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山東輕工業(yè)學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)中期進(jìn)展報(bào)告表
學(xué)院
機(jī)械與汽車工程學(xué)院
專業(yè)班級
機(jī)械08-1班
學(xué)生姓名
郝常華
學(xué)號
20070101167
導(dǎo)師姓名
范維華
設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題 目
“3T電纜車”的設(shè)計(jì)
根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)要求和“3T電纜車”的設(shè)計(jì)性能參數(shù),在老師的指導(dǎo)下,前段時(shí)間主要完成了開題報(bào)告、英文翻譯、實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告的工作,并查閱相關(guān)的資料,擬定了設(shè)計(jì)方案。初步完成了“3T電纜車”的輸送裝置中提升部分的動(dòng)力裝置的選擇,移動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì),“3T電纜車”的整體結(jié)構(gòu)圖。
提升裝置采用手動(dòng)啟動(dòng)方式。其中手動(dòng)液壓泵的選擇主要根據(jù)電纜線盤與電纜整體重量的估計(jì)。在電纜車的前方設(shè)計(jì)牽引輪胎,它可以任意改變角度,移動(dòng)靈活,電纜車配有的減震裝置大大增強(qiáng)了其穩(wěn)定性能。
完成了對軸進(jìn)行了應(yīng)力校合。應(yīng)力校合根據(jù)第三強(qiáng)度理論,對彎扭組合變形進(jìn)行應(yīng)力計(jì)算。完成了總體結(jié)構(gòu)圖,對各個(gè)零件的布置有了初步設(shè)計(jì)。
在工作過程中,自己的疑問在老師和同學(xué)的幫助下,基本上都得到了解決。在以后的設(shè)計(jì)中將繼續(xù)查閱相關(guān)資料,參考現(xiàn)有的設(shè)備對裝配圖進(jìn)行優(yōu)化。同時(shí)繪制零件圖。
根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)要求,在老師的指導(dǎo)下,最快最好的完成各項(xiàng)工作。
2012 年 06 月 17 日
指導(dǎo)教師評價(jià)意見
1.設(shè)計(jì)(論文)進(jìn)展情況評價(jià)
(基本完成計(jì)劃、部分完成計(jì)劃、沒有完成計(jì)劃)
2.學(xué)生工作態(tài)度情況評價(jià)
(認(rèn)真、一般、較差)
3.已完成設(shè)計(jì)(論文)質(zhì)量評價(jià)
(較好、一般、較差)
4.設(shè)計(jì)(論文)不足之處及改進(jìn)意見
指導(dǎo)教師簽字:
年 月 日
注:每名學(xué)生填寫一份,并由指導(dǎo)教師填寫意見、簽字后,返還學(xué)生歸檔。
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山 東 輕 工 業(yè) 學(xué) 院
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畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告
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院系名稱 機(jī)械工程學(xué)院
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學(xué)生姓名 郝常華
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專業(yè)班級 機(jī)械08—1班
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指導(dǎo)教師______ 范 維 華 _________
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二○一二年 四 月 二十二 日
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實(shí) 習(xí) 情 況 一 覽 表
時(shí)間
地 點(diǎn)
實(shí)習(xí)內(nèi)容(講座、參觀、車間工作、總結(jié)等)
指導(dǎo)教師
備注
3月中旬
將軍集團(tuán)濟(jì)
南卷煙廠
參觀了卷包車間,里面有數(shù)臺生產(chǎn)速度為1000支/分鐘的卷煙機(jī)和400包/分鐘的包裝機(jī)。盡管在卷絲車間有數(shù)臺規(guī)模巨大的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備,然而所有設(shè)備都可以通過中央控制室來控制
沈敏德
范維華
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3月下旬
濟(jì)南煙草
配送中心
參觀精準(zhǔn)分揀系統(tǒng)廠房
和儲藏?zé)煵莸膫}庫
沈敏德
范維華
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一、實(shí)習(xí)目的
大學(xué)四年即將結(jié)束,接踵而來的是找工作,畢業(yè),就業(yè)。壓力是如此的巨大,因?yàn)槲覀兇髮W(xué)四年的學(xué)習(xí)并沒有給我們帶來實(shí)際的工作能力,也沒有絲毫的社會經(jīng)驗(yàn)。利用畢業(yè)前的這一段時(shí)間,學(xué)校組織我們?nèi)⒓恿诉@次的集體實(shí)習(xí),讓我們對社會,對工作有些許的了解,以便畢業(yè)之后工作時(shí)不至于捉襟見肘。
1、將理論與實(shí)踐相結(jié)合
通過這次的畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí),我們先后接觸與本專業(yè)相關(guān)的一些實(shí)際工作,對于工作所要求具備的專業(yè)理論知識和基本技能有個(gè)大體客觀的認(rèn)識。實(shí)習(xí)過程中,要求我們通過聽取公司產(chǎn)品方面的講座學(xué)會理論和實(shí)踐有機(jī)結(jié)合,將我們平日里學(xué)的知識有機(jī)的結(jié)合到實(shí)踐中,然后更好的理解書本上的理論知識
2、找到差距,盡快縮短差距
實(shí)習(xí)時(shí),我們會參觀一些有名企業(yè),期間公司負(fù)責(zé)人會給我們作講座,帶領(lǐng)我們參觀他們企業(yè)內(nèi)部的流程,員工工作的環(huán)境以及了解員工應(yīng)該具有的專業(yè)技能。通過觀察,我看到了他們這些企業(yè)所要求員工所具備的那種職業(yè)素質(zhì),專業(yè)技能。而從我們身上體現(xiàn)出來的卻只是稚氣未退的學(xué)生氣,我們之間的差距明顯很大,我們畢業(yè)盡快調(diào)整自己使自己成為一名于社會需要,于企業(yè)合格的人才。
3、讓自己盡快轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樯鐣?
