2019高考英語(yǔ) 閱讀理解（現(xiàn)代科技）（含解析）.doc

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（現(xiàn)代科技） 【話題導(dǎo)讀】燈柱傘是一種有雨水感應(yīng)傘的燈柱，這樣人們?cè)谕泿в陚銜r(shí)就不會(huì)挨淋了。 Lampbrella You can’t always predict a heavy rain or remember your umbrella. ①But designer Mikhail Belvacv doesn’t think that forgetting to check the weather forecast before heading out should result in you getting wet. That’s why he created lampbrella, a lamp post with its own rain sensing umbrella. The designer says he ②e up with the idea after watching people get wet on streets in Russia. “Once, I was driving on a central Saint Petersburg street ad saw the street lamps ③lighting up people trying to hide from the rain. I thought it would be appropriate to have a canopy built into a street lamp.” he said. The lampbrella is a standard-looking street lamp fitted with an umbrella canopy. It has a built-in electric motor which can open or close the umbrella ④on demand. Sensors then ensure that the umbrella offers pedestrians shelter whenever it starts raining. ⑤In addition to the rain sensor, there’s also a 360 motion sensor on the fiberglass street lamp which detects whether anyone’s using the lampbrella. After three minutes of not being used the canopy is closed. According to the designer, the lampbrella would move at a relatively low speed, so as not to cause harm to the pedestrians. Besides, it would be grounded to protect from possible lighting strike. Each lampbrella would offer enough shelter for several people. Being installed at 2 meters off the ground, it would only be a danger for the tallest of pedestrians. While there are no plans to take lampbrella into production, Belyacv says he recently introduced his creation one Moscow Department, and insists this creation could be installed on my street where a lot of people walk but there are no canopies to provide shelter. 燈柱傘 你不會(huì)每次都預(yù)測(cè)到大雨到來(lái)或者記得帶上雨傘。但設(shè)計(jì)師Mikhail Belvacv認(rèn)為出門前忘記看天氣預(yù)報(bào)不應(yīng)該導(dǎo)致你淋濕。這就是他創(chuàng)造燈柱傘的原因，一種有雨水感應(yīng)傘的燈柱。 設(shè)計(jì)師說(shuō)他在俄羅斯街頭看到人們被雨水淋濕之后提出了這個(gè)想法?！坝幸淮危以谑ケ说帽ぶ醒虢稚祥_車，看到淋濕的人們躲到亮著的路燈下躲雨。我想在街燈上安裝一盞傘蓬一定很合適?！彼f(shuō)。 燈柱傘是一盞外形標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的街燈配有一個(gè)雨傘蓬。它內(nèi)部有根據(jù)需要可自動(dòng)開閉的電動(dòng)馬達(dá)。傳感器保證了無(wú)論何時(shí)下雨可向行人提供遮蔽。 除了下雨傳感器，在玻璃纖維的街燈里也安裝有可以檢測(cè)是否有人需要燈柱傘的360運(yùn)動(dòng)傳感器。如果有三分鐘沒(méi)有人用她就會(huì)自動(dòng)關(guān)閉。 據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)者稱，燈柱傘會(huì)以相對(duì)低的速度移動(dòng)，因此不會(huì)對(duì)行人造成傷害。除此之外，它會(huì)接地以避免可能的雷擊。每個(gè)路燈傘會(huì)為多位行人提供足夠的遮蔽。它安裝在離地面2米高的地方，它唯一的不足是可能給高個(gè)子行人帶來(lái)危險(xiǎn)。 盡管還沒(méi)有把這種產(chǎn)品付諸生產(chǎn)的計(jì)劃，Belyacv最近把他的發(fā)明介紹給了墨西哥政府并且堅(jiān)持這個(gè)發(fā)明將會(huì)安裝在我的街道上，因?yàn)槟莾喝肆髁看髤s并不提供避雨的檐篷。 重點(diǎn)單詞: 1. canopy [kn?p?] n. 天篷；華蓋；遮篷 2. pedestrian [pidestri?n] n. 行人；步行者 3. fiberglass [fa?b?,gls] n. 玻璃纖維；玻璃絲 重點(diǎn)短語(yǔ) / 亮點(diǎn)句式： 1. But designer Mikhail Belvacv doesn’t think that forgetting to check the weather forecast before heading out should result in you getting wet. 但設(shè)計(jì)師Mikhail Belvacv認(rèn)為出門前忘記看天氣預(yù)報(bào)不應(yīng)該導(dǎo)致你淋濕。 該句中that forgetting to check the weather forecast before heading out should result in you getting wet為賓語(yǔ)從句，其中forgetting to check the weather forecast before heading out味賓語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)。result in結(jié)果，導(dǎo)致。如： My English teacher doesn’t know playing football is my hobby. 我的英語(yǔ)老師不知道踢足球是我的愛(ài)好。 A minimal error or deviation may result in wide divergence. 失之毫厘，謬以千里。 2. e up with追趕上；比得上；想出。如： I hope you can e up with a better plan than this. 我希望你們能提出一個(gè)比這個(gè)更好的計(jì)劃。 I had to run to e up with her. 我不得不跑著去追她。 3. light up照亮；點(diǎn)煙；開街燈或車燈；（使）變得喜悅。如： Drivers who forget to light up at night often cause accidents. 晚上忘記開車燈的司機(jī)常常出車禍。 He took his time lighting up a cigarette. 他不慌不忙地點(diǎn)了一支煙。 Suddenly, I saw the Officers face light up. 突然，我看到官員臉上露出了得意的神色。 4. on demand 要求。如： Passengers must show their tickets on demand. 查票時(shí)乘客須出示車票。 5. in addition to除......之外。如： In addition to French, he has to study Japanese. 除了法語(yǔ)外，他還得學(xué)日語(yǔ)。 名句背誦： Imagination is more important than knowledge. (Einstein) 想象力比知識(shí)更為重要。(愛(ài)因斯坦) 【話題解讀】 “現(xiàn)代科技”是高中新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)話題之一。該話題包括各領(lǐng)域最新科技知識(shí)、最新發(fā)明創(chuàng)造等方面?？萍家呀?jīng)影響滲透到我們生活的方方面面，例如電視、電腦、手機(jī)、MP3、火箭、衛(wèi)星、宇宙飛船……好多好多，幾天幾夜都說(shuō)不完?？傊铍x不開科技，科技在為生活服務(wù)。點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴，時(shí)時(shí)事事，科技無(wú)處不在。 “現(xiàn)代科技”話題是歷年高考英語(yǔ)的必考話題，主要題型為閱讀理解，體裁一般為說(shuō)明文，分值所占比重也比較高。 【相關(guān)詞匯】 I.寫作單詞 1.accquire v.獲得，得到 2. advance v.進(jìn)展；進(jìn)步； n.進(jìn)展；進(jìn)步；前進(jìn)→ advanced adj.先進(jìn)的，高級(jí)的 3. advantage n.優(yōu)點(diǎn) 4. challenge n.挑戰(zhàn) 5. convenient adj.便利的，方便的→ convenience n.方便，便利 6. debate n.& v.爭(zhēng)論 7. explore vt.探索→ exploration n.檢測(cè)；探險(xiǎn) 8. expose vt.揭露 9. matter vi.有關(guān)系；要緊 10. predict v.預(yù)言；預(yù)先；預(yù)報(bào)→ prediction n.預(yù)測(cè)，預(yù)告→ predictor n.預(yù)言家 11. disturb vt.打擾；擾亂；使心神不寧 12. provide vt.提供 13. replace v.取代 14. support vt.& n.支持，贊助→ supporter n.支持者；擁護(hù)者 Ⅱ.閱讀識(shí)記單詞 15.cover vt. 采訪；報(bào)道；遮掩；蓋上 16.breakthrough n .重大進(jìn)展，突破 17.broadcast n .廣播節(jié)目；vt. 廣播 18.connect vt. 連接，把??聯(lián)系起來(lái) 19.convenience n .方便 20.download v.下載 21.experiment n.實(shí)驗(yàn) 22.feature n.特寫；花絮 23.globe n .地球儀；地球 24.hopeful adj. 有希望的；有前途的 25.instant adj. 立即的；即時(shí)的 26.intelligent adj. 智能的→ intelligence n.智力；理解力 27.mobile adj. 移動(dòng)的 28.process n.& vt. 過(guò)程；加工，處理 29.spread v .傳播；蔓延；流傳 30.scientific adj. 科學(xué)的→ science n.科學(xué)→ scientist n.科學(xué)家 31.signal n.信號(hào) 32.update vt. 更新；使現(xiàn)代化 33.system n .系統(tǒng)；體系 34.technology n .技術(shù) 35.worldwide adj. 遍及全球的，世界范圍的 III.高頻短語(yǔ) 1. catch on了解；理解；流行 2. e out出版；發(fā)行；結(jié)果是 3 have access to使用；接通；可以利用 4. have an effect on/upon對(duì)……有影響 5. keep in touch with與……保持聯(lián)系 6. keep pace with跟上 7. land on the moon登月 8. log in/on登錄；進(jìn)入 9. shut down/off關(guān)掉 10. with the development of隨著……的發(fā)展 I．閱讀理解 閱讀下面短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。 A（2017年新課標(biāo)卷II） Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has pleted its first flight, bringing the pany closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle —named the Transition – has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon. Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s expected to cost $279,000.And it won’t help if you’re stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway. Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has e closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality. The government has already permitted the pany to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards. Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration’s decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes. Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and plete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition, a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet. 1. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. The basic data of the Transition. B. The advantages of flying cars. C. The potential market for flying cars. C. The designers of the Transition. 2. Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways? A. It causers traffic jams. B. It is difficult to operate. C. It is very expensive. D. It burns too much fuel. 3. What is the government’s attitude to the development of the flying car? A. Cautious B. Favorable. C. Ambiguous. D. Disapproving. 4. What is the best title for the text? A. Flying Car at Auto Show B. The Transition’s First Flight C. Pilots’ Dream ing True D. Flying Car Closer to Reality B Hollywood’s theory that machines with evil(邪惡) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may bee extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics（控制論）, put it this way: “If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干預(yù)), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.” A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard.zx.x.k The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of puter scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines. Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子誘導(dǎo)) nuclear chain reaction. 1. Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may . A. run out of human control B. satisfy human’s real desires C. mand armies of killer robots D. work faster than a mathematician 2. Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to . A. prevent themselves from being destroyed B. achieve their original goals independently C. do anything successfully with given orders D. beat humans in international chess matches 3. According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to . A. help super intelligent machines work better B. be secure against evil human beings C. keep machines from being harmed D. avoid robots’ affecting the world 4. What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines? A. It will disappear with the development of AI. B. It will get worse with human interference. C. It will be solved but with difficulty. D. It will stay for a decade. C Whether in the home or the workplace, social robots are going to bee a lot more mon in the next few years. Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way, said Cynthia Breazeal, chief scientist at the robot pany Jibo. While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like panions than mere tools. For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad. This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user. The Jibo robot, arranged to ship later this year, is designed to be a personalized assistant. You can talk to the robot, ask it questions, and make requests for it to perform different tasks. The robot doesn’t just deliver general answers to questions; it responds based on what it learns about each individual in the household. It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos. Social robots are not just finding their way into the home. They have potential applications in everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into some of these spaces. Fellow Robots is one pany bringing social robots to the market. The pany’s "Oshbot" robot is built to assist customers in a store, which can help the customers find items and help guide them to the product’s location in the store. It can also speak different languages and make remendations for different items based on what the customer is shopping for. The more interaction the robot has with humans, the more it learns. But Oshbot, like other social robots, is not intended to replace workers, but to work alongside other employees. "We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us, but with us," said Breazeal. 1.How are social robots different from household robots? A. They can control their emotions. B. They are more like humans. C. They do the normal housework. D. They respond to users more slowly. 2.What can a Jibo robot do according to Paragraph 3? A. municate with you and perform operations. B. Answer your questions and make requests. C. Take your family pictures and deliver milk. D. Obey your orders and remind you to take pills. 3.What can Oshbot work as? A.A language teacher. B.A tour guide. C.A shop assistant. D.A private nurse. 4.We can learn from the last paragraph that social robots will _________. A. train employees B.be our workmates C. improve technologies D. take the place of workers D A new study from the Georgia Institute of Technology finds that older and younger people have a varying preference for what they would want a personal robot to look like. And they change their minds based on what the robot is supposed to do. Participants were shown a series of photos, either robotic, human or mixed human-robot faces, and were asked to select the one that they would prefer for their robot’s appearance. Most college-aged adults in the study preferred a robotic appearance, although the others were also generally open to them. However, nearly 60 percent of older adults said they would want a robot with a human face, and only 6 percent of them chose one with a mixed human-robot appearance. "We found that participants, both younger and older, will assign emotional traits to a robot based on its face, which will determine what they are most fortably interacting with," Akanksha Prakash, a psychology graduate student at Georgia Tech who led the study, said in a statement. So when participants were told the robot was helping with personal care, chores, social interaction or helping to make decisions, something interesting happened. Preference was less strong for helping with chores, although the majority of older and younger participants chose a robot with a robotic face. But for decision-making tasks, such as getting advice on where to invest money, younger participants tended to select a mixed human-robot appearance. A robotic face was their least favored choice for this task. Older adults generally preferred a human face.Personal care tasks such as bathing caused the most divisive preferences within both age groups. Those who chose a human face did so because they associated the robot with human-like care capabilities — such as nursing — and trustworthy traits. Many others didn’t want anything looking like a human to bathe them due to the private nature of the task. Based on this early research, the researcher says that if a robot is designed to help only with a specific task, its appearance should fit in with the task. For instance, if the robot is designed to specifically assist the user with critical decisions, the robot should be given an intelligent look instead of a funny one. However, if the robot is tasked with a variety of jobs in the home, allowing for appearance customizability(可定制性) might be the best option. The researcher next plans to expand the study to other age groups and people with more diverse educational backgrounds. 