（4）化學纖維的發(fā)展是開發(fā)新品種、高質量、多功能、仿真和高附加值產品。化學纖維機械中合成纖維機械的發(fā)展趨勢是繼續(xù)向高速、高效、大容量、短流程、自動化方向發(fā)展，使纖維生產達到穩(wěn)產、高產、少人操作、便于變換產品品種。粘膠纖維機械向連續(xù)、自動化、高速、大容量、節(jié)能和少污染方向發(fā)展。我國化纖機械為提高技術水平，需結合我國國情重點發(fā)展：
1）開發(fā)大生產能力腈綸成套設備。在完成干法腈綸成套設備的同時，進一步開發(fā)二步法濕法腈綸紡絲成套設備；
2）開發(fā)生產滌綸差別化纖維和微細纖維、超細纖維的成套設備以及年產3萬t能力的滌綸成套設備；
3）開發(fā)年生產能力5000t的錦綸6聚合、紡絲成套設備；
4）開發(fā)新型錦、滌綸工業(yè)用絲成套設備；
5）開發(fā)年生產能力2萬t的粘膠短纖維前處理和紡絲生產線以及新型粘膠長絲設備。加快企業(yè)自身技術改造，應用現(xiàn)代制造技術和加工設備，掌握現(xiàn)代企業(yè)管理方法，能根據(jù)市場需要，努力開發(fā)新的紡織機械產品，及時提供水平高又符合我國國情的紡織機械，更好地為我國紡織工業(yè)的現(xiàn)代化服務。
Development of spinning and weaving machinery
Spinning and weaving machinery is to be that textile industry produces the industry that construction serves, equipment basis that our country textile industry develops, from building up a country beginning to keep a foothold in domestic principle definitely, our country cotton spinning equipment all quantity exceeds 40 million ingots at present , loom all quantity exceeds 1 million , own amounts occupy the 1st world without exception , provide among them above 90% from in the homeland proper motion fabrication. Our country spinning and weaving mechanical industry by efforts made for more than 40 years, already can self have produced cotton spinning , wool spinning , bast fibre spinning , silk 15 industry more than 1,700 breed complete sets of equipment such as thin tough silk , instrument , equipment and material weaving , dyeing the round number , chemical fiber , spinning and weaving machinery and spinning and weaving special use knitting , must weave cloth , uniforms , etc., have formed certain ability scale and have created system. Our country spinning and weaving machinery and advanced international level are compared with each other , still are have bigger gap but from talking as a whole,breed , mass and equipment level in complete set, cannot keep abreast with the new circumstances that our country textile industry develops over, the efficiency showing concretely in low level equipment is odd , high tone equipment efficiency is insufficient or can not give birth to a child , need to improve rise.
spinning and weaving machinery is the special use machinery that spinning and weaving fibre processes , the finished product fibre of all kinds is produced from the material handling, to manufacturing spinning and weaving selling in marketplace has the respective treating characteristic and processes system, have the process flow is long , the technology is complicated , the machinery equipment complete set is strong, under longtime continuous duty condition, be ensure that spinning and weaving product quality , equipment must have high reliability , stability and compatibility. (1) process flow is long , the technology is complicated , the equipment complete set is strong. Spinning and weaving product treating handicraft basal principle is that fibre raw material is entered homogeneously hey , carry out an opening , comb able strip , blend drawing out , the roving except miscellaneous , blending,spinning become yarn; Again, yarn is tempered with fire by that spooling, arranging , the sizing , denting , the cloth weaving or knitting Cheng, will spread classics then bleaching , is arranges manufacture a clothing from plus material , lining and other different use of treating behind dyeing or the revenue stamp. Except that the front and back says that the complete set producing a lead plane's demands, need to forming a complete set having a series of auxiliary engine and detecting instrument, if entire technological process ventilation , dust absorption, filter dust , doff equipment etc. Be made a spinning and weaving factory can throw into giving birth to a child, regular , stable by be made a spinning and weaving factory can throw into giving birth to a child regular , stable, technological requirements. Key component and part and the end document are many , batches are big since the spinning and weaving machinery breed in complete set is many,organization gives birth to a child in complete set impossibly in one, two enterprise. Therefore spinning and weaving mechanical industry establishes the exploitation taking complete sets of equipment seriously now and then not only in beginning, the accessory carries out division of labour on the basis of specialization according to becoming platform machinery , end , adopts the principle organization in complete set who cooperates within the whole nation range giving birth to a child. Meanwhile, have taken spinning and weaving machinery normalizing seriously , be applied or used universally-rization preparing the system being seriated and taking form, the whole nation supporting job are playing drive and promote role to realizing division of labour based on specialization. (2) reliability , stabilities , compatibility demand height. That textile industry produces one of characteristic is common adopt Class Three continuous duty way , part chemical fiber equipment demand annual continuous duty 8000 hs blocks of wood be interrupted day and night. Spinning and weaving machinery must reliable , stabilize under long range continuous duty condition. The fault-free rates being machinery ask height , the travel to need to stabilize. Take dyeing machinery as example , must have higher technological parameter stabilities such as speed , pressure , the temperature , liquid stream, to prevent from chromatic aberration , defects such as fading or dyeing not dividing evenly appearing on finished product under same batch of grey cloth and dyestuff condition. At present still, iron casting occupies bigger specific gravity (spinning machine , amounts to 40% ~ like the loom in spinning and weaving machinery parts 60%), be wall like casting slightly, the form is complicated , require that outside is bright and clean, stop being stained with fibre and easy to clean. Creating technological level is to swear to rectify platform the machinery stability and compatibility premise , modern spinning and weaving machinery is going to work by complete machine assembling and machinery, mass verifying whose being able to conform to "three nature " requests , to swear to leave the factory thereby or not machinery. (3)Prevention and cure demands industrial hygienes and the three wastes highly. May produce dust and flying (the linter hemp waits for a staple), if not handling in general in textile industry procedure of production, meeting contaminate a production environment gravely, damage operation personnel good health , affect product quality, be in the cards dust happened burning exploding even the accident, brings about person casualties and property loss. (A) the following , effort reduce the noise producing workshop's population. The meeting produces the industrial sewage , waste liquid , brings about environmental pollution in chemical fiber and printing and dyeing procedure of production, require that spinning and weaving machinery achieves stopping discharging , many reclaim make use of.
