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2019-2020年高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí) 第一部分 基礎(chǔ)知識聚焦 Unit 1 Great Scientists習(xí)題 新人教版必修5 Ⅰ.閱讀理解 (xx青島市二模) Scientists investigated why Ebola virus is so deadly when it spreads from animals to humans and then from humantohuman contact. The research team looked at the Zaire Ebola virus in an animal system to understand how it gains strength. This virus is responsible for the current outbreak in West Africa. They found that initially the animal systems were not affected by the virus, but succeeding transmission(傳送) into other animals caused the virus to “hot up” and bee more severe. The team analyzed the viruses at different stages and were able to identify several changes in its genetic material that were associated with increased disease. Professor Julian Hiscox, who led the study from the Universitys Institute of Infection and Global Health, explains: “The work tells us that the evolutionary goal of Ebola virus is to bee more fatal.” “We were able to show through genetic analysis which parts of the virus are involved in this process. The information we have gathered will now allow us to monitor for such changes in an outbreak as well as develop future treatment strategies.” Professor Roger Hewson, leading the study from Public Health England, Porton Down, said: “Ebola virus is such a destructive infection to the people affected by the disease and the economy of West Africa.” “Our understanding of Ebola virus biology is way behind that of other viruses and our cooperation shows how we can bring together our specialists skills to close this knowledge gap.” Professor Miles Carroll, a coauthor of the work, said: “This study has allowed the team to be at the forefront of developing methodologies to analyze patient samples recently taken by the European Mobile Laboratory from West Africa to understand disease evolution during the current outbreak.” 文章大意：本文是醫(yī)療科研報告。文章主要講述了關(guān)于埃博拉病毒的研究進展情況，該病毒與什么有關(guān)系，該如何控制該病的疫情。 1．What does the first paragraph mainly tell us? A．How severe Ebola virus is. B．How Ebola virus spreads. C．How Ebola virus gradually bees deadly. D．What contributions scientists have made on Ebola virus. 答案：C　主旨大意題。A項埃博拉病毒有多嚴(yán)重；B項埃博拉病毒是如何傳播的；C項埃博拉病毒是如何變得致命的；D項科學(xué)家們?yōu)榘２├《咀龀隽耸裁礃拥呢暙I。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞the first paragraph。通讀第一段，并根據(jù)第一句話Scientists investigated why Ebola virus is so deadly when it spreads from animals to humans and then from humantohuman contact可知該段的大意是埃博拉病毒是如何逐漸變得致命的。故選C。 2．Which of the following statements is mentioned in the passage? A．In the first stage, the virus hurts its victims much. B．As the virus spreads, itll change and bee more and more deadly. C．The research in Ebola virus is more advanced than that in other viruses. D．The scientists have a negative attitude to the research in Ebola virus. 答案：B　推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段的They found that initially the animal systems were not affected by the virus, but succeeding transmission(傳送) into other animals caused the virus to “hot up” and bee more severe中的關(guān)鍵詞initially可知A是錯誤的；根據(jù)文章的倒數(shù)第二段“Our understanding of Ebola virus biology is way behind that of other viruses and our cooperation shows how we can bring together our specialists skills to close this knowledge gap.”排除C；根據(jù)文章最后三段可排除D；根據(jù)文章第一段的最后一句話的后半句succeeding transmission(傳送) into other animals caused the virus to “hot up” and bee more severe可知選B。 3．The underlined word “fatal” has the closest meaning to ________. A．optimistic B．deadly C．mon D．fantastic 答案：B　詞義猜測題。optimistic樂觀的；deadly致命的；mon常見的；fantastic奇異的。根據(jù)文章第四段的The information we have gathered will now allow us to monitor for such changes in an outbreak as well as develop future treatment strategies和該段的the evolutionary goal of Ebola virus可知埃博拉病毒變得更加致命。由此推斷fatal是致命的。故選B。 4．Where can we probably read this passage? A．In a science report. B．In a storybook. C．In an advertisement. D．In a textbook. 