1.What does the underlined word "them" in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. college-aged adults B. all participants C. older adults D. younger participants 2.What happened when participants were offered robots handling different tasks? A. They tended to choose one with a human face. B. They didn’t care about robotic appearance any more. C. They were into one with decision-making skills most. D. Their preference for robotic appearance changed accordingly. 3.Which robots lead to the biggest gap in people’s preference for robotic appearance? A. Those with personal care skills. B. Those with decision-making skills. C. Those with housekeeping skills. D. Those with social interaction skills. 4.What’s the best title of the passage? A. Deciding what robots suit you best contains many tricks B. Determining what robots should look like varies with age C. How robots with a human face benefit people? D. Why people have a preference for robots? A 【文章大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。主要介紹了Terrafugia公司研制出了飛車，試飛成功，預(yù)計(jì)將于明年進(jìn)行銷售。本文主要對(duì)飛車的歷史由來(lái)及其構(gòu)架進(jìn)行了介紹。 2.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s expected to cost $279,000”可知，因?yàn)門ransition 的價(jià)格較高，所以不太可能在太多的馬路上出現(xiàn)。故選C。 3.B 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“he government has already permitted the pany to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly”以及“Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration’s decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraf”可知，政府對(duì)于飛車的研發(fā)是比較支持的。故選B。 4.D 【解析】標(biāo)題歸納題。瀏覽全文，主要從飛車的試飛成功、飛車的構(gòu)架以及多年以前人們對(duì)飛車的 設(shè)想至今成為現(xiàn)實(shí)展開說(shuō)明。故選D。 B 【文章大意】本文主要介紹了人工智能及它給我們的生活帶來(lái)的影響。 1.A 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may bee extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want.可知人工智能可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)的真正問(wèn)題是AI會(huì)非常擅長(zhǎng)取得某個(gè)成就而不是我們真正想要的東西，也就是說(shuō)AI可能會(huì)超出人的控制去做一些事情，故選A。 2.A 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第一句A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence.可知，原因是保護(hù)它自己的存在的一種愿望，也就是說(shuō)，它具有有生命的物體的一種品質(zhì)是因?yàn)樗Ｗo(hù)自己不被破壞，繼續(xù)存在下去，故選A。 3.D 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world.可知可以用防火墻來(lái)回答那些困難的問(wèn)題但是卻永遠(yuǎn)不要讓他們影響這個(gè)真正的現(xiàn)實(shí)世界，故選D。 4.C 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy.可知作者認(rèn)為解決人工智能機(jī)器的安全問(wèn)題是可能的，但是并不容易，也就是很困難，故選C。 C 【文章大意】文章主要介紹了社會(huì)機(jī)器人的功能與作用。 1.B 【解析】考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第二段第一句可知,現(xiàn)在家務(wù)機(jī)器人做正常的家務(wù)，而社會(huì)機(jī)器人不僅僅是工具，更像是伙伴。由此可知社會(huì)機(jī)器人更像人類，故選B。 3.C 【解析】考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段可知，Oshbot能夠在商店中幫助顧客，故選C項(xiàng)。 4.B 【解析】考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。最后一段提到社會(huì)機(jī)器人不是用來(lái)取代工人的，而是和其他員工一起工作，由此可知社會(huì)機(jī)器人將成為我們的同事，故B項(xiàng)正確。 D 【文章大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。研究表明，在選擇機(jī)器人的外貌時(shí)，較年輕的人和較年長(zhǎng)的人有不同的偏好。 1.C 【解析】考查代詞指代。根據(jù)第二段中的"However, nearly 60 percent of older adults said they would want a robot with a human face, and only 6 percent of..."可知，將近60%較年長(zhǎng)的成年人說(shuō)他們想要一個(gè)有人類容貌的機(jī)器人，而僅有6%較年長(zhǎng)的成年人說(shuō)他們會(huì)選擇一個(gè)有人類和機(jī)器人雙重外貌特點(diǎn)的機(jī)器人。故them在句中指的是前文的"older adults"。故選C項(xiàng)。 2.D 【解析】考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第三段中的"So when participants were told the robot was helping with personal care， chores, social interaction or helping to make decisions, something interesting happened"和第四、五段提到的具體實(shí)驗(yàn)例子可知，當(dāng)機(jī)器人被人類賦予各種技能時(shí)，人們對(duì)它外貌的偏好會(huì)隨之改變。 3.A 【解析】考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第四段中的"Personal care tasks such as bathing caused the most divisive preferences within both age groups"可知，在選擇具備個(gè)人護(hù)理功能的機(jī)器人上，人們對(duì)其外貌的偏好產(chǎn)生了最大的分歧。故選A項(xiàng)。