我們是即將畢業(yè)踏入社會的大學(xué)生,學(xué)生時(shí)代的稚氣已不適合于社會。由一個(gè)學(xué)生到一個(gè)職業(yè)人員的轉(zhuǎn)變過程,要求我們學(xué)會獨(dú)立、成熟和堅(jiān)強(qiáng),踏入社會我們必須學(xué)會擔(dān)負(fù)責(zé)任,腳踏實(shí)地,消除自己原本的擔(dān)憂,努力工作每一天。這次實(shí)習(xí)就是為了讓我們明白工作人要 擁有該有的素質(zhì)和能力。
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二、實(shí)習(xí)內(nèi)容
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馬克思哲學(xué)告訴我們,實(shí)踐是檢驗(yàn)真理的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在大學(xué)里,我們學(xué)習(xí)了很多的理論知識,不過我們總覺得很空,這正是因?yàn)槿狈?shí)踐。實(shí)習(xí)正式將我們理論運(yùn)用至實(shí)際生活中的機(jī)會。我們要想成為對社會有用的人才,要想在畢業(yè)后就可以找個(gè)好工作,實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的人生價(jià)值,就要重視好在大學(xué)里的實(shí)習(xí)。同時(shí)實(shí)習(xí)是一次不可多得的集體活動(dòng)。平時(shí)在學(xué)校,除了上課,大家聚在一起的時(shí)間很少,缺乏生活上的專業(yè)上的必要交流,通過這次實(shí)習(xí)首先加強(qiáng)了同學(xué)們之間的凝聚力。
(一)將軍集團(tuán)濟(jì)南卷煙廠
將軍集團(tuán)濟(jì)南卷煙廠是國有大型企業(yè)。在特別人員的帶領(lǐng)下, 我們首先參觀了卷包車間,里面有數(shù)臺生產(chǎn)速度為1000支/分鐘的卷煙機(jī)和400包/分鐘的包裝機(jī)。卷煙機(jī)主要是將煙絲、濾棒和包裝紙卷在一起。在車間里,我們重點(diǎn)參觀了卷煙和包裝機(jī),一萬多個(gè)零件組成的機(jī)構(gòu),高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)著,卷接、包裝設(shè)備自動(dòng)化水平高。當(dāng)時(shí)有臺機(jī)器出現(xiàn)了問題,由于整套裝置有阻塞、夾條、掉條檢測控制剔除系統(tǒng)工人師傅們很容易的排除故障。在參觀中,我們注意到了卷煙廠高度自動(dòng)化的流水線和精確的質(zhì)量控制系統(tǒng)。當(dāng)煙葉從整包被分離后,就開始進(jìn)入加工階段。在經(jīng)過皮帶傳輸和振動(dòng)運(yùn)輸?shù)礁鱾€(gè)加工環(huán)節(jié)過程中,對流量有著嚴(yán)格的控制,皮帶上安裝有電子傳感器,能通過控制帶速來控制流量。盡管在卷絲車間有數(shù)臺規(guī)模巨大的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備,然而所有設(shè)備都可以通過中央控制室來控制。由于企業(yè)引入了現(xiàn)場總線,使得所有生產(chǎn)狀況都可以及時(shí)在中控室的電腦控制屏上顯示,包括動(dòng)力部門的能源控制。
在現(xiàn)場,我們提出詢問了許多感興趣的問題,有關(guān)人員熱情細(xì)致地給予解釋,直到我們把整個(gè)工藝、生產(chǎn)流程了解為止。先進(jìn)的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備,有序的生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)場,高素質(zhì)的操作員工,給我們留下了深刻的印象。卷包車間的卷接包、裝封箱、入庫全部實(shí)現(xiàn)了自動(dòng)化。經(jīng)技術(shù)人員介紹,整個(gè)卷煙的生產(chǎn)流程如下:投料→開包→切片→回槽(提溫加水) →儲存兩個(gè)小時(shí)左右→脫水→卷煙→包裝。
通過實(shí)習(xí)發(fā)現(xiàn)的不足:原機(jī)裝封箱機(jī)速度不高,只能一臺裝封箱機(jī)對應(yīng)一臺套卷包設(shè)備;二是離倉庫比較遠(yuǎn),不利于輸送并且在輸送過程中易造成破損;設(shè)備多并且控制比較復(fù)雜,操作和修理維護(hù)都需要大量的人力物力。
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(二) 濟(jì)南煙草配送中心
在本次主要對濟(jì)南煙草配送中心兩家單位進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的實(shí)地的參觀和了解,著重對這家單位的物流配送體系,物流配送設(shè)備,在各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)中所采用的現(xiàn)代化技術(shù)以及整個(gè)物流的資源配置系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了詳盡的認(rèn)識和學(xué)習(xí),因?yàn)閮杉移髽I(yè)的設(shè)備與流程大體相近,現(xiàn)主要介紹濟(jì)南煙草配送中心。
濟(jì)南煙草配送中心隸屬于濟(jì)南煙草專賣局,濟(jì)南市煙草專賣局資本雄厚,在面對國際間激烈的煙草市場的發(fā)展競爭下,積極采用先進(jìn)技術(shù),提高自己的信息化和自動(dòng)化建設(shè)。尤其是以濟(jì)南煙草配送中心是作為新型的現(xiàn)代物流來建設(shè),坐落于濟(jì)南高新區(qū),與齊魯軟件園毗鄰,尖端的環(huán)境優(yōu)勢使得濟(jì)南煙草物流在收發(fā)配送方面獨(dú)具優(yōu)勢,同時(shí)濟(jì)南煙草物流中心通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)營銷、倉儲系統(tǒng)、分揀系統(tǒng)、線路優(yōu)化、GPS車輛監(jiān)控等信息系統(tǒng)技術(shù),使得濟(jì)南煙草物流中心的快速反應(yīng)令人吃驚,對濟(jì)南地區(qū)的煙草配送在整個(gè)省內(nèi)行業(yè)乃至全國位居前列。
在濟(jì)南煙草配送中心主要參觀的是蘭劍物流為濟(jì)南煙草配送中心和煙臺煙草配送中心設(shè)計(jì)的煙草的倉儲系統(tǒng)、分揀系統(tǒng)和相關(guān)配送系統(tǒng)。在最開始的相關(guān)工作人員講解中我們了解到,煙草行業(yè)的競爭已經(jīng)不再局限于國內(nèi)煙草企業(yè)的競爭,跨國煙草企業(yè)的競爭壓力,讓中國煙草行業(yè)面臨巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。能否全面建立完善的煙草物流配送體系是煙草行業(yè)能否取勝的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié),如何布局規(guī)劃配送中心的建設(shè)是煙草行業(yè)不得不去思考的問題。而此套物流方案解決了配送運(yùn)營體系中的許多問題,實(shí)現(xiàn)了配送網(wǎng)點(diǎn)的合理布局,資源的優(yōu)化配置及時(shí)周轉(zhuǎn),提高了分揀的效率,大大降低了配送成本,總體上全面提升了煙草配送效率。電話訪銷、精準(zhǔn)分揀、及時(shí)配送,提高了服務(wù)質(zhì)量和顧客忠誠度,減少了市場上非正規(guī)渠道卷煙的沖擊壓力,降低了物流成本。