答案：A　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。In a science report在科技報告上；In a storybook在故事書中；In an advertisement在一個廣告中；In a textbook在課本中。通讀全文，并根據(jù)文章介紹埃博拉病毒的研究進程判斷選A。 B (xx長春市質(zhì)量檢測二) Scientists in Argentina have created the worlds first cow with two human genes that will enable it to produce humanlike milk. Genetic engineering was used to introduce the “mothers milk” genes into the animal before birth, according to the National Institute of Agribusiness Technology in Buenos Aires. As an adult the cloned cow “will produce milk that is similar to humans” in what will prove “a development of great importance for the nutrition of infants(嬰兒)”， said the institute.“The cloned cow, named Rosita ISA, is the first in the world that incorporates two human genes that contain the proteins present in human milk，” said the statement. The Argentine team said the Chinese only introduced one human gene, while their research involved two，meaning the milk will more_closely_resemble that of humans. “Our goal was to raise the nutrition value of cows milk by adding two human genes, which do good to the immune system of the infants.” said Adrian Mutto, from the National University of San Martin which worked with the institute. Cristina Kirchner, President of Argentina, said that the scientific institute “makes all Argentines proud.”She also rejected that she had rejected the “honour” of having the cow named after her. “They came to tell me that the name is Cristina, but what woman would like to have a cow named after her? It appeared to me to be more proper to call it Rosita.” 文章大意：這是一篇新聞報道，屬記敘文體裁，介紹了阿根廷通過添加人類基因的方式培育出了“類人乳”牛。 5．Whats the passage mainly about? A．The importance of genetic engineering. B．Ways to improve “mothers milk”． C．A cloned cow to produce humanlike milk. D．Advanced agricultural technology in Argentina. 答案：C　主旨大意題。根據(jù)科技新聞報道的特點，在文章第一段就會出現(xiàn)文章主題句，即 Scientists in Argentina have created the worlds first cow with two human genes that will enable it to produce humanlike milk.即可得出正確結(jié)論，故選C。 6．Which of the following can best replace “more closely resemble” in Paragraph 4? A．have more varieties than B．be more similar to C．have more nutrition than D．be more different from 答案：B　詞義猜測題。第四段內(nèi)容介紹了中國培育了加入一個人類基因的?？梢员徽J(rèn)為 “humanlike”，那么阿根廷加入兩個，足見是“更接近人乳”了，故選B。 7．What can be inferred from Cristina Kirchners statements? A．She was quite satisfied with the research done by the institute. B．She considered it an honor to name the special cow. C．She felt it improper to be named after the cow. D．She refused to give a name to the cow out of selfrespect. 答案：A　推理判斷題。女總統(tǒng)的話the scientific institute “makes all Argentines proud” 說明A 正確。B中說她認(rèn)為給牛命名是一種榮耀，并未提及。最后一段，只要明確name和name after區(qū)別即可。be named after her 是以她的名字命名，而be named after the cow是以牛的名字命名；顯然C是錯誤的，而D中g(shù)ive a name to the cow是給牛起名的意思，故D不對。 Ⅱ.語法填空 閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容(1個單詞)或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。 (xx甘肅省部分普通高中第一次聯(lián)考) The truth __1__ trees are vital to our life is not a secret. They provide us with food, wood and most __2__(important), oxygen. Now there is one more thing we can add to this list—blocking out harmful bacteria from water. The discovery __3__(make) by a team __4__(consist) of scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and high school students __5__ were seeking a natural water filter—one that would help munities in developing countries that do not have __6__(accessible) to modern water filter systems. The __7__(research), led by Professor Rohit Karnik, decided to turn to trees for help because they could allow liquid to flow through, while blocking out air bubbles. They began by cutting 1.5inchwide sections of tree bark from the branches of a white pine tree. The people related then tested the woods filtering ability by pouring water containing red dye particles of different sizes through. __8__ their amazement, they found that it was effective in trapping all the articles. __9__(encourage), the team conducted __10__ experiment, this time with water that contained bacteria. Sure enough, the sapwood held back 99% of the bacteria, allowing only 1% to flow through. 