With the development of textile industry, begin from the seventies, the textile goods faces an international from general product high grade , top grade , the high value-added products direction develop , drive various high grade thereby, high-effect, automation degree is high , little servant new model spinning and weaving machinery research and development , further, promotes and accelerates spinning and weaving machinery technological progress. Currently respectively big kind spinning and weaving machinery developing trend cardinal principle as follows. (1) spinning machinery continues to high grade , high yield , the high-effect sum melts in a row , automation direction develops. Adopt to wrap up the thin grasping grasping , blending homogeneously , combing gradually open pine , many stop since foreign substance is caducous, few wound fibre , blowing-carding machine much if cotton spinning machinery is common, the entire proceeding adopt a computer monitor, supervisory control, combs cottton from homogenizing the entire device deploying compound style to swear to grow degree of homogeneity. The industrialized country is that the reason is labor-intensive over the past few years, realize the industry spinning change to technology-intensive direction, the spinning machinery continuation melt, have automated to get prompt rise , have turned on the blowing-carding machine and the spun yarn spooling combined machine if the automation opens a bale of cotton and grasps cotton in a row, have combed cottton , have already have realized nobody's working procedure room transport cart between combing , drawing out , low count yarn and spun yarn or have said that the working procedure automation has transported system , the first step has satisfied need of unmanned or few person spinning workshop under hanging a device delivering the semi-finished product to. New model spinning machinery such as besides, rotating the cup spinning machine , the spinning machine of equal rank , rubbing the spinning machine and the jet spinning machine is be expanding by leaps and bounds in the late years , day by day mature.
(2) weaving machinery is had because of the shuttleless loom entering rates latitude height , high grade, high-effect, breed adaptability is broad , noise waits for merit low, already become the main model that all the countries in the world adopts. Besides, computer-aid lines weaves design , many arms of electron and electron jacquard weave device application and dissemination are also to weave the developing trend that the technology modernizes. Knit machinery with the development of knitted fabric , have very big rise in recent years in the field of function , speed and integration of machinery with electronics level, the type controlling the fabric flower adopt PC already commonly. (3)That dyes entire machinery developing trend is to strengthen the realization acquiring entire technological conditions on extensive use electron technology basis , reinforce online detecting in entire procedure of production, autocontrol produces technological conditions further , develop to high grade , high-effect , multifunctional , small bath ratio , energy conservation and decrease social effect of pollution direction. Arranging machinery is that bringing a chemistry into play arranging prepares the characteristic that machinery arranges , is to be superseded mutually , to add to arrange a function sometimes mainly , is to improve the fabric grade , to improve fabric wearability and to satisfy the functional peculiar request , improves the fabric additional value further. (4)Development of chemical fibre is the high value-added products developing the new breed , height mass , multifunctional , simulated sum. That diamars machinery developing trend is to continue developing to high speed , high-effect , high-capacity , short technological process , automation direction in chemical fibre machinery, makes fibre produce the reach the dependable crop , high yield , little person operation , easy to shift a product breed. Machinery prepares a viscose to continuation , automation , high speed , high-capacity , energy conservation stopping contaminating direction developing. Our country chemical fiber machinery is to improve engineering level , needs developing combining with our national condition priority: 1) develops big efficiency acrylic complete sets of equipment. While being completed doing law acrylic complete sets of equipment, wet process acrylic spinning complete sets of equipment developing two footwork further; 2) develops fibre and tiny fibre producing polyester difference-rization , surpasses thin fibrous complete sets of equipment and annual output of 30,000 t ability polyester complete sets of equipment; 3) 6 polymerization developing annual efficiency 5000 ts polyamide fibre , spinning complete sets of equipment; 4) develops the newmodel brocade , polyester industry uses silk complete sets of equipment; The year handles 5) exploitation in the efficiency 20,000 ts viscoses staple front preparing the spinning production line and new model viscose filament yarn equipment. Accelerate enterprise oneself changes its technology , apply the modern fabrication technology and process equipment, have modern enterprise office procedure in hand , can need according to the marketplace, the product making great efforts to develop new spinning and weaving machinery, provides level height in time according with our national condition spinning and weaving machinery , the modernization being our country textile industry better serves.