根據(jù)老師和公司的安排流程,首先我們參觀了煙草倉庫的存儲系統(tǒng)。根據(jù)老師解說,此煙草存儲所用的倉庫是一個(gè)自動(dòng)化立體倉庫。從貨物進(jìn)入,分為兩種方式,一種是較為傳統(tǒng)的傳送帶運(yùn)輸方式,但是效率仍然比人工快很多,用的比較多的是采取叉車托盤方式,整托盤煙草進(jìn)入,然后進(jìn)行倉庫保管即入庫。入庫過程是放到傳送帶由電腦全程操作,然后經(jīng)由由堆垛機(jī),,然后通過工業(yè)計(jì)算機(jī)的指令發(fā)送到由操作人員預(yù)先設(shè)定相關(guān)程序,采用了RFID射頻識別技術(shù)可以讀取貨物的一切信息并將其分配到應(yīng)有的位置,堆垛機(jī)按以獲取的信息自動(dòng)將貨物準(zhǔn)確無誤放在應(yīng)在的位置。這種入庫工作流程幾乎是全自動(dòng)化,只需要很少的幾個(gè)操作人員進(jìn)行監(jiān)控和操作,而且效率很高,整個(gè)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的全面合理,功能的密切統(tǒng)一和集中以及自動(dòng)化的程度之高,都給我了很大的震撼。
接下來我們又去了分揀區(qū)的流水線查看其工作流程,剛開始,還沒有運(yùn)作,只是聽講解,說這套系統(tǒng)屬于第三代煙草分揀系統(tǒng)(第四代也已經(jīng)研制完畢,尚未完善投入),分揀速度很快,以及精確的自動(dòng)化包裝處理,聽得我們云里霧里,因?yàn)槊織l線上工作的也就四五個(gè)人,到底搞不清到底是怎么分揀這么多煙草滿足濟(jì)南市這么多客戶的訂單,稍等了幾分鐘,分揀線開始運(yùn)作。根據(jù)一步步的流程,各種煙從不同的槽口被吐出,快速的經(jīng)過傳送帶,然后送到包裝臺,快速的進(jìn)行包裝,然后電子顯示屏顯示下一個(gè)客戶的訂單數(shù)量,看似很簡單的流程,但是能夠控制的這么好,而且很精確的控制各類的煙草所要出具的數(shù)量,這一系列流程的整合,大大的提高了分揀的效率和精確度。全部自動(dòng)一體化的完成,讓我深深感受到了現(xiàn)代化的信息系統(tǒng)所創(chuàng)造的價(jià)值。
最后關(guān)于煙草的配送系統(tǒng),由于GPS系統(tǒng)正在更新為3G,所以老師根據(jù)歷史資料進(jìn)行解說,經(jīng)過查資料了解到,從整個(gè)煙草配送體系功能來看,本系統(tǒng)的在運(yùn)輸方面,使用采用的電子地圖和GPS實(shí)時(shí)定位系統(tǒng),地圖上面標(biāo)明了根據(jù)各銷售點(diǎn)的位置而設(shè)計(jì)好的最優(yōu)配送路線以及貨車采用的GPS定位系統(tǒng),可準(zhǔn)確地了解每一輛貨車所在的位置及每次所消耗的時(shí)間,最終可準(zhǔn)確的落實(shí)每一天的工作效率。同時(shí)對濟(jì)南煙草運(yùn)輸線路的全面優(yōu)化,重新將濟(jì)南各個(gè)區(qū)域布局,減少各區(qū)間之間的疊加、沖突,使得交叉覆蓋面積最小交叉覆蓋率小于15%,路線得到更加合理的配置。物流信息,作為中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的物流信息在整個(gè)配送系統(tǒng)中起到的作用——計(jì)劃預(yù)測、動(dòng)態(tài)分析、及時(shí)提供市場動(dòng)態(tài)等相關(guān)內(nèi)容。濟(jì)南煙草配送信息這一塊做的比較到位,從計(jì)算機(jī)中能及時(shí)獲得相關(guān)的信息,為做出研究分析、制定相關(guān)策略提供了有力的保障。
本次實(shí)習(xí)總結(jié):通過這次實(shí)習(xí),我更深刻的認(rèn)識到物流這個(gè)概念的深度和廣度,以及在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中,我們對物流的應(yīng)用的層面,我發(fā)現(xiàn)課本的理論知識在實(shí)際過程中運(yùn)用的很巧妙,因地制宜,靈活貫通給我了很大的啟示,也發(fā)覺了真正的實(shí)際操作中,我們對課本知識掌握的不夠扎實(shí),也不夠全面,更沒有系統(tǒng)的思維和考慮。所以,我要學(xué)習(xí)的東西還很多,要真正領(lǐng)會課本的理論知識以及運(yùn)用的方法和價(jià)值。
結(jié)論和建議:在濟(jì)南煙草中心,采用了現(xiàn)代信息化的設(shè)施和自動(dòng)化的整合系統(tǒng),在很大程度上降低人員的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,節(jié)約生產(chǎn)成本,提高工作效率; 對于在煙草行業(yè)推廣應(yīng)用新興的物流技術(shù),降低物流成本、實(shí)現(xiàn)配送現(xiàn)代化管理起了推動(dòng)作用。然而在實(shí)際運(yùn)作中,完備齊全的自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)會花費(fèi)很大資金,希望在系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)方面能加以改善以節(jié)約成本,同時(shí)注重成本和效能,達(dá)到性能最優(yōu)化,從而可以推廣到其他物流企業(yè),真正的做好我國物流行業(yè)的領(lǐng)頭羊。同時(shí)在做煙草的同時(shí),關(guān)于實(shí)地的配送運(yùn)輸問題上,建議與部分物流相關(guān)企業(yè)進(jìn)行合作,實(shí)現(xiàn)附帶運(yùn)輸,以增加附加值和利潤,同時(shí)可以降低成本。
三、實(shí)習(xí)總結(jié)
畢業(yè)前安排這次畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)使我收獲很多。老師帶領(lǐng)我們參觀一些卷煙廠和物流中心公司還有知名企業(yè)-張?jiān)9?,深入到各公司的生產(chǎn)車間觀看員工的工作環(huán)境、產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)工藝和研發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品。每到一個(gè)公司,負(fù)責(zé)人都會很詳細(xì)地給我們介紹公司產(chǎn)品以及它們利用的基本原理。這次畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)讓我了解專業(yè)有關(guān)的工作,對之前的畢業(yè)后從事的工作存在的疑惑也解除了。
在學(xué)校里,我們學(xué)習(xí)專業(yè)基本知識,缺乏專業(yè)實(shí)踐能力的鍛煉,離現(xiàn)實(shí)社會所需專業(yè)人才還有很大的差距,一直抱怨學(xué)校里學(xué)到的知識沒有實(shí)際利用價(jià)值,其實(shí)這都是借口,進(jìn)入大學(xué),我們首先學(xué)會獨(dú)立自學(xué),然而我們這點(diǎn)沒有做好,更沒有人限制我們時(shí)間,是我們沒有利用好它。盡管實(shí)驗(yàn)室條件有限,那些都是客觀理由。“活到老學(xué)到老”這句話永遠(yuǎn)具有現(xiàn)實(shí)意思。就像那位引導(dǎo)員說的,別把自己想象的太優(yōu)秀,真正踏入社會,你會發(fā)現(xiàn)很多問題。
無論工作還是上研究生,都要認(rèn)真對待每一件事情,而且要學(xué)會改正自己的缺點(diǎn),企業(yè)不會因?yàn)槟銈€(gè)人去重新制定規(guī)范。你有能力才有企業(yè)利用的價(jià)值。通過這次畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí),我知道自己存在的很多的不足,缺乏實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn),沒有獨(dú)立對機(jī)械構(gòu)造設(shè)計(jì)過,專業(yè)方面具備的基本設(shè)計(jì)能力還不夠,以后要想從事和機(jī)械專業(yè)相關(guān)的工作,我還要付出很大的努力,學(xué)習(xí)更多的專業(yè)知識!