1．______ 2.______ 3.______ 4.______ 5.______ 6．______ 7.______ 8.______ 9.______ 10.______ 文章大意：樹木作用巨大。最新研究表明，它們能去除水中的細(xì)菌。 1．命題立意：考查同位語從句。 答案：that　此處是同位語從句，又因為從句中不缺少成分，故選用從屬連詞that。 2．命題立意：考查形容詞和副詞的轉(zhuǎn)換。 答案：importantly　此處most importantly是在修飾謂語動詞provide，故用副詞。句意為“他們?yōu)槲覀兲峁┝耸澄锖湍绢^，更重要的是提供了氧氣”。 3．命題立意：考查謂語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。 答案：was made　此處指上文中的新發(fā)現(xiàn)是由一個被幾個科學(xué)家組成的隊伍做出的，the discovery和make之間是被動關(guān)系，故用被動語態(tài)。由本句話可知，用一般過去時。 4．命題立意：考查非謂語動詞。 答案：consisting　此處是現(xiàn)在分詞短語“consisting of scientists”作后置定語，修飾team。因為被修飾詞team和consist之間是主謂關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞。 5．命題立意：考查定語從句。 答案：who/that　分析句子可知此處為who/that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，因為先行詞是students，并且students在后面的定語從句中充當(dāng)主語，故用who/that。 6．命題立意：考查形容詞和名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換。 答案：access　have access to，意思為“使用，接近，可以利用”，是固定搭配。 7．命題立意：考查動詞和名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換。 答案：researchers　分析該句結(jié)構(gòu)可知，謂語動詞為decided，那么能發(fā)出這個動作的主語應(yīng)該為researchers研究人員，研究者。 8．命題立意：考查介詞。 答案：To　to ones amazement，是固定結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“令某人驚訝的是”。 舉一反三：類似的用法有to ones delight，令人高興的是， to ones relief，令人欣慰的等等。 “to ＋ ones ＋情感名詞”是英語中一個十分有用的結(jié)構(gòu)，主要表示某人由于某事的發(fā)生而喚起其內(nèi)心的某種情感，通常譯為“令某人……的是”“使某人感到……的是”。 9．命題立意：考查非謂語動詞。 答案：Encouraged　此處為分詞作狀語，主語team與encourage之間是動賓關(guān)系，故選用過去分詞“encouraged”。 10．命題立意：考查代詞。 答案：another　根據(jù)上文可知關(guān)于此事做過實驗，這次是除了上次以外的另一個實驗，故用another，表示“另一個”。 Ⅲ.短文改錯 假定英語課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請你修改你同桌寫的以下作文。文中共有10處錯誤，每句中最多有兩處。錯誤涉及一個單詞的增加，刪除或修改。 增加：在缺詞處加一個漏字符號(∧)，并在其下面寫出該加的詞。 刪除：把多余的詞用(\)劃掉。 修改：在錯的詞下畫一橫線，并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。 注意：1.每處錯誤及其修改均僅限一詞； 2. 只允許修改10處，多者(從第11處起)不計分。 (xx河北衡水中學(xué)測試) Alexander was a military genius or great explorer. But he also had a great ambition. He wanted to rule a country that people could live in peace with one another. From 330 to 327B．C., Alexander led his soldier east, through Afghanistan and into Central Asia. As he travel, he built more cities. He ordered soldiers, merchants, and scholars from many lands to settle here. In 326 B．C. Alexander turned south, into India. But by now his men were tired and weak. They were far home in an unknown land. The soldiers refused to go farther. Unwillingly, Alexander turned back. By 323 B．C., he reached for Babylon in presentday Iraq. There he caught the fever and died at the age of 33. His country was divided between his generals. 答案： Alexander was a military genius great explorer. But he also had a great ambition. He wanted to rule a country people could live in peace with one another. From 330 to 327 B．C., Alexander led his east, through Afghanistan and into Central Asia. As he ， he built more cities. He ordered soldiers, merchants, and scholars from many lands to settle . In 326 B．C. Alexander turned south, into India. But by his men were tired and weak. They were far home in an unknown land. The soldiers refused to go farther. Unwillingly, Alexander turned back. By 323 B．C., he reached for Babylon in presentday Iraq. There he caught fever and died at the age of 33. His country was divided his generals. 1．命題立意：考查連詞。 解析：or→and　根據(jù)句意military genius和great explorer是并列關(guān)系。故改為and。 2．命題立意：考查定語從句。 解析：that→where　此處為where引導(dǎo)的定語從句，從句中不缺主賓，故用where引導(dǎo)，在從句中作地點狀語。故改為where。 3．命題立意：考查名詞。 解析：soldier→soldiers　soldier是可數(shù)名詞，亞歷山大的士兵不可能只有一個，故用復(fù)數(shù)。 4．命題立意：考查時態(tài)。 解析：travel→travelled　本文講述過去發(fā)生的事情，此處時態(tài)應(yīng)與上下文保持一致，故用一般過去時。 5．命題立意：考查副詞。 解析：here→there　根據(jù)句意可知此處為遠(yuǎn)指，故用there。 6．命題立意：考查副詞。 解析：now→then　根據(jù)前句中的in 326 B．C.可知此處應(yīng)為by then。 7．命題立意：考查固定短語。 解析：far后加from　far from是固定短語，意為“距……很遠(yuǎn)”。 8．命題立意：考查介詞。 解析：去掉for　reach是及物動詞，不用加介詞。 9．命題立意：考查冠詞。 解析：the→a　catch a fever是固定短語，意為“發(fā)燒”。 10．命題立意：考查介詞。 解析：between→among　根據(jù)his generals以及常識可知應(yīng)為三者或三者以上，故用among。