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山東輕工業(yè)學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開題報(bào)告
課題名稱
“3T電纜車”的設(shè)計(jì)
課題類型
工程設(shè)計(jì)X
導(dǎo)師姓名
范 維 華
學(xué)生姓名
郝常華
學(xué) 號
200701011067
專業(yè)班級
機(jī)械08-1班
一.目的及意義
隨著現(xiàn)代店電力施工的發(fā)展,電纜線盤托運(yùn)及展放需要的自動(dòng)化程度不斷提高,電纜車是現(xiàn)代電力施工系統(tǒng)的重要設(shè)備之一,其主要功能是將電纜線盤進(jìn)行運(yùn)送和展放,從而達(dá)到高效架設(shè)電纜線的目的。3T電纜車對整個(gè)電力施工系統(tǒng)的可靠安裝將起到重要的作用。
二.目前現(xiàn)狀
國內(nèi)此種類型的定型產(chǎn)品還有很多缺陷和不足,屬開發(fā)改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)階段,該裝置是一種提高電力施工效率的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),是目前很多需要電力野外施工公司研究項(xiàng)目,是一個(gè)很有價(jià)值的研究課題,發(fā)展前景廣泛。
三.研究設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容
“3T電纜車”的設(shè)計(jì),主要包括件電纜車升降部分和移動(dòng)部分二個(gè)子任務(wù)。移動(dòng)靈活,效率高,穩(wěn)定性高,并具有一定的野外作業(yè)使用能力。此系統(tǒng)技術(shù)先進(jìn),結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,效率高,而且目前國內(nèi)尚無此種類型的定型產(chǎn)品。
四.研究設(shè)計(jì)方法及技術(shù)路線
該設(shè)計(jì)所涉及的電纜車是電力施工中電纜線盤托運(yùn)及電纜展放的必備工具,要求增加減震裝置使電纜車在運(yùn)送電纜線盤的過程中穩(wěn)定性提高;在電纜車上設(shè)計(jì)升降裝置使電纜車可以實(shí)現(xiàn)與地面脫離,使電纜車避免運(yùn)送電纜線盤的磕碰損傷;設(shè)計(jì)架設(shè)電纜車的輪軸使電纜車可以通過手動(dòng)搖桿的控制實(shí)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),從而可以卷放自如。
五. 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間安排
前4周進(jìn)行畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí),主要是到工礦企業(yè)參觀電力行業(yè)現(xiàn)有設(shè)備的現(xiàn)狀。檢索資料,收集與課題相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn),了解課題的最新狀況和發(fā)展趨勢。后10周進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì),包括方案設(shè)計(jì),圖紙?jiān)O(shè)計(jì),編寫說明書。
六.參考文獻(xiàn):
1.濮良貴,紀(jì)名剛主編.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì).7版.北京:高等教育出版社,2001
2.劉鴻文主編. 材料力學(xué)I.北京:高等教育出版社,2006
3.吳宗澤,羅圣國主編. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)手冊.北京:高等教育出版社,1999
4.鄭志峰,王運(yùn)炎,葉尚川主編. 機(jī)械工程材料.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2000
5.鄭志峰主編.鏈傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)與應(yīng)用手冊[M].北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1992
6.張福潤等主編.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)[M]. 武漢:華中科技大學(xué)出版社 2000
7. 姜繼海 宋錦春 高常識 主編.液壓與氣壓傳動(dòng).北京:高等教育出版社,2001
指導(dǎo)教師意見:
指導(dǎo)教師: 2012年 月 日
注:課題類型填寫:工程設(shè)計(jì)、技術(shù)開發(fā)、軟件工程、理論研究等,同時(shí)注明X—真實(shí)課題;Y—模擬課題;Z—虛擬課題。
Introduciton of Machining
Introduciton of Machining
Have a shape as a processing method, all machining process for the production of the most commonly used and most important method. Machining process is a process generated shape, in this process, Drivers device on the workpiece material to be in the form of chip removal. Although in some occasions, the workpiece under no circumstances, the use of mobile equipment to the processing, However, the majority of the machining is not only supporting the workpiece also supporting tools and equipment to complete.
Machining know the process has two aspects. Small group of low-cost production. For casting, forging and machining pressure, every production of a specific shape of the workpiece, even a spare parts, almost have to spend the high cost of processing. Welding to rely on the shape of the structure, to a large extent, depend on effective in the form of raw materials. In general, through the use of expensive equipment and without special processing conditions, can be almost any type of raw materials, mechanical processing to convert the raw materials processed into the arbitrary shape of the structure, as long as the external dimensions large enough, it is possible. Because of a production of spare parts, even when the parts and structure of the production batch sizes are suitable for the original casting, Forging or pressure processing to produce, but usually prefer machining.
Strict precision and good surface finish, Machining the second purpose is the establishment of the high precision and surface finish possible on the basis of. Many parts, if any other means of production belonging to the large-scale production, Well Machining is a low-tolerance and can meet the requirements of small batch production. Besides, many parts on the production and processing of coarse process to improve its general shape of the surface. It is only necessary precision and choose only the surface machining. For instance, thread, in addition to mechanical processing, almost no other processing method for processing. Another example is the blacksmith pieces keyhole processing, as well as training to be conducted immediately after the mechanical completion of the processing.
Primary Cutting Parameters
Cutting the work piece and tool based on the basic relationship between the following four elements to fully describe : the tool geometry, cutting speed, feed rate, depth and penetration of a cutting tool.
Cutting Tools must be of a suitable material to manufacture, it must be strong, tough, hard and wear-resistant. Tool geometry -- to the tip plane and cutter angle characteristics -- for each cutting process must be correct.
Cutting speed is the cutting edge of work piece surface rate, it is inches per minute to show. In order to effectively processing, and cutting speed must adapt to the level of specific parts -- with knives. Generally, the more hard work piece material, the lower the rate.
Progressive Tool to speed is : www.ChinaCatia.com www.CAD.Name BBS.CAD.Name www.ChinaCatia.com
cut into the work piece speed. If the work piece or tool for rotating movement, feed rate per round over the number of inches to the measurement. When the work piece or tool for reciprocating movement and feed rate on each trip through the measurement of inches. Generally, in other conditions, feed rate and cutting speed is inversely proportional to。
Depth of penetration of a cutting tool -- to inches dollars -- is the tool to the work piece distance. Rotary cutting it to the chip or equal to the width of the linear cutting chip thickness. Rough than finishing, deeper penetration of a cutting tool depth.
Wears of Cutting Tool
We already have been processed and the rattle of the countless cracks edge tool, we learn that tool wear are basically three forms : flank wear, the former flank wear and V-Notch wear. Flank wear occurred in both the main blade occurred vice blade. On the main blade, shoulder removed because most metal chip mandate, which resulted in an increase cutting force and cutting temperature increase, If not allowed to check, That could lead to the work piece and the tool vibration and provide for efficient cutting conditions may no longer exist. Vice-bladed on, it is determined work piece dimensions and surface finish. Flank wear size of the possible failure of the product and surface finish are also inferior. In most actual cutting conditions, as the principal in the former first deputy flank before flank wear, wear arrival enough, Tool will be effective, the results are made unqualified parts.
As Tool stress on the surface uneven, chip and flank before sliding contact zone between stress, in sliding contact the start of the largest, and in contact with the tail of zero, so abrasive wear in the region occurred. This is because the card cutting edge than the nearby settlements near the more serious wear, and bladed chip due to the vicinity of the former flank and lost contact wear lighter. This results from a certain distance from the cutting edge of the surface formed before the knife point Ma pit, which is usually considered before wear. Under normal circumstances, this is wear cross-sectional shape of an arc. In many instances and for the actual cutting conditions, the former flank wear compared to flank wear light, Therefore flank wear more generally as a tool failure of scale signs. But because many authors have said in the cutting speed of the increase, Maeto surface temperature than the knife surface temperatures have risen faster. but because any form of wear rate is essentially temperature changes by the significant impact. Therefore, the former usually wear in high-speed cutting happen.
The main tool flank wear the tail is not processed with the work piece surface in contact, Therefore flank wear than wear along with the ends more visible, which is the most common. This is because the local effect, which is as rough on the surface has hardened layer, This effect is by cutting in front of the hardening of t : www.ChinaCatia.com www.CAD.Name BBS.CAD.Name www.ChinaCatia.com
he work piece. Not just cutting, and as oxidation skin, the blade local high temperature will also cause this effect. This partial wear normally referred to as pit sexual wear, but occasionally it is very serious. Despite the emergence of the pits on the Cutting Tool nature is not meaningful impact, but often pits gradually become darker If cutting continued the case, then there cutter fracture crisis.
If any form of sexual allowed to wear, eventually wear rate increase obviously will be a tool to destroy failure destruction, that will no longer tool for cutting, cause the work piece scrapped, it is good, can cause serious damage machine. For various carbide cutting tools and for the various types of wear, in the event of a serious lapse, on the tool that has reached the end of the life cycle. But for various high-speed steel cutting tools and wear belonging to the non-uniformity of wear, has been found : When the wear and even to allow for a serious lapse, the most meaningful is that the tool can re-mill use, of course, In practice, cutting the time to use than the short time lapse. Several phenomena are one tool serious lapse began features : the most common is the sudden increase cutting force, appeared on the work piece burning ring patterns and an increase in noise.
The Effect of Changes in Cutting Parameters on Cutting Temperatures
In metal cutting operations heat is generated in the primary and secondary deformation zones and this results in a complex temperature distribution throughout the tool, workpiece and chip. A typical set of isotherms is shown in figure where it can be seen that, as could be expected, there is a very large temperature gradient throughout the width of the chip as the workpiece material is sheared in primary deformation and there is a further large temperature in the chip adjacent to the face as the chip is sheared in secondary deformation. This leads to a maximum cutting temperature a short distance up the face from the cutting edge and a small distance into the chip.
Since virtually all the work done in metal cutting is converted into heat, it could be expected that factors which increase the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed will increase the cutting temperature. Thus an increase in the rake angle, all other parameters remaining constant, will reduce the power per unit volume of metal removed and cutting temperatures will reduce. When considering increase in undeformed chip thickness and cutting speed the situation is more comples. An increase in undeformed chip thickness and cutting speed the situation is more complex. An increase in undeformed chip thickness tends to be a scale effect where the amounts of heat which pass to the workpiece, the tool and chip remain in fixed proportions and the changes in cutting temperature tend to be small. Increase in cutting speed, however, reduce the amount of heat which passes into the workpiece and this increase the temperature rise of the chip in p : www.ChinaCatia.com www.CAD.Name BBS.CAD.Name www.ChinaCatia.com
rimary deformation. Further, the secondary deformation zone tends to be smaller and this has the effect of increasing the temperatures in this zone. Other changes in cutting parameters have virtually no effect on the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed and consequently have virtually no effect on the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed and consequently have virtually no effect on the cutting temperatures. Since it has been shown that even small changes in cutting temperature have a significant effect on tool wear rate, it is appropriate to indicate how cutting temperatures can be assessed from cutting data.
The most direct and accurate method for measuring temperatures in high-speed-steel cutting tools is that of Wright&Trent which also yields detailed information on temperature distributions in high-speed-steel tools which relates microstructural changes to thermal history.
Trent has described measurements of cutting temperatures and temperature distributions for high-speed-steel tools when machining a wide range of workpiece materials. This technique has been further developed by using scanning electron microscopy to study fine-scale microstructural changes srising from over tempering of the tempered martensitic matrix of various high-speed-steels. This technique has also been used to study temperature distributions in both high-speed-steel single point turning tools and twist drills.
Automatic Fixture Design
Assembly equipment used in the traditional synchronous fixture put parts of the fixture mobile center, to ensure that components from transmission from the plane or equipment plate placed after removal has been scheduled for position. However, in certain applications, mobile mandatory parts of the center line, it may cause parts or equipment damage. When parts vulnerability and may lead to a small vibration abandoned, or when their location is by machine spindle or specific to die, Tolerance again or when the request is a sophisticated, it would rather let the fixture to adapt to the location of parts, and not the contrary. For these tasks, Elyria, Ohio, the company has developed Zaytran a general non-functional data synchronization West category FLEXIBILITY fixture. Fixture because of the interaction and synchronization devices is independent, The synchronous device can use sophisticated equipment to replace the slip without affecting the fixture force. Fixture specification range from 0. inches itinerary, pounds clamping force of the six-inch trip, 00-inch clamping force.
The characteristics of modern production is becoming smaller and smaller quantities and product specifications biggest changes. Therefore, in the final stages of production, assembly of production, quantity and product design changes appear to be particularly vulnerable. This situation is forcing many companies to make greater efforts to rationalize the extensive reform and the previously mentioned case of assembly automati : www.ChinaCatia.com www.CAD.Name BBS.CAD.Name www.ChinaCatia.com
on. Despite flexible fixture behind the rapid development of flexible transport and handling devices, such as backward in the development of industrial robots, it is still expected to increase the flexibility fixture. In fact the important fixture devices -- the production of the devices to strengthen investment on the fixture so that more flexibility in economic support holders.
According to their flexibility and fixture can be divided into : special fixture, the fixture combinations, the standard fixture, high flexible fixture. Flexible fixture on different parts of their high adaptability and the few low-cost replacement for the characteristic.
Forms can transform the structure of the flexible fixture can be installed with the change of structure components (such as needle cheek plate, Multi-chip components and flake cheek plate), a non-standard work piece gripper or clamping elements (for example : commencement standard with a clamping fixture and mobile components fixture supporting documents), or with ceramic or hardening of the intermediary substances (such as : Mobile particle bed fixture and heat fixture tight fixture). To production, the parts were secured fixture, the need to generate clamping function, its fixture with a few unrelated to the sexual submissive steps :
According to the processing was part of that foundation and working characteristics to determine the work piece fixture in the required position, then need to select some stability flat combination, These constitute a stable plane was fixed in the work piece fixture set position on the clamp-profile structure, all balanced and torque, it has also ensured that the work features close to the work piece. Finally, it must be calculated and adjusted, assembly or disassembly be standard fixture components required for the position, so that the work piece firmly by clamping fixture in China. In accordance with this procedure, the outline fixture structure and equipped with the planning and recording process can be automated control.
Structural modeling task is to produce some stable flat combination, Thus, these plane of the work pieces clamping force and will fixture stability. According to usual practice, this task can be human-machine dialogue that is almost completely automated way to completion. A man-machine dialogue that is automated fixture structure modeling to determine the merits can be conducted in an organized and planning fixture design, reduce the amount of the design, shortening the study period and better distribution of work conditions. In short, can be successfully achieved significantly improve fixture efficiency and effectiveness.
Fully prepared to structure programs and the number of material circumstances, the completion of the first successful assembly can save up to 0% of the time.
Therefore fixture process modeling agencies is the purpose of the program have appropriate documents.
加工基礎(chǔ)
作為產(chǎn)生形狀的一種加工方法,機(jī)械加工是所有制造過程中最普遍使用的而且是最重要的方法。機(jī)械加工過程是一個(gè)產(chǎn)生形狀的過程,在這過程中,驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置使工件上的一些材料以切屑的形式被去除。盡管在某些場合,工件無承受情況下,使用移動(dòng)式裝備來實(shí)現(xiàn)加工,但大多數(shù)的機(jī)械加工是通過既支承工件又支承刀具的裝備來完成。
機(jī)械加工在知道過程中具備兩方面。小批生產(chǎn)低費(fèi)用。對于鑄造、鍛造和壓力加工,每一個(gè)要生產(chǎn)的具體工件形狀,即使是一個(gè)零件,幾乎都要花費(fèi)高額的加工費(fèi)用??亢附觼懋a(chǎn)生的結(jié)構(gòu)形狀,在很大程度上取決于有效的原材料的形式。一般來說,通過利用貴重設(shè)備而又無需特種加工條件下,幾乎可以以任何種類原材料開始,借助機(jī)械加工把原材料加工成任意所需要的結(jié)構(gòu)形狀,只要外部尺寸足夠大,那都是可能的。因此對于生產(chǎn)一個(gè)零件,甚至當(dāng)零件結(jié)構(gòu)及要生產(chǎn)的批量大小上按原來都適于用鑄造、鍛造或者壓力加工來生產(chǎn)的,但通常寧可選擇機(jī)械加工。
嚴(yán)密的精度和良好的表面光潔度,機(jī)械加工的第二方面用途是建立在高精度和可能的表面光潔度基礎(chǔ)上。許多零件,如果用別的其他方法來生產(chǎn)屬于大批量生產(chǎn)的話,那么在機(jī)械加工中則是屬于低公差且又能滿足要求的小批量生產(chǎn)了。另方面,許多零件靠較粗的生產(chǎn)加工工藝提高其一般表面形狀,而僅僅是在需要高精度的且選擇過的表面才進(jìn)行機(jī)械加工。例如內(nèi)螺紋,除了機(jī)械加工之外,幾乎沒有別的加工方法能進(jìn)行加工。又如已鍛工件上的小孔加工,也是被鍛后緊接著進(jìn)行機(jī)械加工才完成的。
基本的機(jī)械加工參數(shù)
切削中工件與刀具的基本關(guān)系是以以下四個(gè)要素來充分描述的:刀具的幾何形狀,切削速度,進(jìn)給速度,和吃刀深度。
切削刀具必須用一種合適的材料來制造,它必須是強(qiáng)固、韌性好、堅(jiān)硬而且耐磨的。刀具的幾何形狀——以刀尖平面和刀具角為特征——對于每一種切削工藝都必須是正確的。
切削速度是切削刃通過工件表面的速率,它是以每分鐘英寸來表示。為了有效地加工,切削速度高低必須適應(yīng)特定的工件——刀具配合。一般來說,工件材料越硬,速度越低。
進(jìn)給速度是刀具切進(jìn)工件的速度。若工件或刀具作旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng),進(jìn)給量是以每轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)過的英寸數(shù)目來度量的。當(dāng)?shù)毒呋蚬ぜ魍鶑?fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),進(jìn)給量是以每一行程走過的英寸數(shù)度量的。一般來說,在其他條件相同時(shí),進(jìn)給量與切削速度成反比。
吃刀深度——以英寸計(jì)——是刀具進(jìn)入工件的距離。它等于旋削中的切屑寬度或者等于線性切削中的切屑的厚度。粗加工比起精加工來,吃刀深度較深。
切削參數(shù)的改變對切削溫度的影響
金屬切削操作中,熱是在主變形區(qū)和副變形區(qū)發(fā)生的。這結(jié)果導(dǎo)致復(fù)雜的溫度分布遍及刀具、工件和切屑。圖中顯示了一組典型等溫曲線,從中可以看出:像所能預(yù)料的那樣,當(dāng)工件材料在主變形區(qū)被切削時(shí),沿著整個(gè)切屑的寬度上有著很大的溫度梯度,而當(dāng)在副變形區(qū),切屑被切落時(shí),切屑附近的前刀面上就有更高的溫度。這導(dǎo)致了前刀面和切屑離切削刃很近的地方切削溫度較高。
實(shí)質(zhì)上由于在金屬切削中所做的全部功能都被轉(zhuǎn)化為熱,那就可以預(yù)料:被切離金屬的單位體積功率消耗曾家的這些因素就將使切削溫度升高。這樣刀具前角的增加而所有其他參數(shù)不變時(shí),將使切離金屬的單位體積所耗功率減小,因而切削溫度也將降低。當(dāng)考慮到未變形切屑厚度增加和切削速度,這情形就更是復(fù)雜。未變形切屑厚度的增加趨勢必導(dǎo)致通過工件的熱的總數(shù)上產(chǎn)生比例效應(yīng),刀具和切屑仍保持著固定的比例,而切削溫度變化傾向于降低。然而切削速度的增加,傳導(dǎo)到工件上的熱的數(shù)量減少而這又增加主變形區(qū)中的切屑溫升。進(jìn)而副變形區(qū)勢必更小,這將在該區(qū)內(nèi)產(chǎn)生升溫效應(yīng)。其他切削參數(shù)的變化,實(shí)質(zhì)上對于被切離的單位體積消耗上并沒有什么影響,因此實(shí)際上對切削溫度沒有什么作 : www.ChinaCatia.com www.CAD.Name BBS.CAD.Name www.ChinaCatia.com
用。因?yàn)槭聦?shí)已經(jīng)表明:切削溫度即使有小小的變化對刀具磨損率都將有實(shí)質(zhì)意義的影響作用。這表明如何人從切削參數(shù)來確定切削溫度那是很合適的。
為著測定高速鋼刀具溫度的最直接和最精確的方法是W&T法,這方法也就是可提供高速鋼刀具溫度分布的詳細(xì)信息的方法。該項(xiàng)技術(shù)是建立在高速鋼刀具截面金相顯微測試基礎(chǔ)上,目的是要建立顯微結(jié)構(gòu)變化與熱變化規(guī)律圖線關(guān)系式。當(dāng)要加工廣泛的工件材料時(shí),Trent已經(jīng)論述過測定高速鋼刀具的切削溫度及溫度分布的方法。這項(xiàng)技術(shù)由于利用電子顯微掃描技術(shù)已經(jīng)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,目的是要研究將已回過火和各種馬氏體結(jié)構(gòu)的高速鋼再回火引起的微觀顯微結(jié)構(gòu)變化情況。這項(xiàng)技術(shù)亦用于研究高速鋼單點(diǎn)車刀和麻花鉆的溫度分布。
刀具磨損
從已經(jīng)被處理過的無數(shù)脆裂和刃口裂紋的刀具中可知,刀具磨損基本上有三種形式:后刀面磨損,前刀面磨損和V型凹口磨損。后刀面磨損既發(fā)生在主刀刃上也發(fā)生副刀刃上。關(guān)于主刀刃,因其擔(dān)負(fù)切除大部金屬切屑任務(wù),這就導(dǎo)致增加切削力和提高切削溫度,如果聽任而不加以檢查處理,那可能導(dǎo)致刀具和工件發(fā)生振動(dòng)且使有效切削的條件可能不再存在。關(guān)于副刀刃,那是決定著工件的尺寸和表面光潔度的,后刀面磨損可能造成尺寸不合格的產(chǎn)品而且表面光潔度也差。在大多數(shù)實(shí)際切削條件下,由于主前刀面先于副前刀面磨損,磨損到達(dá)足夠大時(shí),刀具將實(shí)效,結(jié)果是制成不合格零件。
由于刀具表面上的應(yīng)力分布不均勻,切屑和前刀面之間滑動(dòng)接觸區(qū)應(yīng)力,在滑動(dòng)接觸區(qū)的起始處最大,而在接觸區(qū)的尾部為零,這樣磨蝕性磨損在這個(gè)區(qū)域發(fā)生了。這是因?yàn)樵谇邢骺ㄗ^(qū)附近比刀刃附近發(fā)生更嚴(yán)重的磨損,而刀刃附近因切屑與前刀面失去接觸而磨損較輕。這結(jié)果離切削刃一定距離處的前刀面上形成麻點(diǎn)凹坑,這些通常被認(rèn)為是前刀面的磨損。通常情況下,這磨損橫斷面是圓弧形的。在許多情況中和對于實(shí)際的切削狀況而言,前刀面磨損比起后刀面磨損要輕,因此后刀面磨損更普遍地作為刀具失效的尺度標(biāo)志。然而因許多作者已經(jīng)表示過的那樣在增加切削速度情況下,前刀面上的溫度比后刀面上的溫度升得更快,而且又因任何形式的磨損率實(shí)質(zhì)上是受到溫度變化的重大影響。因此前刀面的磨損通常在高速切削時(shí)發(fā)生的。
刀具的主后刀面磨損帶的尾部是跟未加工過的工件表面相接觸,因此后刀面磨損比沿著磨損帶末端處更為明顯,那是最普通的。這是因?yàn)榫植啃?yīng),這像未加工表面上的已硬化層,這效應(yīng)是由前面的切削引起的工件硬化造成的。不只是切削,還有像氧化皮,刀刃產(chǎn)生的局部高溫也都會引起這種效應(yīng)。這種局部磨損通常稱作為凹坑性磨損,而且偶爾是非常嚴(yán)重的。盡管凹坑的出現(xiàn)對刀具的切削性質(zhì)無實(shí)質(zhì)意義的影響,但凹坑常常逐漸變深,如果切削在繼續(xù)進(jìn)行的話,那么刀具就存在斷裂的危機(jī)。
如果任何進(jìn)行性形式 的磨損任由繼續(xù)發(fā)展,最終磨損速率明顯地增加而刀具將會有摧毀性失效破壞,即刀具將不能再用作切削,造成工件報(bào)廢,那算是好的,嚴(yán)重的可造成機(jī)床破壞。對于各種硬質(zhì)合金刀具和對于各種類型的磨損,在發(fā)生嚴(yán)重失效前,就認(rèn)為已達(dá)到刀具的使用壽命周期的終點(diǎn)。然而對于各種高速鋼刀具,其磨損是屬于非均勻性磨損,已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn):當(dāng)其磨損允許連續(xù)甚至到嚴(yán)重失效開始,最有意義的是該刀具可以獲得重磨使用,當(dāng)然,在實(shí)際上,切削時(shí)間遠(yuǎn)比使用到失效的時(shí)間短。以下幾種現(xiàn)象之一均是刀具嚴(yán)重失效開始的特征:最普遍的是切削力突然增加,在工件上出現(xiàn)燒損環(huán)紋和噪音嚴(yán)重增加等。
自動(dòng)夾具設(shè)計(jì)
用做裝配設(shè)備的傳統(tǒng)同步夾具把零件移動(dòng)到夾具中心上,以確保零件從傳送機(jī)上或從設(shè)備盤上取出后置于已定位置上。然而在某些應(yīng)用場合、強(qiáng)制零件移動(dòng)到中心線上時(shí),可能引起零件或設(shè)備破壞。當(dāng)零件易損而且小小振動(dòng)可能導(dǎo)致報(bào)廢時(shí),或當(dāng)其位置是由機(jī)床主軸或模具來具體時(shí),再或者當(dāng)公差要求很精密時(shí),那寧可讓夾具去適應(yīng)零件位置,而不是相反。為著這些工作任務(wù),美國俄亥俄州Elyria的Zaytran公司已經(jīng)開發(fā)了一般性功能數(shù)據(jù)的非同步西類柔順性夾具。因?yàn)閵A具作用力和同步化裝置是各自獨(dú)立的,該同步裝置可以用精密的滑移裝置來替換而不影響夾具作用力。夾具規(guī)格范圍是從0.英寸行程,英鎊夾緊力到英寸行程、00英寸夾緊力。
現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)的特征是批量變得越來越小而產(chǎn)品的各種規(guī)格變化最大。因此,生產(chǎn)的最后階段,裝配因生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃、批量和產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的變更而顯得特別脆弱。這種情形正迫使許多公司更多地致力于廣泛的合理化改革和前面提到過情況那樣裝配自動(dòng)化。盡管柔性夾具的發(fā)展很快落后與柔性運(yùn)輸處理裝置的發(fā)展,如落后于工業(yè)機(jī)器人的發(fā)展,但仍然試圖指望增加夾具的柔順性。事實(shí)上夾具的重要的裝置——生產(chǎn)裝置的專向投資就加強(qiáng)了使夾具更加柔性化在經(jīng)濟(jì)上的支持。
根據(jù)它們?nèi)犴樞裕瑠A具可以分為:專用夾具、組合夾具、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)夾具、高柔性夾具。柔性夾具是以它們對不同工件的高適應(yīng)性和以少更換低費(fèi)用為特征的。
結(jié)構(gòu)形式可變換的柔性夾具裝有可變更結(jié)構(gòu)排列的零件(例如針形頰板,多片式零件和片狀頰板),標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工件的非專用夾持或夾緊元件(例如:啟動(dòng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)夾持夾具和帶有可移動(dòng)元件的夾具配套件),或者裝有陶瓷或硬化了的中介物質(zhì)(如:流動(dòng)粒子床夾具和熱夾具緊夾具)。為了生產(chǎn),零件要在夾具中被緊固,需要產(chǎn)生夾緊作用,其有幾個(gè)與夾具柔順性無關(guān)的步驟:
根據(jù)被加工的即基礎(chǔ)的部分和工作特點(diǎn),確定工件在夾具中的所需的位置,接著必須選擇若干穩(wěn)定平面的組合,這些穩(wěn)定平面就構(gòu)成工件被固定在夾具中確定位置上的夾持狀輪廓結(jié)構(gòu),均衡所有各力和力矩,而且保證接近工件工作特點(diǎn)。最后,必須計(jì)算、調(diào)整、組裝可拆裝的或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)夾具元件的所需位置,以便使工件牢牢地被夾緊在夾具中。依據(jù)這樣的程序,夾具的輪廓結(jié)構(gòu)和裝合的規(guī)劃和記錄過程可以進(jìn)行自動(dòng)化控制。
結(jié)構(gòu)造型任務(wù)就是要產(chǎn)生若干穩(wěn)定平面的組合,這樣在這些平面上的各夾緊力將使工件和夾具穩(wěn)定。按慣例,這個(gè)任務(wù)可用人—機(jī)對話即幾乎完全自動(dòng)化的方式來完成。一人—機(jī)對話即以自動(dòng)化方式確定夾具結(jié)構(gòu)造型的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是可以有組織有規(guī)劃進(jìn)行夾具設(shè)計(jì),減少所需的設(shè)計(jì)人員,縮短研究周期和能更好地配置工作條件。簡言之,可成功地達(dá)到顯著提高夾具生產(chǎn)效率和效益。
在充分準(zhǔn)備了構(gòu)造方案和一批材料情況下,在完成首次組裝可以成功實(shí)現(xiàn)節(jié)約時(shí)間達(dá)0%。
因此夾具機(jī)構(gòu)造型過程的目的是產(chǎn)生合適的編程文件。